Energy Efficiency for Fractional Power Loads

Single-phase switched reluctance motors offer several advantages

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HE SINGLEphase switched reluctance motor is presented as a robust and rather economic solution for

is checked by simulation. Promising improvement in efficiency that is favorable to the SSRM drive is observed in the simulations. The designed SSRM prototype is then built, and the electronic converter is implemented. General achievements are: that the SSRM presented 13% less magnetic material and 13% less copper when compared to the SPIM. Under steady-state operation, the measured input power required by the SSRM is 37.5% smaller than that drawn by the SPIM to drive the load in similar conditions. Simulation and experimental results are presented and

fractional power-load applications where a low-starting torque is required. This work reports the results obtained with the replacement of a single-phase capacitor-run induction motor (SPIM) by a single-phase switched reluctance motor (SSRM). The load is a 500-mm industrial fan originally driven by the SPIM. A 4/4 SSRM prototype and associated electronic converter are designed and operation

BY DARIZON A. ANDRADE, ROGRIO S. COSTA, RODRIGO S. TEIXEIRA, & AUGUSTO V. FLEURY

1077-2618/06/$20.002006 IEEE

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PHOTO DISC

compared and found to be in good agreement. Overall, the work indicates a potential alternative in the pursuit of energy conservation technology.

Search for Better Drivers The driving of small loads invariably uses single-phase induction or universal motors. Despite having low manufacturing costs, these motors present two serious inconveniences: universal motors have limitations such as short lifetime and maintenance requirements due to the presence of brushes, while fractional power single-phase induction motors operate with very low efficiency, rarely higher than 50%. Although the losses of individual units are relatively low, most of these machines in use in all areas of activity result in an accountable waste of energy. This is not in line with the concept of energy efficient and reliable systems. In the search for a low maintenance and high efficiency driver for these loads, the single-phase switched reluctance motor (SRM) appears. Switched-reluctance machines are known to be rugged and reliable and highly efficient. They present high torque/volume ratio and, due to constructive characteristics, present very low manufacturing costs [1]. Single-phase SRMs are doubly salient machines with an equal number of rotor and stator poles; configurations of 6/6, 4/4, and 2/2 are common. The phase winding is concentrated and wound around the stator poles. The rotor is composed of only laminated magnetic circuit, Principle of Operation which makes it rather robust, free of copper losses, and The SRM torque production is based on the tendency of the alignment of the stator and rotor poles. When the suitable for operation at high speeds. Recent literature has documented design and driving phase winding is energized, the rotor rotates until a strategies for SSRMs. For example, [2] presents a work position of alignment is reached, as shown in Figure 1(a). where an SSRM is used to replace a universal motor for a This position corresponds to a condition of maximum vacuum cleaner application and reports that this motor is flux linkage and also maximum winding inductance. much more efficient, with greater suction power and a Due to magnetic circuit geometry with stator and rotor lifetime that is four times longer. A number of researchers salient poles, the inductance of the winding is a function are dedicated to driving strategies [3][6] where the main of rotor position. This dependency in the case of a 4/4 goal is to reduce the number of semiconductors while motor is is shown in Figure 2. The torque produced is generally expressed by the folattaining desired driving features. Like single-phase induction motors, SSRMs are not lowing equation: fully self-starting devices. There are some specific rotor 1 L positions for which auxiliary means are required to get the Tm = i 2 , (1) 2 machine started. This has caught the attention of the scientific community as indicated by the great number of existing patents [7][9]. For instance, [7], [10], and [2] make use of appropriate parking magnets so that the rotor is always parked in a position that allows for starting torque when the winding is excited. Reference [8] uses the property of core magnetic saturation to correctly position the rotor for starting. Reference [9] uses a mechanical structure to set the rotor in motion. A design for a 4/4 machine with interpoles carrying auxiliary windings that allow for self-starting in any rotor position is presented in [3]. It also allows for starting in any direction of rotation, a feature that qualifies the SSRM for four-quadrant operation. This is a very sound solution as the auxiliary windings, which are more than simply (a) (b) auxiliary starting aids, can be used for monitoring 1 the rotor position during running thereby openCross view of the 4/4 SSRM FEM analysis. ing grounds for rotor-position estimation.

The present work is mainly concerned with drive efficiency for fractional power loads. The SSRM is presented as a potential alternative for driving small loads that are mainly inertial. Centrifugal pumps, indoor fans, industrial blowers, emeries, and vacuum cleaners are examples of suitable loads. As a target application, an off-the-shelf industrial blower that was originally driven by a singlephase, capacitor-run induction motor was chosen. The research comprises the design and construction of a 4/4 SSRM with auxiliary windings as proposed in [3] and the development of a microcontroller-based driving strategy to start and run the blower at its original rated speed. The result was a considerable savings in magnetic material and copper and a rather smaller input power at full-speed operation as observed in the measurements that will be shown in later sections. Additionally, the requirement of a static converter to feed the motor inherently resulted in a continuous controllable speed drive that is an unparalleled advantage for the SRM drive. The work that is presented in the following sections discusses the principle of operation of the SSRM, the prototype design, driving strategy for starting and steady state operation, modeling and simulation results, steadystate measurements, and performance comparisons with the single-phase induction motor.

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where Tm , i are the motor torque and phase current respectively and L/ is the rate of change of inductance with rotor position. In (1), it is important to observe that the winding current and the rate of change of inductance with position are the only elements that determine the torque produced by the machine. This equation also shows that positive and negative torque is possible, independent of current direction. If the rate of change of inductance is positive, positive torque is produced, while negative torque occurs if the winding is energized during the inductance negative slope. As a result, to effectively produce positive torque, current should exist in the winding only when the slope is positive. Therefore, the knowledge of the instantaneous rotor position is a requirement. Additionally, the torque profile is highly uneven as torque is only being produced during 50% of the inductance cycle. This imposes limitations in the applications of SSRMs particularly during start up, inertial loads being the most appropriate.

Prototype Selection As discussed above, the SSRM operates with a maximum duty cycle of 0.5, therefore, it has a torque discontinuity that results in high torque ripple. Those applications that present low sensitivity to this characteristic should be addressed [1], and in fact there are many suitable low-starting torque mechanical loads that filter the torque oscillations quite well, with virtually no speed oscillations. Indoor fans, industrial fans, and blowers among many others are good examples. In the present work, an off-the-shelf, five-blade 500-mm diameter industrial fan was chosen. It is a drive that comprises only the load directly attached to the motor shaft. Therefore, the differences in input power when driving the load at a given speed with distinct driver systems are due only to the motors and their controls, which allows for performance comparison. Prototype Design To get the design specifications for the SSRM, the fan was driven with the original induction motor and rated quantities of operation were recorded. It was verified that the four poles, 60-Hz, 127-V SPIM drives the load at 1,600 r/min, absorbing 144 W from mains supply. Evaluation of losses in the SPIM based in its equivalent circuit [15] indicated an efficiency of around 50% at rated speed. This accounts for a shaft output power of 72 W. This information set the design specifications for the SSRM: a 4/4 topology with output power of 100 W at 1,600 r/min with an external stator diameter of 126.6 mm, the same as that of the capacitor-run induction machine, which makes the retrofit in the blower structure easy to do. The design was developed according to the usual criteria [1], [6], [11][14]. The cross view of the topology is shown in Figure 1 including the structure for auxiliary windings [3]. Main dimensions of the designed SRM are given in Table 1 together with some dimensions of the SPIM for comparison purposes. The measured stack length of the induction machine magnetic circuit is 47 mm, while the stack length of the designed SRM is 41 mm, which is 13% smaller. The SPIM two machines have the same stator 126.6 mm diameter, and so the volume of the SRM is smaller in the same amount. 72.0 mm Additionally, the bore diameter of the 47.0 mm induction motor is 72.0 mm against a bore diameter of 63.9 mm for the SSRM giving a bore volume of 191.3 cm 3 cc for the induction motor and a bore volume of 131.5 cm 3 cc for the SSRM motor, which is 31% less. The copper weight for the induction motor is 0.541 kg, while for the SSRM is 0.471 kg, again 13% smaller. The copper weight for the SRM main winding is only 0.302 kg. It should be noted 591.6 cc that in case of a motor being designed 191.3 cc for custom application, with just one direction of rotation, only one pair of 0.541 kg auxiliary windings is needed thereby

60 50 Inductance (mH) 40 30 20 10 0 90 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 Rotor Position () Inductance profile (FEM analysis). 60 80 90

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TABLE 1. COMPARISON OF MOTOR DIMENSIONS. Main Dimensions of the Motor Stator diameter Bore diameter Stack length Stator pole arc Rotor pole arc Airgap Stator pole width Rotor pole width Stator yoke thickness Rotor yoke thickness Global volume Bore volume Copper weight SSRM 126.6 mm 63.9 mm 41.0 mm 45 46.6 0.25 mm 24.45 mm 25.05 mm 15.9 mm 15.0 mm 518.1 cc 131.5 cc 0.471 kg

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reducing the magnetic and copper material even more. These facts indicate how the SRM is able to make better use of magnetic and electric material. Pictures of the motors are shown in Figure 3. Control Logic and Control Circuit Unlike driving the induction motor, which is connected to the ac power supply, the switched reluctance motor requires a static converter to synchronize the flow of current in the windings with the rotor position for useful average torque production. The feedback signal that defines the periods of main winding conduction comes from the rotor position sensor. This comprises a slotted disk fixed in the shaft and an optical switch as shown in Figure 4. The signal coming from the optical switch indicates the conduction periods. When this signal is high, corresponding to positive inductance slope, the main winding switches are enabled (conduction window), otherwise their gates are grounded. Figure 5 shows the structure implemented to drive the SSRM. It comprises the well-known asymmetrical bridge to drive the main winding driven by fully digital control hardware. There are alternatives to this power converter [3][6]. Certain applications can benefit from simpler and less expensive structures, but at the present stage it was decided to have this in view of the flexibility desired in a research development. As a particularity of implementation, a very low-conduction loss (RD(ON) = 0.04 MOSFETS) was chosen.
Control Logic and Implementation

starts by briefly turning on the two main winding switches with controlled currents to bring the rotor to a position of 0 . In the sequence, these switches are turned off and the auxiliary winding is energized to bring the rotor in alignment with the interpoles. This guarantees a position for positive torque production from the main winding. From this point on, only the

(a)

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The control logic was implemented exclusively into a single microcontroller. It receives the signals coming from the rotor position sensor (the only feedback signal in the system), makes the required processing, and outputs gate signal commands to drive the converter switches. Interfacing between microcontroller hardware and power switches is made with optical couplers. The control logic implementation is 100% software based. It is highly flexible, which allows for quick and easy changes or adjustments at no extra cost.
Starting Up Strategy

(b)

3
SPIM and SSRM comparison: (a) SSRM and SPIM stators and (b) SPIM and SSRM rotors.

There are some specific rotor positions in the SSRM that make torque production impossible. For the present case, these correspond to the rotor positioned at 0 , 45 , 90 , and so on. For these positions, there will be no torque production when the derivative of the inductance with a zero position, as depicted in Figure 2, is even with the current in the windings (1). For these positions, there will be no torque production as the derivative of the inductance is zero, as depicted in Figure 2. In such cases, auxiliary means are called for to set the rotor in motion. Based on the chosen topology, the strategy to achieve starting for any rotor position is shown in the flowchart of Figure 6. The control logic first verifies if the conduction window is enabled. If it is so, indicating that the rotor is parked in a region where positive torque is possible, the routine energizes the main winding for the starting sequence. If the conduction window is closed, the control logic

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45

Optical Sensor

Motor Shaft

4
Rotor position sensor.

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S1

C 127 V ~ D2

S2

S1

Circuit of the static converter.

main winding is energized following the enabling times of the conduction window. Because the Main Auxiliary front-end converter is a diode bridge rectifier supplied directly IRFP 260 from mains, the dc link voltage, smoothed by the capacitor, is D1 constant. This voltage applied Daux to the motor winding leads to high current levels when the Au x Ph A starting is at zero and low speeds as there is no counter emf in the winding. These high current levels are not adequate in IRFP 260 the presence of the static switches and need to be limited. Using Saux the flexibility brought by the Rotor digital control environment and Position S2 Saux to keep costs down, an indirect current control was implementMicrocontroller-Based ed, which reduced the voltage Control Strategy implemented. The voltage (PIC 16F84A) applied in the main winding is 5 chopped with a preprogrammed frequency that is a function of the rotor speed. The microcontroller promptly calculates the rotor speed from the rotor-position-sensor feedback signal.
Steady-State Operation

Start
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Position Detection

Conduction window enabled? N Briefly energize main winding for alignment. Energize auxiliary winding.

When the rotor reaches about 85% of the rated speed, the switching strategy is changed to single pulse. From this point on, the switching is as follows: in the beginning of the conduction cycle the switches (S1 and S2) are turned on. After a predetermined period of time, the upper switch (S1) is turned off and the current freewheels in the path is formed by the closed switch (S2) and corresponding diode with zero voltage across the winding. In the sequence, S2 is also turned off and inverse voltage is applied to the winding, leading to a faster current decrease and recovering of energy to the dc link capacitor. Simulated and experimental results of this operation will be shown in the following sections.

iaux.

ia

Energize main winding for starting. Ia (A) - W (rad/s)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

Single-Phase Switched Reluctance Motor

Ia W

0.85 rated speed? Y Steady-State Strategy

Current Control Strategy

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 Time (s)

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

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Flowchart of starting and steady operation strategy. Simulation: SSRM phase current and speed at starting.

Mathematical Modeling and Simulation The mathematical modeling is important to evaluate the motor dynamic behavior and through the results obtain quantitative and qualitative evaluation performance parameters, which can be analyzed and provide good feedback to adjust design characteristics. In the present case, a linear model was used for these purposes. In state variables the model is given by Vm Tl 0 = + where Vm , rm , im Tl , Lm J, D , rm L m 1 i m 2 0 Lm 0 0 0 0 im D 0 1 0 m 0 im L im J 0 0 1

, (2)

are main phase voltage, resistance and current are load torque and phase inductance, respectively are inertia and viscous friction, respectively are speed and rotor position, respectively.
Single-Phase Switched Reluctance Motor

The units are given in International System of Units (SI), and the load torque varies with the square of rotor speed. The simulation comprises the whole system, that is, the mains supply, the converter, the motor, and load. This integrated simulation environment is possible from some simulation platforms, and in the present case the Simpower Systems toolbox from MATLAB was used. Figures 79 show the simulated results. In Figure 7, the controlled starting current and corresponding speed profile are shown. According to (1) and Figure 2, the motor torque profile is similar to the current profile, existing only during current conduction. This sets the requirement of low-starting torque inertial load that can continue in movement after a pulse of torque until the next current conduction period is reached. In Figure 8, the transition from current-controlled to single-pulse supply is shown when the rotor has reached about 85% of the final speed. As seen in the single-pulse operation, the current rises quickly under dc link voltage. Soon after, the upper switch is turned off and the current decreases in free-wheel mode until finally the conduction-window signal is closed. When this occurs, the remaining power switch
Current 10 (A) Voltage(V) Active Power(W) 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 Time (s) 0.04 0.05
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Capacitor-Run Single-Phase Induction Motor Ia 10 Va Pm

16
Ia (A) - Gate S2 (Scaled)

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5.61 5.615 5.62 5.625 Time (s) 5.63 5.635 5.64

8
Simulation: Changing from controlled current to single pulse supply.

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AC input voltage, current and active power to the singlephase capacitor-run induction motor drive.

Single-Phase Switched Reluctance Motor 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 IA VA (Scaled) 1>

IA (A) - VA (Scaled)

11.56 11.565 11.57 11.575 11.58 11.585 11.59 Time (s)

2>1) Conduction Window: 10 V 5 ms 2) Phase Current: 1 A 5 ms

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Conduction window and phase current in the SSRM at starting. Scalesphase current: 1 A/div time: 5 ms/div.

Simulated ac supply voltage and current.

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is opened and reverse voltage is applied in the winding, which forces the current quickly to zero. Figure 9 shows the simulated ac voltage and current supply. The advantage of having the diode bridge and dc-link smoothing capacitor is that current from the supply to the dc link only flows when the ac voltage becomes higher than the capacitor voltage, which leads to the ac-side currents always having the same signal as the supplying voltage. The outcome is that the voltampere product is always positive and therefore the drive operates with a unity-power factor. These and several other simulations indicated promising results particularly in the input active power to drive the specified load. Consequently, the design was approved and the prototype was built. Experimental Results In this section, experimental results of the blower being driven by the single-phase induction motor and by the SSRM motor are presented and compared.

Figure 10 shows the applied voltage, 127 V rms, input current, 1.27 A rms, and input power, Pm = 144 W, for the induction machine drive with a power factor 0.89 lagging. The remaining of experimental results presented concern the SSRM operation. Figure 11 shows a detail of main winding current during the motor acceleration. As explained before, to keep the starting current at acceptable levels the voltage across the winding is chopped with a frequency that is speed dependant. Figure 12 shows the current profile when the rotor is running at steady-state speed and the single pulse switching strategy is as explained before. Figure 13 shows the speed evolution during starting. The transition period from controlled switching to single pulse operation can be observed in the plot for the speed around 1,400 r/min. With the programmed driving strategy, the SSRM can be turned off and on at any time (the case of a voltage sag). If mains supply is temporarily lost, when it is back on,

Current 10 (A) Voltage(V) Active Power(W)

Single-Phase Switched Reluctance Motor 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 Time (s) 0.04 0.05 Ia 10 Va Pm

1>

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2>1) Conduction Window: 10 V 2 ms 2) Phase Current: 2 A 2 ms

12
Main winding current at single pulse operationrated speed. Scalesphase current: 2 A/div time: 2 ms/div. Single-Phase Switched Reluctance Machine la Va

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AC input voltage, current and active power to the SSRM drive.

1,000 800 Product (VA) 600 400 200 0 0 1) Rotor Speed: 200 RPM 5 s

1>

0.01

0.02 0.03 Time (s)

0.04

0.05

15 13
Starting up: Rotor speed profile (scales200 r/min/div5 s/div). AC mains supply volt-ampere product or instantaneous input power.

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the converter gets the rotor speed TABLE 2. STEADY-STATE PERFORMANCE COMPARISON from the sensor pulses and determines OF THE DRIVE SYSTEMS. the adequate switching condition so that no over current occurs. Drive Characteristic SSRM SPIM Figure 14 shows the ac side voltage Mechanical load Five-blades fan Five-blades fan and input power to the SSRM drive Rated speed 1,600 r/min 1,600 r/min that are to be compared with those of Figure 10. Input ac voltage is also 127 100 100 Rate of flow (m3 /min) V rms and measured input power is 90 Rate of flow (CFM) 3,531.6 3,531.6 W to drive the fan at the same speed Electrical input active power 90 W 144 W of 1,600 r/min. Figure 15 shows the instantaneous input power. It is to be at full load observed that the voltampere product Power factor 1.0 0.89 lagging is always positive, indicating power CFM/watt 39.24 24.53 flow from supply to the load only. Unlike the induction motor, there is Supply voltage 127 V rms 127 V rms no return of power from load to mains supply with the SSRM drive. Therefore, the operation occurs at unity power factor, which is another important operational advantage for the SSRM drive. Table 2 shows the performance compariInput Power Speed with SSRM Drive son of the two drive systems at full load, an economy 100 of 37.5%, that is, 54 W in active power and operation 90 at unity power factor are observed in favor of the SSRM drive. This means that this system operating 16 80 h a day, for example, will provide an economy of ener70 gy of 311 kWh at the end of one year as compared to 60 the original SPIM drive. An additional feature of this drive is to be evidenced 50 when it drives loads with a torque that varies approxi40 mately with the square of speed. The load torque at low 30 speeds is very small, easing the starting procedure. 20 Most important is that the power required to drive the load is proportional to the cubic of speed. Therefore, a 10 small reduction in speed means an appreciable reduc0 tion in input power. For instance, a 10% reduction in 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 speed leads to a 27% reduction in input power. For the Blower Speed (r/min) SSRM driven blower, the characteristic of active power 16 absorbed from mains was taken by measurements and is shown in Figure 16, where the fast reducing input Input power x speed for the SSRM driven fan.
Input Power (W)

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Converter
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Blower driven by SSRM and corresponding static converter. The SSRM.

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power requirement can be confirmed. Although the present work does not present a controllable speed drive, one can appreciate the potential for economy of energy using controlled speeds for these loads. For the SSRM drive that already has the electronic converter and rotor position feedback signal, this means just one more step while for induction motor a whole strategy for speed control would be required. Figure 17 shows the experimental set up with the SSRM and its converter. Notice that the converter is small, and industrial manufacturing expertise can easily combine it in the motor body structure. The set shown is ready to be connected to the ac mains and run. Figure 18 shows the back end of the SSRM and the rotor position sensor. Regarding this sensor, it is instructive to say that in the last decade several strategies for sensorless rotor position detection were proposed, and those can also be considered for these cases. Cost sensitivity will be the issue. As a final remark, it is important to make clear that the main focus of this article is in the economy of energy provided in the studied situation. No closed loop for speed or torque control was presented, only a starting and current limitation condition possible from the digital control was offered. The control strategy used very little of the micro-controller capacity. More elaborated solutions are possible just by software sophistication with no additional hardware requirement. This again shows the potential offered by switched reluctance motors and the associated electronic converter. Conclusions With the evolution of the micro and power electronics, SRM drives are becoming rather attractive, once the cost of motor plus converter becomes competitive. Fractional power loads are normally driven by poorly efficient motors and consequently make inefficient drives. The power of isolated units is not relevant but as these loads are used in great quantities the overall waste of energy becomes accountable. This is not in line with modern efficient sytems thinking. The main contribution of this article is to present a potential alternative for driving these fractional power loads with a highly efficient motor. For the target application chosen, an SSRM motor was designed, built, and tested. The immediate advantages are threefold: The designed motor has a smaller overall volume, 13% less magnetic material and copper weight, and, in rated operation, saves 37.5% power to drive the same load at the same speed compared to the original single-phase capacitorrun induction motor while operating with unity power factor. The smaller volume indicates relevant reduction in material cost and the reduction in input power during operation indicates that an eventual increase in cost due to the converter can be recovered in a short time span. An additional advantage of the SSRM is its inherent ability to work with continuous controllable speed

owing to the static converter. The microcontrollerbased control strategy makes the drive rather flexible and attractive at a very affordable cost. Overall, the work suggests an alternative for replacement of smallload drives that, in many cases, will help in the development of energy-conservation technology. Acknowledgment The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of FAPEMIGFundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de Minas GeraisBrazilthrough research projects TEC 1056/02 and TEC 146/02, and CAPES for scholarships. References
[1] R. Krishnan, Switched Reluctance Motor Drives: Modeling, Simulation, Analysis, Design, and Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001. [2] J.Y. Lim, Y.C. Jung, S.Y. Kim, and J.C. Kim, Single phase switched reluctance motor vacuum cleaner, in Proc. ISIE 2001, vol. 2, pp. 13931400. [3] R. Krishnan and K. Sitapati, A novel single-phase switched reluctance motor drive system, in Proc. IECON, 2001, p. 1488. [4] M. Barnes and C. Pollock, Power converter for single-phase switched reluctance motors, Electron. Lett., vol. 31, no. 25, pp. 21372138, 1995. [5] M. Barnes and C. Pollock, Selecting power electronic converters for single-phase switched reluctance motors, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Power Electron. Variable Speed Drives, vol. 1, no. 456, p. 527, 1998. [6] T.J.E. Miller, Switched Reluctance Motors and Their Control, Oxford, UK: Magna Physics and Clarendon Press, 1993. [7] G.E. Horst, Hybrid single-phase variable reluctance motor, U.S. Patent 5 122 697, June 1992. [8] F.L. Rohdin, Two pole reluctance motor with non uniform pole shape for better starting, U.S. Patent 4 506 182, Mar. 1985. [9] E.J. Buchan and N.N. Fulton, Apparatus and method for starting a single-phase variable reluctance motor, U.S. Patent 5753984, May 1998. [10] G.C. Jenkinson and J.M. Stephenson, Starting of a single-phase switched reluctance motor, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Electr. Power Appl., 2000, no. 2, vol. 147, pp. 131139. [11] J.M. Stephenson, Single-phase switched reluctance motor design, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Electr. Power Appl., vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 131139, 2000. [12] J.L. Domingos, D.A. Andrade, M.A.A. Freitas, and H. de Paula, A new drive strategy for a linear switched reluctance motor, in Proc. IEMDC 03 IEEE, vol. 3, June 14, 2003, p. 1714. [13] J.M.L. Nascimento, L.G.B. Rolim, P. Heidrich, W.I. Suemitsu, and R. Hanitsch, Design and simulation aspects of a switched reluctance drive, in 3rd Brazilian Power Electronics Conf. Proc., 1995, p. 79. [14] T. Higuchi, R.O. Fiedler, and R. De Doncker, On the design of a single-phase switched reluctance motor, in Proc. IEMDC 03, 2003, p. 561. [15] P.C. Sen, Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics. New York: Wiley, 1989.

Darizon A. Andrade (darizon@ufu.br) is with Electric Drives Lab.Universidade Federal de Uberlndia Brazil. Rogrio S. Costa is with Centrais Eltricas de Gois. Rodrigo S. Teixeira is with Empresa Brasileira de Compressores. Augusto V. Fleury is with the Universidade Catlica de Gois. Andrade is a Member of the IEEE. This article first appered in its original form at the 2004 INDUSCON.

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