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Reading: Zumdahl 9.2, 9.3 Outline Definition of Enthalpy (H) Definition of Molar Heat Capacity (Cv and Cp) Calculating using Cv and Cp Changes in E and H as well as q and w for different paths Problems: Z9.11,Z9.23-25(no calculations required), Z9.27, Z9.29
Definition of Enthalpy
Thermodynamic Definition of Enthalpy (H): H = E + PV E = energy of the system P = pressure of the system V = volume of the system Each quantity can be determined by measuring the system, so they are quantities that depend on the state of the system. What does depend on the state of the system mean?
Can determine change (eg DE) by looking at system before and after, not during the change This is not true of q and w, you must know how the system changes (during the change) to determine q and w. State function depend on the state of the system defined by P,V and T for a gas.
Definition of Enthalpy (cont.) Consider a process carried out at constant pressure. (Such as all the reactions in our body and in the laboratory, usually.) If work is of the form -PV, then:
E = q + w = q P V
If: P = 0
( isobaric ) then q p q H = E + ( PV ) = qP PV + PV = qP
H = qP
Therefore, for reactions run at constant pressure the heat energy that flows (in or out), which can be measured, is equal to the reaction enthalpy, which is a state function.
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Changes in Enthalpy
Consider the following expression for a chemical reaction: H = Hproducts - Hreactants If H >0, then qp >0. The reaction is endothermic If H <0, then qp <0. The reaction is exothermic Endo- means into; exo- means out from.
Hfinal
q in
Hinitial H > 0
Heat Capacity: The relation of internal energy to temperature Recall from Chapter 5 (section 5.6): (KE)average = 3/2RT (ideal monatomic gas) Temperature is a measure of molecular motion.
3 PV = 3 nRT E=2 2 Then for a change in temperature, the energy change is: 3 R T E = n ( 2 )
In thermodynamic terms, an increase in system temperature corresponds to an increase in system kinetic energy ( i.e., T is proportional to E), and DE depends only the the temperature change (and nothing else). This relation is distinct from the first law and complementary to it. Both forms of DE hold.
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2 H 2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) R 2 H 2O ( A )
H = 572kJ
How much heat do you get if you form 1 mole of water? How about how much heat if you make 1.8 grams of water? [Hint convert grams to moles and scale the heat proportionally.] What is the heat for the reaction to make the two gasses from water? [Whatever you do to the reaction, do it to the energy/enthalpy for the reaction. In this case change direction, which is change DH sign.] How much heat did the Hindenberg give off when it burned? [Hint: Convert volume to number of moles. The above reaction tells you the heat per mole of H2 burned is 286kJ.
V = 0
How much energy (at constant volume) in the form of heat is required to change the gas temperature by an amount T?
3 R T E = qV PV = qV = n ( 2 )
qV 3R = (2 CV ) n T
No PdV work was allowed. See Table 9.1 The heat capacity, Cv = 3/2 R ,is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature by one degree (of one mole of a monoatomic ideal gas at constant volume). Cv is referred to as the constant volume (molar) heat capacity.
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Heat Capacity at Constant P What about at constant pressure? In this case, PdV type work
also occurs: The change in enthalpy with temperature is known, and the heat released at constant pressure in the enthalpy. Therefore we can define a heat capacity at constant pressure as: 3
qP = H = n ( 2 R + R ) T
qP 3R+R =C +R = (2 CP ) V nT
Physically Cp is greater than Cv: When warming an ideal gas the heat goes into increasing the energy in the 3 translational modes. Now at constant pressure the heat is also used to expand the cylinder and do productive work on the surroundings (work is negative). So the gas can absorbs more heat (under constant P conditions) for the same temperature rise (than under constant V conditions). 10
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Cv for Polyatomics
What are the energetic degrees of freedom for a polyatomic gas? Ans: translations, rotations, and vibrations. All of which may contribute to Cv (depends on T).
Iz Iy
N2 C v = 5/2 R (approx.)
Iz
Iy Ix
Variation in Cp and Cv
3 2
R = 12.47 J
Cv
mole K
Cp 20.8
Monatomics:
Cv = 3/2 R Cp = 5/2 R
Ar, He, Ne
12.47
H2
20.54
28.86
Polyatomics:
Cv > 3/2 R Cp > 5/2 R But.Cp = Cv + R
CO2
28.95
37.27
Units: J/mol.
The idea is called the equipartition of energy which means that each possible way of moving (mode) gets about R for the molar heat capacity. (See Table 9.1).
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Ideal Monatomic Gas (IMG) Cv = 3/2R Cp = Cv + R = 5/2 R Polyatomic Gas Cv > 3/2R Cp > 5/2 R
The heat capacity will be a given quantity or you are told it is an IMG.
E = nCvT H = nCpT Cp = Cv + R
Notice: For the same process the enthalpy change is larger than the 14 energy change.
Tinit = ? K Tfinal = ? K Before you start; realize you may not need the initial and final temperature separately; only the difference. The process is a DP=0 process. DE and DH are determined only by DT. It is a IMG, so you know the two heat capacities. On a test the first thing you write down is DE and DH in terms of DT, which you then need to find. Then ask, can I determine the work, and finally you find the heat by rearranging the first law.
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Problem Z9.29
R=8.31451 J/(mol-K) = 0.08206 (liter-atm)/(mol-K)
Adapt PV=nRT to the change for the process: PDV =nRDT Now we can determine DT.
V = ( 55 15) A = 40A T = (1mol ) .0821 l.atm
( 3atm )( 40l )
mol. K
= 1460 K
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Example (cont.)
From the temperature change, and IMG, 1 mole, get change in energy and enthalpy; and the definition of PdV work and the first law give the work and heat for this process.
E = nCv T = (1mol ) 12.5 J 1460 K ) = 18.2kJ ( mol.K 5 H = nC p T = E = 30.kJ 3 w = Pext V = ( 3atm )( 40l ) 101.3 J = 12kJ l.atm
q = E w = 18 ( 12 ) = 30 J
It is no coincidence that q and DH are the same: This is a constant pressure process for which q=qp=DH.
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The second step in A-C-B path We have done an isobaric process; so what is different for an isochoric process? I.G. difference equation is a bit different VP=nRT Solve for T. There is no work: w=0; E and H are computed the same way, based on the temperature change. It is a constant volume change so q=qV=E
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