Nuevas tendencias de la Minera Subterrnea profunda Planeacin, operacin y estabilizacin del macizo rocoso

By Ernesto Villaescusa, PhD Chair in Rock Mechanics WA School of Mines, CRC Mining & Curtin University Australia

Introduction
Western Australian School of Mines Research
The overall objective is to characterize rock masses and their response to mining activities, so that stable excavations can be designed, constructed and supported.
S801 Geological regime S807 New technology S802 Rock mass characterization S803 Performance prediction

Rock Mass Characterization

Excavation stability
S806 Backfill mining voids S808 Shotcrete support

S804 Ground support evaluation

Ground Support Technology

S805 Ground support implementation

Introduction
Orebody Orebodydelineation delineation Orebody delineation Rockmass Rockmass characterization characterization Mining method selection Access & infrastructure Stope & pillar sizes Global sequences (Stress analysis) Global Economics NO Geology Geology Geology & & rock rock mechanics INPUT DATA

Mine planning
Mine Mineplanning planning Rock Mechanics G L O B A L D E S I G N

Mine planning & Rock Mechanics

Mine planning

Acceptable design YES Infill Infill delineation delineation drilling drilling Drill & blast design Rock reinforcement Detailed economics Extraction monitoring D E T A I L E D D E S I G N CLOSURE OF DESIGN LOOP

Geology Geology Mine Mine planning planning Rock mechanics Mine planning Operations, Operations, Mine Mine planning planning Geology Geology & & Rock Rock mechanics mechanics YES Document Document results results

NO

Acceptable Acceptable design design

END

Flowchart of mine planning process (Villaescusa, 1998).

Introduction Mining at depth

Conditions often become difficult beyond a 1000m or so

1000m

Golden Grove Mine, Western Australia (Thompson, 2011)

Maximum recovery minimal dilution

Continuous extraction sequence required to avoid pillars

Hangingwall Depth of Failure vs. Hydraulic Radius

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 HR 8 10 12 14 Depth of Failure (m)

Depth of
0-1m 1-2m 3-4m 4-5m >5m

Golden Grove Mine, Western Australia (Thompson, 2011)

Mining method selection & infrastructure

Change of the mining method or infrastructure location

SLOS

1000m

SLC/SLOS

Geotechnical monitoring requirements

A need to understand the overall failure process and instability

1000m 1000m

Seismic sensor array

Mine induced seismicity Kanowna Belle Mine, Western Australia (Morton, 2013)

Large scale geological discontinuities

The global stability may be controlled by large scale structures

1000m

Mount Charlotte Mine, Western Australia (Corskie, 2013)

Seismic response of large scale structures

The structures may become seismically active

1000m 1000m

Fitzroy fault

Kanowna Belle Mine, Western Australia (Morton, 2013)

Mining method multiple lift - sublevel open stoping

Used for tabular or massive steeply dipping orebodies

Cut-off slot

. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .......... . ... .... .. ..

Cut-off .. . . . slot . ... ..... .... . . . ....... Drill drives

.. .... ... ... . .. ......

Case study - sublevel open stoping at depth

1000m

Callie Mine, NT Australia (Graf, 2013)

Multiple lift - Sublevel open stoping

Primary-secondary extraction sequence

Callie Mine, NT Australia (Graf, 2013)

Multiple lift - Sublevel open stoping

Cemented rock fill of stoping voids

In-situ stress measurements - a key requirement

Acoustic Emission from oriented core samples No access required only deep core

Callie Mine, NT Australia (Graf, 2013)

In-situ stress measurements - a key requirement

Orientation and magnitude with depth determination - For all the stoping block areas planned

Callie Mine, NT Australia (Graf, 2013)

Intact rock strength determination

For all rock types

Callie Mine, NT Australia (Graf, 2013)

Intact rock strength determination

For all rock types

Callie Mine, NT Australia (Graf, 2013)

Intact rock strength determination

For all rock types

Callie Mine, NT Australia (Graf, 2013)

Joint set number and orientation block shape

From development exposure and diamond drilled core

Callie Mine, NT Australia (Graf, 2013)

Joint condition determination

From development exposure and diamond drilled core

Callie Mine, NT Australia (Graf, 2013)

Joint set characteristics

Callie Mine, NT Australia (Graf, 2013)

RQD from exploration core

Changes with depth Correlation with large scale structures

Callie Mine, NT Australia (Graf, 2013)

Rock mass classification

Block A

Block B

Block C

Block D

Callie Mine, NT Australia (Graf, 2013)

Excavation performance under increased stress

13/08/2013

Excavation performance under increased stress

13/08/2013 13/08/2013

Excavation performance under increased stress

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

20

Stress Reduction Factor (SRF)

10 5 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 1 2 5

High stress Heavy rockburst zone

1 = In-situ main principal stress c = Uniaxial Compressive Strength of intact rock

Near Surface

2.5 5.0

Medium confining stress

Low confining stress

10

20

50

100

200

c max

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

The walls of the excavations become unstable due to vertical stress.

Time dependent slow deformation

Sudden, violent failure

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

Rock bolting - with or without welded wire mesh A generalized form of support effective for shallow to moderate depths.

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

At greater depths bolts, shotcrete and mesh required for backs and walls.

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

Fibrecrete energy dissipation is not enough under high stress conditions

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

Fibrecrete energy dissipation is not enough under high stress conditions

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

Bolts + mesh embedded shotcrete + cables Sudden failure

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

Rock mass demand

Demand category Low Medium High Very High Extremely High Reaction pressure (KPa) <100 100-150 150-200 200-400 >400 Surface displacement (mm) <50 50-100 100-200 200-300 >300 Energy (KJ/m2) <5 5-15 15-25 25-35 >35

E. Villaescusa WA School of Mines

(Modified from Thompson et al, 2012 )

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

Example of low demand unsupported lower walls

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

Example of low to medium demand fibrecrete and walls

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

Example of low to medium demand fibrecrete

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

Example of high to very high demand mesh embedded chain link

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

WASM ground support design chart

Ground support strategy for an increasing stress

Excavation shape at depth will require changes

Conclusions

Rock mass characterization from exploration core.

Selection of mining method with geotechnical considerations.

Geotechnical monitoring for global stability.

Strength vs induced stress ratios become unfavourable.

Mode of failure anticipation required.

Ground support strategy for high energy dissipation.

Change of excavation shape may be required.