DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS oleh Dr.

Jamil Ahmad

ALI AHMAD RMASAMY T.SENG SALMAH SWEELAN KUMARY AHCHONG AHMOI JASTINA JASTINI JASTISHA XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
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Math 12 45 60 80 22 76 55 43 67 67 40 35 25 46 23 32 90 45 85 67 45

Science 96 60 80 70 80 54 56 64 33 73 59 83 34 76 83 43 65 64 73 85 90
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ALI AHMAD RMASAMY T.SENG SALMAH SWEELAN KUMARY AHCHONG AHMOI JASTINA JASTINI JASTISHA XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX MIN(PURATA)

Math 12 45 60 80 22 76 55 43 67 67 40 35 25 46 23 32 90 45 85 67 45 50.75

Science 96 60 80 70 80 54 56 64 33 73 59 83 34 76 83 43 65 64 73 85 90 71.0

Mean
Most commonly called the average. Add up the values for each case and divide by the total number of cases.

_ X =
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(x1 + x2 + . . . + xn) n

Mean
Class A IQs of 13 Students 102 115 128 109 131 89 98 106 140 119 93 97 110
Xi = 1437 _ XA = Xi = 1437 = 110.54 n 13
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Class B IQs of 13 Students 127 162 131 103 96 111 80 109 93 87 120 105 109
Xi = 1433

XB = Xi = 1433 = 110.23 n 13
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Mean
1. 2. Means can be badly affected by outliers (data points with extreme values unlike the rest) Outliers can make the mean a bad measure of central tendency or common experience

Income in the U.S.

All of Us
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Mean

Bill Gates Outlier

Median
The middle value when a variables values are ranked in order; the point that divides a distribution into two equal halves. When data are listed in order, the median is the point at which 50% of the cases are above and 50% below it. The 50th percentile.

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Median
Class A: IQs of 13 Students
89 93 97 98 102 106 109 110 115 119 128 131 140

Median = 109 (six cases above, six below)

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Median
If the first student were to drop out of Class A, there would be a new median: 89 93 97 98 102 106 Median = 109.5 109 109 + 110 = 219/2 = 109.5 110 (six cases above, six below) 115 119 128 131 140

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Median
1. The median is unaffected by outliers, making it a better measure of central tendency, better describing the typical person than the mean when data are skewed.

All of Us

Bill Gates outlier

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Median
2. If the recorded values for a variable form a symmetric distribution, the median and mean are identical. In skewed data, the mean lies further toward the skew than the median. Skewed

3.

Symmetric

Mean Median
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Mean Median
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Median
The middle score or measurement in a set of ranked scores or measurements; the point that divides a distribution into two equal halves. Data are listed in orderthe median is the point at which 50% of the cases are above and 50% below. The 50th percentile.

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Mode
The most common data point is called the mode. The combined IQ scores for Classes A & B: 80 87 89 93 93 96 97 98 102 103 105 106 109 109 109 110 111 115 119 120 127 128 131 131 140 162 ## It is possible to have more than one mode!
mode!!

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Mode
1. 2. In symmetric distributions, the mean, median, and mode are the same. In skewed data, the mean and median lie further toward the skew than the mode.

Symmetric

Skewed

Mean Median Mode

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Mean Mode Median

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Descriptive Statistics
Summarizing Data: Central Tendency (or Groups Middle Values) Mean Median Mode Variation (or Summary of Differences Within Groups) Range Variance Standard Deviation

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Range
The spread, or the distance, between the lowest and highest values of a variable. To get the range for a variable, you subtract its lowest value from its highest value.
Class A: IQs of 13 Students 102 115 128 109 131 89 98 106 140 119 93 97 110 Class A Range = 140 - 89 = 51
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Class B: IQs of 13 Students 127 162 131 103 96 111 80 109 93 87 120 105 109 Class B Range = 162 - 80 = 82
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Variance
A measure of the spread of the recorded values on a variable. A measure of dispersion. The larger the variance, the further the individual cases are from the mean.

Mean

The smaller the variance, the closer the individual scores are to the mean.

Mean
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Variance Variance is a number that at first seems complex to calculate.

Calculating variance starts with a deviation. A deviation is the distance away from the mean of a cases score. _ Xi X

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Variance
The deviation of 102 from 110.54 is? Deviation of 115? Class A: IQs of 13 Students 102 128 131 98 140 93 110
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115 109 89 106 119 97

MINA = 110.54

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Variance
The deviation of 102 from 110.54 is? 102 - 110.54 = -8.54 Class A: IQs of 13 Students 102 115 128 109 131 89 98 106 140 119 93 97 110 MINA = 110.54 Deviation of 115? 115 - 110.54 = 4.46

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Variance
We want to add these to get total deviations, but if we were to do that, we would get zero every time. Why? We need a way to eliminate negative signs. Squaring the deviations will eliminate negative signs... A Deviation Squared: (Xi X-bar)2
Back to the IQ example, A deviation squared for 102 is: (102 - 110.54)2 = (-8.54)2 = 72.93

of 115: (115 - 110.54)2 = (4.46)2 = 19.89

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Variance
If you were to add all the squared deviations together, youd get what we call the Sum of Squares. _ Sum of Squares (SS) = (Xi X)2 SS = (X1 X-bar)2 + (X2 X-bar)2 + . . . + (Xn X-bar)2

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Variance
Class A, sum of squares: (102 110.54)2 + (115 110.54)2 + (126 110.54)2 + (109 110.54)2 + (131 110.54)2 + (89 110.54)2 + (98 110.54)2 + (106 110.54)2 + (140 110.54)2 + (119 110.54)2 + (93 110.54)2 + (97 110.54)2 + (110 110.54) = SS = 2825.39 Class A: IQs of 13 Students 102 128 131 98 140 93 110 115 109 89 106 119 97

MIN = X-bar = 110.54

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Variance
The last step The approximate average sum of squares is the variance. SS = Variance for a population. N SS = Variance for a sample. N-1 _ Variance =S2 = (Xi X)2 n1
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Variance
For Class A Variance = S2 =2825.39 n-1 = 2825.39 = 235.45 12

How helpful is that???

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Standard Deviation
To convert variance into something of meaning, lets create standard deviation. The square root of the variance reveals the average deviation of the observations from the mean. Standard Deviation = S = S2 = (Xi X)2 n1

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Standard Deviation
For Class A, the standard deviation is: 235.45 = 15.34

The average of persons deviation from the mean IQ of 110.54 is 15.34 IQ points.

Review: 1. Deviation 2. Deviation squared 3. Sum of squares 4. Variance 5. Standard deviation

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Standard Deviation
1. Larger s.d. = greater amounts of variation around the mean. For example:

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25 X = 25 s.d. = 3

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25 X = 25 s.d. = 6

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2.

s.d. = 0 only when all values are the same (only when you have a constant and not a variable)

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Markah-markah yang tidak teratur adalah tidak kemas dan tidak memberikan apa-apa makna. Oleh itu, langkah utama dalam statistik ialah untuk mendapatkan suatu jadual yang kemas dan dapat memberikan makna.

. Contoh: Markah Biologi 50 orang pelajar seperti berikut.

37 64 46 58 35 42 63 53 43 52 44 36 54 37 33 51 42 61 52 46 48 54 41 55 60 30 49 49 47 45 47 59 51 43 40 56 45 58 46 51 52 32 41 48 56 31 38 48 62 53

Markah minimum ialah 30 Markah maksimum ialah 64 Min = 47.5 Sisihan Piawai = 8.54 -Kita boleh bahagikan markah tersebut kepada sela-sela kelas yang sama saiznya. -Dicadangkan supaya sela kelas adalah antara 5-20 dan pada praktiknya, 12 sela kelas adalah kerapkali digunakan dan sesuai. -Katakan kita tetapkan saiz kelas ialah 5 unit, jadi bilangan sela kelas ialah; Bilangan sela kelas = Julat Saiz kelas =7

= 64 - 30 5

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Jadual Taburan Kekerapan

Sela Kelas Markah 60 64 55 59 50 54 45 49 40 44 35 39 30 34 Jumlah

Kekerapan 5 6 10 12 8 5 4 50

Sela Kelas Sebenar 59.5 64.5 54.5 59.5 49.5 54.5 44.5 49.5 39.5 44.5 34.5 39.5 29.5 34.5 Jumlah

Kekerapan 5 6 10 12 8 5 4 50

Daripada Jadual Taburan Kekerapan kita boleh membentuk histogram

12 11 10
Kekerapan

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
29.5 34.5 39.5 44.5 49.5 54.5 59.6 64.5

Sela Kelas

Poligon Kekerapan

12 11 10 9
Kekarapan

Poligon

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
29.5 34.5 39.5 44.5 49.5 54.5 59.6 64.5

Sela Kelas

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Graf Taburan Normal Ciri-ciri: Bentuk loceng, Simetri, unimod, min mod dan median pada satu titik, asimtot

Kekerapan

Min Mod median

Kekerapan

Kekerapan

Mod

Min

Min

Mod

Median

Median

Pencong Positif

Pencong negatif

Definition of the Standard Normal Distribution The Standard Normal distribution follows a normal distribution and has mean 0 and standard deviation 1

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TERIMA KASIH

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