Hydrostatic Pressure on Surfaces

1. Total Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces o Plane surface inside a gas chamber o Horizontal plane surface o Vertical plane surface o Inclined plane surface 2. Total Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces o Fluid is above the curve surface o Fluid is below the curve surface o Fluid is below and above the curve surface 3. Analysis of Gravity Dam 4. Buoyancy 5. Statical Stability of Floating Bodies 6. Stresses on Thin-walled Pressure Vessels

Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces

Total Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces
For horizontal plane surface submerged in liquid, or plane surface inside a gas chamber, or any plane surface under the action of uniform hydrostatic pressure, the total hydrostatic force is given by

where

is the uniform pressure and

is the area.

In general, the total hydrostatic pressure on any plane surface is equal to the product of the area of the surface and the unit pressure at its center of gravity.

where is the pressure at the center of gravity. For homogeneous free liquid at rest, the equation can be expressed in terms of unit weight of the liquid.

where

is the depth of liquid above the centroid of the submerged area.

Derivation of Formulas The figure shown below is an inclined plane surface submerged in a liquid. The total area of the plane surface is given by , cg is the center of gravity, and cp is the center of pressure.

The differential force

acting on the element

is

From the figure

Integrate both sides and note that

and

are constants,

Recall from Calculus that

From the figure,

, thus,

The product is a unit pressure at the centroid at the plane area, thus, the formula can be expressed in a more general term below.

Location of Total Hydrostatic Force (Eccentricity) From the figure above, is the intersection of the prolongation of the submerged area to the free liquid surface. Taking moment about point .

Where

Again from Calculus, point is ,

is called moment of inertia denoted by

. Since our reference

Thus,

By transfer formula for moment of inertia become or

, the formula for

will

From the figure above,

, thus, the distance between cg and cp is Eccentricity,

Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surfaces

In the case of curved surface submerged in liquid at rest, it is more convenient to deal with the horizontal and vertical components of the total force acting on the surface. Note:the discussion here is also applicable to plane surfaces. Horizontal Component The horizontal component of the total hydrostatic force on any surface is equal to the pressure on the vertical projection of that surface.

Vertical Component The vertical component of the total hydrostatic force on any surface is equal to the weight of either real or imaginary liquid above it.

Total Hydrostatic Force

Direction of

Case 1: Liquid is above the curve surface The vertical component of the hydrostatic force is downward and equal to the volume of the real liquid above the submerged surface.

Case 2: Liquid is below the curve surface The vertical component of the hydrostatic force is going upward and equal to the volume of the imaginary liquid above the surface.

Analysis of Gravity Dam

Tags: eccentricity righting moment overturning moment foundation pressure hydrostatic force factor of safety factor of safety against overturning Factor of safety against sliding friction hydrostatic uplift sliding

Dams are structures whose purpose is to raise the water level on the upstream side of river, stream, or other waterway. The rising water will cause hydrostatic force which will tend the dam to slide horizontally and overturn about its downstream edge or toe. The raised water level on the upstream edge or heel will also cause the water to seep under the dam. The pressure due to this seepage is commonly called hydrostatic uplift and will reduce the stability of the dam against sliding and against overturning.

Gravity Dam Analysis

The weight of gravity dam will cause a moment opposite to the overturning moment and the friction on the base will prevent the dam from sliding. The dam may also be prevented from sliding by keying its base into the bedrock.

Step 1 Consider 1 unit length (1 m length) of dam perpendicular to the cross section. Step 2 Determine all the forces acting: 1. Vertical forces o = Weight of dam o = Weight of water in the upstream side (if any) o = Hydrostatic uplift o Weight of permanent structures on the dam 2. Horizontal forces o = Horizontal component of total hydrostatic force o Wind pressure, wave action, floating bodies, earthquake load, etc.

Step 3 Solve for the reaction 1. Horizontal component of the reaction 2. Vertical component of the reaction

Step 4 Moment about the toe 1. Righting moment, = Sum of all rotation towards the upstream side 2. Overturning moment, = Sum of all rotation towards the downstream side

Step 5 Location of

as measured from the toe

Factors of Safety Factor of safety against sliding,

Factor of safety against overturning,

Where

= coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the foundation.

Foundation Pressure Eccentricity,

If exactly

is within the middle third and the foundation pressure is trapezoidal (triangular if ) acting from heel to toe.

is

For the sign of for and (-) for stress. A positive stress, thus, any If ,

, use (+) at point where is nearest. From the diagram above, use (+) . A negative indicates compressive stress and a positive indicates tensile will occur when . In foundation design, soil is not allowed to carry tensile will be neglected in the analysis.

is outside the middle third and the foundation pressure is triangular.

Buoyancy

Tags: Archimedes Principle area submerged buoyant force draft floating body volume displaced

Archimedes Principle

Archimedes (287-212 B.C.) Any body immersed in a fluid is subjected to an upward force called buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.

Where = buoyant force = unit weight of fluid = volume of fluid displaced by the body Buoyant force acting on a body submerged in fluid is merely the resultant of two vertical hydrostatic forces. Consider the cylindrical body shown below to have some length perpendicular to the drawing. The horizontal components of hydrostatic force acting on the body are in equilibrium because the vertical projection of the body in opposite sides is the same.

The upward force is the total force exerted by the fluid on the under surface of the body; the downward force is the total force exerted by the fluid on the upper surface of the body. Since liquid pressure increases by depth, is greater than . The difference is therefore upward, and this difference is the buoyant force. For homogeneous body of volume displaced is "floating" in a homogeneous liquid at rest, the volume

For a floating body of height and constant cross-sectional area parallel to the liquid surface, the submerged length is given by

For a floating body whose cross-sectional area the liquid surface, the area submerged is given by

is perpendicular to

Stability of Floating Bodies

Tags: righting moment overturning moment buoyant force

floating body volume displaced center of buoyancy metacenter metacentric height wedge of emersion wedge of immersion

Any floating body is subjected by two opposing vertical forces. One is the body's weight W which is downward, and the other is the buoyant force BF which is upward. The weight is acting at the center of gravity G and the buoyant force is acting at the center of buoyancy BO. W and BF are always equal and if these forces are collinear, the body will be in upright position as shown below.

The body may tilt from many causes like wind or wave action causing the center of buoyancy to shift to a new position as shown below.

Point is the intersection of the axis of the body and the line of action of the buoyant force, it is called metacenter. If M is above G, BF and W will produce a righting moment RM which causes the body to return to its neutral position, thus the body is stable. If M is below G, the body becomes unstable because of the overturning moment OM made by W and BF. If M coincides with G, the body is said to be just stable which simply means critical. The value of righting moment or overturning moment is given by

The distance

is called metacentric height. Metacentric height,

Use (-) if G is above BO and (+) if G is below BO. Note that M is always above BO. Value of MBO Assume that the body is rectangular at the top view and measures B by L at the waterline when in upright position. The moment due to the shifting of the buoyant force is equal to the moment due to shifting of wedge.

For small value of , tan sin and note that 1/12 LB3 = I, thus,

The formula above can be applied to any section. Where W = weight of the body BF = buoyant force M = metacenter G = center of gravity of the body BO = center of buoyancy in upright position BO' = center of buoyancy in tilted position MG = metacentric height or the distance from M to G MBO = distance from M to BO GO = distance from G to BO v = volume of the wedge either immersion or emersion s = horizontal distance between the center of gravity of the wedges = angle of tilting I = moment of inertia of the waterline section of the body RM = righting moment OM = overturning moment For rectangular section

Stresses on Thin-walled Pressure Tanks

Tags: tangential stress circumferential stress longitudinal stress cylindrical tank spherical tank longitudinal section spacing of hoops transverse section wood stave vessel

The circumferential stress, also known as tangential stress, in a tank or pipe can be determined by applying the concept of fluid pressure against curved surfaces. The wall of a tank or pipe carrying fluid under pressure is subjected to tensile forces across its longitudinal and transverse sections. Tangential Stress, t (Circumferential Stress) Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p. The length of the tank is L perpendicular to the drawing and the wall thickness is t. Isolating the right half of the tank:

Longitudinal Stress, l At the end of the tank, the total stress PT = LAend should equal the total fluid force F at that end. Since the wall thickness t is so small compared to internal diameter D, the area Aend of the wall is close to Dt.

Observe that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.

Spherical Shell If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p, the stress at the wall can be expressed as:

Spacing of Hoops of Wood Stave Vessels It is assumed that the wood will not resist tension, only the hoops will resist all the tensile stress caused by the internal pressure p.

where s = spacing of hoops t = allowable tensile stress of the hoop Ah = cross-sectional area of the hoop p = internal pressure in the vessel D = internal diameter of the vessel

Relative Equilibrium of Liquids

Relative equilibrium of liquid is a condition where the whole mass of liquid including the vessel in which the liquid is contained, is moving at uniform accelerated motion with respect to the earth, but every particle of liquid have no relative motion between each other. There are two cases of relative equilibrium that will be discussed in this section: linear translation and rotation. Note that if a mass of liquid is moving with constant speed, the conditions are the same as static liquid in the previous sections.

Formulas For details of the following formulas see the translation and rotation pages. Horizontal Motion

Inclined Motion

Vertical Motion

Rotation and

Rectilinear Translation | Moving Vessel

Tags: force polygon constant acceleration horizontal motion inclined motion vertical motion fluid mass

Horizontal Motion If a mass of fluid moves horizontally along a straight line at constant acceleration a, the liquid surface assume an angle with the horizontal, see figure below.

For any value of a, the angle can be found by considering a fluid particle of mass m on the surface. The forces acting on the particle are the weightW = mg, inertia force or reverse effective force REF = ma, and the normal force N which is the perpendicular reaction at the surface. These three forces are in equilibrium with their force polygon shown to the right. From the force triangle

Inclined Motion Consider a mass of fluid being accelerated up an incline from horizontal. The horizontal and vertical components of inertia force REF would be respectively, x = mah and y = mav.

From the force triangle above

but a cos = ah and a sin = av, hence

Use (+) sign for upward motion and (-) sign for downward motion. Vertical Motion The figure shown to the right is a mass of liquid moving vertically upward with a constant acceleration a. The forces acting to a liquid column of depth h from the surface are weight of the liquid W = V, the inertia force REF = ma, and the pressure F = pA at the bottom of the column.

Use (+) sign for upward motion and (-) sign for downward motion. Also note that a is positive for acceleration and negative for deceleration.

Rotation | Rotating Vessel

Tags: centrifugal force angular velocity paraboloid squared property of parabola centripetal acceleration slope of paraboloid volume of paraboloid

When at rest, the surface of mass of liquid is horizontal at PQ as shown in the figure. When this mass of liquid is rotated about a vertical axis at constant angular velocity radian per second, it will assume the surface ABC which is parabolic. Every particle is subjected to centripetal force or centrifugal force CF = m2x which produces centripetal acceleration towards the center of rotation. Other forces that acts are gravity forceW = mg and normal force N.

Where tan is the slope at the surface of paraboloid at any distance x from the axis of rotation. From Calculus, y = slope, thus

For cylindrical vessel of radius r revolved about its vertical axis, the height h of paraboloid is

Other Formulas By squared-property of parabola, the relationship of y, x, h and r is defined by

Volume of paraboloid of revolution

Important conversion factor