Response Modification Factor

Prepared by: Ahmed Shaban Refat Taha Sulaiman Nayef Ezzat Hassan

University of Cairo at Egypt With the support of the Dr. Osman Ramadan
Version 1 - April 2011

Response Modification Factor

1 - Introduction and Objectives 2 - Over-Strength Factor , Rs 3 - Ductility Reduction Factor , R 4 - Summary 5 - Reference

Response Modification Factor

1 - Introduction and Objectives 2 - Over-Strength Factor , Rs 3 - Ductility Reduction Factor , R 4 - Summary 5 - Reference

Code Philosophy for Earthquake-Resistant Design

Objective: -Prevent collapse in the extreme earthquake likely to occur at a building site. ( return period =475 years) -Ensure elastic behavior under a moderate earthquake ( return period equal to the life of the structure) Objectives are not to (at extreme EQ) : - Limit damage - Maintain function - Provide for easy repair

Design EQ Loads per Egypt Code:

Sd ( T ) = Se ( T ) / R
Where : Sd the design horizontal response spectrum Se the elastic horizontal response spectrum R response modification factor

R = Rs R Rr
Where : Rs R Rr Over-Strength Factor Ductility Reduction Factor Redundancy Factor

response modification factor

Is it allowable to reduce the wind force by R ?

Why it is allowable to reduce seismic force by R ?

yield H

yield

< failure

failure

failure

yield

yield failure

< failure

failure failure

failure failure

Time required to failure

yield

failure

- R = 1 in wind for long time of loading. -Return period for extreme E.Q = 475 years. -Return period for extreme wind = 50 years. (short return period) -Factor of safety is required for short return period load cases. -No over strength reaction is allowed - R = Rs R = 1 x 1 = 1

Response Modification Factor

1 - Introduction and Objectives 2 - Over-Strength Factor , Rs 3 - Ductility Reduction Factor , R 4 - Summary 5 - Reference

Over-Strength Factor , Rs : Sources :

- Higher actual strength of material than specified. - Material reduction factor. - Over load Factor (1.4 D.L ) -Some designers taget demand/capacity ratios < 0.9. -Increase the size of some members in order to limit the number of different structural shapes that are used on a project.

Sources (cont. ):
-Architects may request the use of larger members than required for structural purposes. -Member sizes are controlled to limit drift -Special ductility requirement such as strongcolumn & weak-beam.

The overstrength values range from 2 to 5, and significantly

higher if slab contribution and masonry distribution are taken into consideration.

Overstrength is generally beneficial for seismic resistance

in that it allows a structure to resist more intense.

Response Modification Factor

1 - Introduction and Objectives 2 - Over-Strength Factor , Rs 3 - Ductility Reduction Factor , R 4 - Summary 5 - Reference

To Survive Strong Earthquake without Collapse:

Design for Ductile Behavior

Ductility is an important parameter for seismic resistance because it enables the design of structures that do not have adequate strength to resist strong earthquake shaking elastically to still survive such shaking through inelastic response. Structures that do not have ductility will fail when they are subjected to ground motion that deforms them beyond their elastic limit.

Ductility in Steel Structures: Yielding Nonductile Failure Modes: Crushing &Buckling

Ductility = Yielding Failure = Fracture or Instability

Non-ductile

yield

failure

Ductility Factor =

failure yield

H
Helastic

3/4 *Helastic

1/2 *Helastic

Strength Reqd Ductility

1/4 *Helastic

MAX

T < 0.1 sec short period structures

the ductility does not help in reducing the response of the structure. Hence, for such structures, no ductility reduction factor should be used.

R = 1.0

0.1 < T < 0.5 sec moderate period structures

the energy that can be stored by the elastic system at maximum displacement is the same as that stored by an inelastic system.

R = ( 2 1 )1/2
Fe Fy A B R = Fe / FY u = y Area under OAB = area under OAC O y ye u

0.5 < T < 3 sec long-period structures,

that inertia force obtained from an elastic system and the reduced inertia force obtained from an inelastic system cause the same maximum displacement.

R =

Response Modification Factor

1 - Introduction and Objectives 2 - Over-Strength Factor , Rs 3 - Ductility Reduction Factor , R 4 - Summary 5 - Reference

If Happ < Hplastic

H

Hplastic Happ

yield

If Happ Hplastic
H
Happ

Hplastic

yield

failure

If Happ Hplastic
H
Happ

Time required to failure

Hplastic

yield

failure

yield

failure

Ductility Factor =

failure yield

H
Helastic

3/4 *Helastic

1/2 *Helastic

Strength Reqd Ductility

1/4 *Helastic

MAX

Important Of Ductile Behavior

Ductility enables the design of structures that do not have adequate strength to resist strong earthquake. Without ductility structure will fail when they are subjected to ground motion that deforms them beyond their elastic limit.

Factor Of Safety & Load Return Period - R = 1 in wind for long time of loading. -Return period for extreme E.Q = 475 years. -Return period for extreme wind = 50 years. (short return period) -Factor of safety is required for short return period load cases. -No over strength reaction is allowed - R = Rs R = 1 x 1 = 1

Response Modification Factor

1 - Introduction and Objectives 2 - Over-Strength Factor , Rs 3 - Ductility Reduction Factor , R 4 - Summary 5 - Reference

AISC Website

Series of PowerPoint modules cover basic concepts on seismic-resistant design

AISC Website

http://www.aisc.org/content.aspx?id=21490

Jordon University of Science and Technology

Paper A Step towards Evaluation of the Seismic Response Reduction Factor in Multi-storey Reinforced Concrete Frames by SAMAR A. BARAKAT

Questions?