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and wordmark.svg Paradigm(s) Multi-paradigm: object-oriented, imperative, functional, procedu ral, reflective Appeared in 1991; 22 years ago Designed by Guido van Rossum Developer Python Software Foundation Stable release 3.3.2 / 15 May 2013 2.7.5 / 15 May 2013 Typing discipline duck, dynamic, strong Major implementations CPython, PyPy, IronPython, Jython Dialects Cython, RPython, Stackless Python Influenced by ABC,[1] ALGOL 68,[2] C,[3] C++,[4] Dylan,[5] Haskell,[6] Icon,[7 ] Java,[8] Lisp,[9] Modula-3,[4] Perl Influenced Boo, Cobra, D, F#, Falcon, Go, Groovy, JavaScript, Ruby[10] OS Cross-platform License Python Software Foundation License Usual filename extensions .py, .pyw, .pyc, .pyo, .pyd Website Official website Python Programming at Wikibooks Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level programming language.[11][12 ][13] Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows p rogrammers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C.[14][15] The language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.[16] Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imper ative and functional programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic typ e system and automatic memory management and has a large and comprehensive stand ard library.[17] Like other dynamic languages, Python is often used as a scripting language, but is also used in a wide range of non-scripting contexts. Using third-party tools, Python code can be packaged into standalone executable programs (such as Py2exe , or Pyinstaller[18]). Python interpreters are available for many operating syst ems. CPython, the reference implementation of Python, is free and open source softwar e and has a community-based development model, as do nearly all of its alternati ve implementations. CPython is managed by the non-profit Python Software Foundat ion. Contents 1 History 2 Features and philosophy 3 Syntax and semantics 3.1 Indentation 3.2 Statements and control flow 3.3 Expressions 3.4 Methods 3.5 Typing 3.6 Mathematics 4 Libraries

5 Development environments 6 Implementations 7 Development 8 Naming 9 Use 10 Impact 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History Guido van Rossum, the creator of Python Main article: History of Python Python was conceived in the late 1980s[19] and its implementation was started in December 1989[20] by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC language (itself inspired by SETL)[21] capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.[1] Van Rossum is Python's prin cipal author, and his continuing central role in deciding the direction of Pytho n is reflected in the title given to him by the Python community, Benevolent Dic tator for Life (BDFL). Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features includi ng a full garbage collector and support for Unicode. With this release the devel opment process was changed and became more transparent and community-backed.[22] Python 3.0 (also called Python 3000 or py3k), a major, backwards-incompatible re lease, was released on 3 December 2008[23] after a long period of testing. Many of its major features have been backported to the backwards-compatible Python 2. 6 and 2.7.[24] Features and philosophy Python is a multi-paradigm programming language: object-oriented programming and structured programming are fully supported, and there are a number of language features which support functional programming and aspect-oriented programming (i ncluding by metaprogramming[25] and by magic methods).[26] Many other paradigms are supported using extensions, including design by contract[27][28] and logic p rogramming.[29] Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of reference counting and a cycle-d etecting garbage collector for memory management. An important feature of Python is dynamic name resolution (late binding), which binds method and variable name s during program execution. The design of Python offers only limited support for functional programming in t he Lisp tradition. The language has map(), reduce() and filter() functions, comp rehensions for lists, dictionaries, and sets, as well as generator expressions.[ 30] The standard library has two modules (itertools and functools) that implemen t functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML.[31] The core philosophy of the language is summarized by the document "PEP 20 (The Z en of Python)", which includes aphorisms such as:[32] Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Readability counts.

Rather than requiring all desired functionality to be built into the language's core, Python was designed to be highly extensible. Python can also be embedded i n existing applications that need a programmable interface. This design of a sma ll core language with a large standard library and an easily extensible interpre ter was intended by Van Rossum from the very start because of his frustrations w ith ABC (which espoused the opposite mindset).[19] While offering choice in coding methodology, the Python philosophy rejects exube rant syntax, such as in Perl, in favor of a sparser, less-cluttered grammar. As Alex Martelli put it: "To describe something as clever is not considered a compl iment in the Python culture."[33] Python's philosophy rejects the Perl "there is more than one way to do it" approach to language design in favor of "there shou ld be oneand preferably only oneobvious way to do it".[32] Python's developers strive to avoid premature optimization, and moreover, reject patches to non-critical parts of CPython which would offer a marginal increase in speed at the cost of clarity.[34] When speed is important, Python programmers use PyPy, a just-in-time compiler, or move time-critical functions to extension modules written in languages such as C. Cython is also available which translat es a Python script into C and makes direct C level API calls into the Python int erpreter. An important goal of the Python developers is making Python fun to use. This is reflected in the origin of the name which comes from Monty Python,[35] and in an occasionally playful approach to tutorials and reference materials, for example using spam and eggs instead of the standard foo and bar.[36][37] A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic, which can have a wide ra nge of meanings related to program style. To say that code is pythonic is to say that it uses Python idioms well, that it is natural or shows fluency in the lan guage, that it conforms with Python's minimalist philosophy and emphasis on read ability. In contrast, code that is difficult to understand or reads like a rough transcription from another programming language is called unpythonic. Users and admirers of Pythonmost especially those considered knowledgeable or exp eriencedare often referred to as Pythonists, Pythonistas, and Pythoneers.[38][39] Syntax and semantics Main article: Python syntax and semantics Python is intended to be a highly readable language. It is designed to have an u ncluttered visual layout, frequently using English keywords where other language s use punctuation. Furthermore Python has a smaller number of syntactic exceptio ns and special cases than C or Pascal.[40] Indentation Python uses whitespace indentation, rather than curly braces or keywords, to del imit blocks; a feature also termed the off-side rule. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block.[41] It is considered beneficial by Python programmers,[42] ot hers have criticized it.[43] Statements and control flow Python's statements include (among others): The if statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with e lse and elif (a contraction of else-if). The for statement, which iterates over an iterable object, capturing each el ement to a local variable for use by the attached block. The while statement, which executes a block of code as long as its condition is true.

The try statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught and handled by except clauses; it also ensures that clean-up code in a finally block will always be run regardless of how the block exits. The class statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local n amespace to a class, for use in object-oriented programming. The def statement, which defines a function or method. The with statement (from Python 2.5), which encloses a code block within a c ontext manager (for example, acquiring a lock before the block of code is run an d releasing the lock afterwards, or opening a file and then closing it), allowin g RAII-like behavior. The pass statement, which serves as a NOP. It is syntactically needed to cre ate an empty code block. The assert statement, used during debugging to check for conditions that oug ht to apply. The yield statement, which returns a value from a generator function. From P ython 2.5, yield is also an operator. This form is used to implement coroutines. The import statement, which is used to import modules whose functions or var iables can be used in the current program. Python does not support tail-call optimization or first-class continuations, and , according to Guido van Rossum, it never will.[44][45] However, better support for coroutine-like functionality is provided in 2.5, by extending Python's gener ators.[46] Prior to 2.5, generators were lazy iterators; information was passed unidirectionally out of the generator. As of Python 2.5, it is possible to pass information back into a generator function, and as of Python 3.3, the informatio n can be passed through multiple stack levels.[47] Expressions Python expressions are similar to languages such as C and Java: In Python 2, the / operator on integers does integer division; it truncates the result to an integer. Floating-point division on integers can be achieved by converting one of the integers to a float (e.g. float(x) / y). In Python 3, the result of / is always a floating-point value. This behaviour can be enabled in Python 2.2+ using from __future__ import division. In both Python 2.2+ and Pytho n 3, // can be used to do integer division. In Python, == compares by value, in contrast to Java, where it compares by r eference. (Value comparisons in Java use the equals() method.) Python's is opera tor may be used to compare object identities (comparison by reference). Comparis ons may be chained, for example a <= b <= c. Python uses the words and, or, not for its boolean operators rather than the symbolic &&, ||, ! used in Java and C. Python has a type of expression termed a list comprehension. Python 2.4 exte nded list comprehensions into a more general expression termed a generator expre ssion.[30] Anonymous functions are implemented using lambda expressions; however, these are limited in that the body can only be a single expression. Conditional expressions in Python are written as x if c else y[48] (differen t in order of operands from the ?: operator common to many other languages). Python makes a distinction between lists and tuples. Lists are written as [1 , 2, 3], are mutable, and cannot be used as the keys of dictionaries (dictionary keys must be immutable in Python). Tuples are written as (1, 2, 3), are immutab le and thus can be used as the keys of dictionaries, provided all elements of th e tuple are immutable. The parentheses around the tuple are optional in some con texts. Tuples can appear on the left side of an equal sign; hence a statement li ke x, y = y, x can be used to swap two variables. Python has a "string format" operator %. This functions analogous to printf format strings in C, e.g. "foo=%s bar=%d" % ("blah", 2) evaluates to "foo=blah b ar=2". In Python 3 and 2.6+, this was supplemented by the format() method of the str class, e.g. "foo={0} bar={1}".format("blah", 2).

Python has various kinds of string literals: Strings delimited by single or double quotation marks. Unlike in Unix sh ells, Perl and Perl-influenced languages, single quotation marks and double quot ation marks function similarly. Both kinds of string use the backslash (\) as an escape character and there is no implicit string interpolation such as "$foo". Triple-quoted strings, which begin and end with a series of three single or double quotation marks. They may span multiple lines and function like here documents in shells, Perl and Ruby. Raw string varieties, denoted by prefixing the string literal with an r. No escape sequences are interpreted; hence raw strings are useful where literal backslashes are common, such as regular expressions and Windows-style paths. Co mpare "@-quoting" in C#. Python has index and slice expressions on lists, denoted as a[key], a[start: stop] or a[start:stop:step]. Indexes are zero-based, and negative indexes are re lative to the end. Slices take elements from the start index up to, but not incl uding, the stop index. The third slice parameter, called step or stride, allows elements to be skipped and reversed. Slice indexes may be omitted, for example a [:] returns a copy of the entire list. Each element of a slice is a shallow copy . In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to languages such as Common Lisp, Scheme, or Ruby. This leads to so me duplication of functionality. For example: List comprehensions vs. for-loops Conditional expressions vs. if blocks The eval() vs. exec() built-in functions (in Python 2, exec is a statement); the former is for expressions, the latter is for statements. Statements cannot be a part of an expression and so list and other comprehension s or lambda expressions, all being expressions, cannot contain statements. A par ticular case of this is that an assignment statement such as a = 1 cannot form p art of the conditional expression of a conditional statement. This has the advan tage of avoiding a classic C error of mistaking an assignment operator = for an equality operator == in conditions: if (c = 1) { ... } is valid C code but if c = 1: ... causes a syntax error in Python. Methods Methods on objects are functions attached to the object's class; the syntax inst ance.method(argument) is, for normal methods and functions, syntactic sugar for Class.method(instance, argument). Python methods have an explicit self parameter to access instance data, in contrast to the implicit self in some other objectoriented programming languages (for example, Java, C++ or Ruby).[49] Typing Python uses duck typing and has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type c onstraints are not checked at compile time; rather, operations on an object may fail, signifying that the given object is not of a suitable type. Despite being dynamically typed, Python is strongly typed, forbidding operations that are not well-defined (for example, adding a number to a string) rather than silently att empting to make sense of them. Python allows programmers to define their own types using classes, which are mos t often used for object-oriented programming. New instances of classes are const ructed by calling the class (for example, SpamClass() or EggsClass()), and the c lasses themselves are instances of the metaclass type (itself an instance of its elf), allowing metaprogramming and reflection. Prior to version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes: "old-style" and "new-styl e".[50] Old-style classes were eliminated in Python 3.0, making all classes new-

style. In versions between 2.2 and 3.0, both kinds of classes could be used. The syntax of both styles is the same, the difference being whether the class objec t is inherited from, directly or indirectly (all new-style classes inherit from object and are instances of type). Summary of Python 3's built-in types Type Description Syntax example str A character string: an immutable sequence of Unicode codepoints. 'Wikipedia' "Wikipedia" """Spanning multiple lines""" bytearray A mutable sequence of bytes. bytearray(b'Some ASCII') bytearray(b"Some ASCII") bytearray([119, 105, 107, 105]) bytes An immutable sequence of bytes. b'Some ASCII' b"Some ASCII" bytes([119, 105, 107, 105]) list Mutable list, can contain mixed types. [4.0, 'string', True] tuple Immutable, can contain mixed types. (4.0, 'string', True) set, frozenset Unordered set, contains no duplicates. A frozenset is immutable. Either can contain mixed types as long as they are hashable. {4.0, 'string', True} frozenset([4.0, 'string', True]) dict A mutable associative array (or dictionary) of key and value pairs. Can contain mixed types (keys and values). Keys must be a hashable type. {'key1': 1.0, 3: False} int An immutable integer of unlimited magnitude.[51] 42 float An immutable floating point number (system-defined precision). 3.141592 7 complex An immutable complex number with real and imaginary parts. 3+2.7j bool An immutable boolean value. True False Mathematics In contrast with some programming languages, integer division is defined to roun d towards minus infinity. Therefore 7 // 3 is 2, but (7) // 3 is 3. This is unifor m and consistent: for instance, it means that the equation (a+b) // b == a // b + 1 is always true, whereas in languages such as C, (-6+7) / 7 == -6 / 7. It als o means that the equation b * (a // b) + a % b == a is valid for both positive a nd negative values of a. However, maintaining the validity of this equation mean s that while the result of a % b is, as expected, in the half-open interval [0,b ), where b is a positive integer, it has to lie in the interval (b,0] when b is negative.[52] Python provides a round function for rounding floats to integers. Versions befor e 3 use round-away-from-zero: round(0.5) is 1.0, round(-0.5) is 1.0.[53] Python 3 uses round-to-even: round(1.5) is 2.0, round(2.5) is 2.0.[54] The Decimal type/ class in module decimal (since version 2.4) provides exact numerical representat ion and several rounding modes. Python allows boolean expressions with multiple equality relations in a manner t hat is consistent with general usage in mathematics. For example, the expression a < b < c tests whether a is less than b and b is less than c. C-derived langua ges interpret this expression differently: in C, the expression would first eval uate a < b, resulting in 0 or 1, and that result would then be compared with c.[ 55][page needed] Libraries Python has a large standard library, commonly cited as one of Python's greatest

strengths,[56] providing tools suited to many tasks. This is deliberate and has been described as a "batteries included"[17] Python philosophy. For Internet-fac ing applications, a large number of standard formats and protocols (such as MIME and HTTP) are supported. Modules for creating graphical user interfaces, connec ting to relational databases, arithmetic with arbitrary precision decimals,[57] manipulating regular expressions, and doing unit testing are also included. For software testing, the standard library provides the unittest and doctest modules . Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications (for example, t he WSGI implementation wsgiref follows PEP 333[58]), but the majority of the mod ules are not. They are specified by their code, internal documentation, and test suite (if supplied). However, because most of the standard library is cross-pla tform Python code, there are only a few modules that must be altered or complete ly rewritten by alternative implementations. The standard library is not essential to run Python or embed Python within an ap plication. Blender 2.49 for instance omits most of the standard library. The Python Package Index, which is the official repository of third-party softwa re for Python, contains over 25,000 "packages" covering a wide range of function ality, including: graphical user interface, web framework, multimedia, databases, networking a nd communications test frameworks, documentation tools, system administration scientific computing, text processing, image processing Development environments Most Python implementations (including CPython) can function as a command line i nterpreter, for which the user enters statements sequentially and receives the r esults immediately. In short, Python acts as a shell. Other shells add capabilities beyond those in the basic interpreter, including I DLE and IPython. While generally following the visual style of the Python shell, they implement features like auto-completion, retention of session state, and s yntax highlighting. In addition to standard desktop Python IDEs (integrated development environments ), there are also browser-based IDEs, Sage (intended for developing science and math-related Python programs), and a hosted IDE, pythonAnywhere. Implementations See also: List of Python software#Python implementations The main Python implementation, named CPython, is written in C meeting the C89 s tandard.[59] It compiles Python programs into intermediate bytecode,[60] which i s executed by the virtual machine.[61] CPython is distributed with a large stand ard library written in a mixture of C and Python. It is available in versions fo r many platforms, including Microsoft Windows and most modern Unix-like systems. CPython was intended from almost its very conception to be cross-platform.[62] PyPy is a fast, compliant[63] interpreter of Python 2.7. Its just-in-time compil er brings a significant speed improvement over CPython.[64] A version taking adv antage of multi-core processors using software transactional memory is being cre ated.[65] Stackless Python is a significant fork of CPython that implements microthreads; it does not use the C memory stack, thus allowing massively concurrent programs. PyPy also has a stackless version.[66]

Other just-in-time compilers have been developed in the past, but are now unsupp orted: Google started a project called Unladen Swallow in 2009 with the aims of inc reasing the speed of the Python interpreter by 5 times by using the LLVM and imp roving its multithreading ability to scale to thousands of cores.[67] Later the project lost Google's backing and its main developers. As of 1 February 2012, th e modified interpreter was about 2 times faster than CPython.[citation needed] Psyco is a specialising just in time compiler that integrates with CPython a nd transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The produced code is speciali sed for certain data types and is faster than standard Python code. In 2005 Nokia released a Python interpreter for the Series 60 mobile phones call ed PyS60. It includes many of the modules from the CPython implementations and s ome additional modules for integration with the Symbian operating system. This p roject has been kept up to date to run on all variants of the S60 platform and t here are several third party modules available. The Nokia N900 also supports Pyt hon with GTK widget libraries, with the feature that programs can be both writte n and run on the device itself.[citation needed] There are several compilers to high-level object languages, with either unrestri cted Python, a restricted subset of Python, or a language similar to Python as t he source language: Jython compiles into Java byte code, which can then be executed by every Jav a Virtual Machine implementation. This also enables the use of Java class librar y functions from the Python program. IronPython follows a similar approach in order to run Python programs on the .NET Common Language Runtime. The RPython language can be compiled to C, Java bytecode or Common Intermedi ate Language, and is used to build the PyPy interpreter of Python; Pyjamas compiles Python to JavaScript; Shed Skin compiles Python to C++; Cython and Pyrex compile to C. Development Python's development is conducted largely through the Python Enhancement Proposa l (PEP) process. The PEP process is the primary mechanism for proposing major ne w features, for collecting community input on an issue, and for documenting the design decisions that have gone into Python.[68] Outstanding PEPs are reviewed a nd commented upon by the Python community and by Van Rossum, the Python project' s Benevolent Dictator for Life (leader / language architect).[68] Enhancement of the language goes along with development of the CPython reference implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for discussion about the language's development; specific issues are discussed in the Roundup bug tracker maintained at python.org.[69] Development takes place on a self-host ed source code repository running Mercurial.[citation needed] CPython's public releases come in three types, distinguished by which part of th e version number is incremented: Backwards-incompatible versions, where code is expected to break and must be manually ported. The first part of the version number is incremented. These rel eases happen infrequentlyfor example, version 3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0. Major or "feature" releases, which are largely compatible but introduce new features. The second part of the version number is incremented. These releases a re scheduled to occur roughly every 18 months, and each major version is support

ed by bugfixes for several years after its release.[70] Bugfix releases, which introduce no new features but fix bugs. The third and final part of the version number is incremented. These releases are made whenev er a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed upstream since the last release, or roughly every 3 months. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in bugfix r eleases.[71] A number of alpha, beta, and release-candidates are also released as previews an d for testing before the final release is made. Although there is a rough schedu le for each release, this is often pushed back if the code is not ready. The dev elopment team monitor the state of the code by running the large unit test suite during development, and using the BuildBot continuous integration system.[72] The community of Python developers has also contributed over 25,000 software mod ules to the Python Package Index (called pypi), the official repository of third -party libraries for python. The major academic conference on Python is named PyCon. There are special mentor ing programmes like the Pyladies. Naming Python's name is derived from the television series Monty Python's Flying Circus ,[73] and it is common to use Monty Python references in example code.[74] For e xample, the metasyntactic variables often used in Python literature are spam and eggs, instead of the traditional foo and bar.[74][75] The prefix Py- is used to show that something is related to Python. Examples of the use of this prefix in names of Python applications or libraries include Pyga me, a binding of SDL to Python (commonly used to create games); PyS60, an implem entation for the Symbian S60 operating system; PyQt and PyGTK, which bind Qt and GTK, respectively, to Python; and PyPy, a Python implementation written in Pyth on. Use Main article: List of Python software The LAMP software bundle (here additionally with Squid). A high performance and high-availability solution for a hostile environment Since 2008, Python has consistently ranked in the top eight most popular program ming languages as measured by the TIOBE Programming Community Index.[11] It is t he third most popular language whose grammatical syntax is not predominantly bas ed on C, e.g. C++, C#, Objective-C, Java. Python does borrow heavily, however, f rom the expression and statement syntax of C, making it easier for programmers t o transition between languages. An empirical study found that, for a programming problem involving string manipu lation and search in a dictionary, scripting languages such as Python were more productive than conventional languages such as C and Java. Memory consumption wa s often "better than Java and not much worse than C or C++".[76] Large organizat ions that make use of Python include Google,[77] Yahoo!,[78] CERN,[79] NASA,[80] and some smaller ones like ILM,[81] and ITA.[82] Python is used as a scripting language for web applications, e.g., via mod_wsgi for the Apache web server.[83] With Web Server Gateway Interface, a standard API has been developed to facilitate these applications. Web application frameworks like Django, Pylons, Pyramid, TurboGears, web2py, Tornado, Flask and Zope suppo rt developers in the design and maintenance of complex applications. Pyjamas and IronPython can be used to develop the client-side of Ajax-based applications. S QLAlchemy can be used as data mapper to a relational database. Twisted is a fram ework to program communications between computers, and is used for example by Dr opbox.

Libraries like NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib allow Python to be used effectively i n scientific computing. Sage is a mathematical software with a "notebook" progra mmable in python: its library covers many aspects of mathematics, including alge bra, combinatorics, numerical mathematics, number theory, and calculus. Python has been successfully embedded in a number of software products as a scri pting language, including in finite element method software such as Abaqus, 3D a nimation packages such as Blender, Cinema 4D, Lightwave, Houdini, Maya, modo, Mo tionBuilder, Softimage, the visual effects compositor Nuke, and 2D imaging progr ams like GIMP,[84] Inkscape, Scribus and Paint Shop Pro.[85] GNU Debugger uses P ython as a pretty printer to show complex structures such as C++ containers. Esr i is now promoting Python as the best choice for writing scripts in ArcGIS.[86] It has even been used in several video games,[87][88] and has been adopted as fi rst of the three available programming languages in Google App Engine, the other two being Java and Go.[89] Python has also been used in artificial intelligence tasks.[90][91][92][93] Than ks to being a scripting language with module architecture, syntax simplicity and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for natural language processin g tasks.[94] For many operating systems, Python is a standard component; it ships with most L inux distributions, AmigaOS 4, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and OS X, and can be use d from the terminal. A number of Linux distributions use installers written in P ython: Ubuntu uses the Ubiquity installer, while Red Hat Linux and Fedora use th e Anaconda installer. Gentoo Linux uses Python in its package management system, Portage. Pardus uses it for administration and during system boot.[95] Python has also seen extensive use in the information security industry, includi ng exploit development.[96][97] Most of the Sugar software for the One Laptop per Child XO, now developed at Sug ar Labs, is written in Python.[98] The Raspberry Pi single-board computer project has adopted Python as its princip al user programming language. LibreOffice included Python and intends to replace Java with Python. Python Scri pting Provider is a core feature[99] since Version 4.0 from 7 February 2013 Impact Python's design and philosophy have influenced several programming languages, in cluding: Boo uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object model. However, Boo uses static typing and is closely integrated with the .NET Framework.[100] Cobra uses indentation and a similar syntax. Cobra's "Acknowledgements" docu ment lists Python first among languages that influenced it.[101] However, Cobra directly supports design-by-contract, unit tests and optional static typing.[102 ] ECMAScript borrowed iterators, generators, and list comprehensions from Pyth on.[103] Go is described as incorporating the "development speed of working in a dyna mic language like Python".[104] Groovy was motivated by the desire to bring the Python design philosophy to Java.[105] OCaml has an optional syntax, called twt (The Whitespace Thing), inspired by Python and Haskell.[106] Ruby's creator, Yukihiro Matsumoto, has said: "I wanted a scripting language

that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That's why I decided to design my own language."[107] Python's development practices have also been emulated by other languages. The p ractice of requiring a document describing the rationale for, and issues surroun ding, a change to the language (in Python's case, a PEP) is also used in Tcl[108 ] and Erlang[109] because of Python's influence. Python has been awarded a TIOBE Programming Language of the Year award twice (in 2007 and 2010), which is given to the language with the greatest growth in popu larity over the course of a year, as measured by the TIOBE index.[110] See also Portal icon Free software portal Portal icon Python programming portal Comparison of integrated development environments for Python Comparison of command shells Comparison of programming languages List of programming languages References ^ Jump up to: a b "Why was Python created in the first place?". General Pyth on FAQ. Python Software Foundation. Retrieved 22 March 2007. Jump up ^ Kuchling, Andrew M. (22 December 2006). "Interview with Guido van Rossum (July 1998)". amk.ca. Retrieved 12 March 2012. Jump up ^ van Rossum, Guido (1993). "An Introduction to Python for UNIX/C Pr ogrammers". Proceedings of the NLUUG najaarsconferentie (Dutch UNIX users group) . "even though the design of C is far from ideal, its influence on Python is con siderable." ^ Jump up to: a b "Classes". The Python Tutorial. Python Software Foundation . Retrieved 20 February 2012. "It is a mixture of the class mechanisms found in C++ and Modula-3" Jump up ^ Simionato, Michele. "The Python 2.3 Method Resolution Order". Pyth on Software Foundation. "The C3 method itself has nothing to do with Python, sin ce it was invented by people working on Dylan and it is described in a paper int ended for lispers" Jump up ^ Kuchling, A. M. "Functional Programming HOWTO". Python v2.7.2 docu mentation. Python Software Foundation. Retrieved 9 February 2012. Jump up ^ Schemenauer, Neil; Peters, Tim; Hetland, Magnus Lie (18 May 2001). "PEP 255 Simple Generators". Python Enhancement Proposals. Python Software Foun dation. Retrieved 9 February 2012. Jump up ^ Smith, Kevin D.; Jewett, Jim J.; Montanaro, Skip; Baxter, Anthony (2 September 2004). "PEP 318 Decorators for Functions and Methods". Python Enhan cement Proposals. Python Software Foundation. Retrieved 24 February 2012. Jump up ^ "More Control Flow Tools". Python 3 documentation. Python Software Foundation. Retrieved 5 August 2012. Jump up ^ Bini, Ola (2007). Practical JRuby on Rails Web 2.0 Projects: bring ing Ruby on Rails to the Java platform. Berkeley: APress. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-59059 -881-8. ^ Jump up to: a b TIOBE Software Index (2012). "TIOBE Programming Community Index Python". Retrieved 15 October 2012. Jump up ^ "Programming Language Trends - O'Reilly Radar". Radar.oreilly.com. 2006-08-02. Retrieved 2013-07-17. Jump up ^ "The RedMonk Programming Language Rankings: January 2013 tecosyste ms". Redmonk.com. 2013-02-28. Retrieved 2013-07-17. Jump up ^ Mark Summerfield. Rapid GUI Programming with Python and Qt. "Pytho n is a very expressive language, which means that we can usually write far fewer lines of Python code than would be required for an equivalent application writt en in, say, C++ or Java"

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Jump up ^ "Quotes about Python". Python Software Foundation. Retrieved 8 Jan uary 2012. Jump up ^ "Organizations Using Python". Python Software Foundation. Retrieve d 15 January 2009. Jump up ^ "Python : the holy grail of programming". CERN Bulletin (CERN Publ ications) (31/2006). 31 July 2006. Retrieved 11 February 2012. Jump up ^ Shafer, Daniel G. (17 January 2003). "Python Streamlines Space Shu ttle Mission Design". Python Software Foundation. Retrieved 24 November 2008. Jump up ^ Fortenberry, Tim (17 January 2003). "Industrial Light & Magic Runs on Python". Python Software Foundation. Retrieved 11 February 2012. Jump up ^ Taft, Darryl K. (5 March 2007). "Python Slithers into Systems". eW eek.com. Ziff Davis Holdings. Retrieved 24 September 2011. Jump up ^ "Usage statistics and market share of Python for websites". 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-18. Jump up ^ "Installers for GIMP for Windows - Frequently Asked Questions". 20 13-07-26. Retrieved 26 July 2013. Jump up ^ "jasc psp9components".[dead link] Jump up ^ "About getting started with writing geoprocessing scripts". ArcGIS Desktop Help 9.2. Environmental Systems Research Institute. 17 November 2006. R etrieved 11 February 2012. Jump up ^ porkbelly (23 July 2007). "Stackless Python 2.5". Eve Insider Dev Blog. CCP Games. Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. "As you may well know, your favorite space-game owes its existence to the programming language Py thon" Jump up ^ Caudill, Barry (20 September 2005). "Modding Sid Meier's Civilizat ion IV". Sid Meier's Civilization IV Developer Blog. Firaxis Games. Archived fro m the original on 10 August 2010. "we created three levels of tools ... The next level offers Python and XML support, letting modders with more experience manip ulate the game world and everything in it." Jump up ^ "Python Language Guide (v1.0)". Google Documents List Data API v1. 0. Google. Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. Jump up ^ "Python for Artificial Intelligence". Wiki.python.org. 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-12-03.[dead link] Jump up ^ Paine, Jocelyn, ed. (August 2005). "AI in Python". AI Expert Newsl etter (Amzi!). Retrieved 11 February 2012. Jump up ^ "PyAIML 0.8.5 : Python Package Index". Pypi.python.org. Retrieved 2013-07-17. Jump up ^ Russell, Stuart J. & Norvig, Peter (2009). Artificial Intelligence : A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 1062. I SBN 978-0-13-604259-4. Retrieved 11 February 2012. Jump up ^ "Natural Language Toolkit". Jump up ^ "Pardus: TBTAK/UEKAE". pardus.org.tr. Retrieved 24 November 2008.[de ad link] Jump up ^ "Immunity: Knowing You're Secure". Jump up ^ "Corelabs site". Jump up ^ "What is Sugar?". Sugar Labs. Retrieved 11 February 2012. Jump up ^ "4.0 New Features and Fixes". LibreOffice.org. The Document Founda tion. 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-25. Jump up ^ "Gotchas for Python Users". boo.codehaus.org. Codehaus Foundation. Retrieved 24 November 2008. Jump up ^ Esterbrook, Charles. "Acknowledgements". cobra-language.com. Cobra Language. Retrieved 7 April 2010. Jump up ^ Esterbrook, Charles. "Comparison to Python". cobra-language.com. C obra Language. Retrieved 7 April 2010. Jump up ^ "Proposals: iterators and generators [ES4 Wiki]". wiki.ecmascript. org. Retrieved 24 November 2008. Jump up ^ Kincaid, Jason (10 November 2009). "Googles Go: A New Programming L anguage Thats Python Meets C++". TechCrunch. Retrieved 29 January 2010. Jump up ^ James Strachan (29 August 2003). "Groovy the birth of a new dynami c language for the Java platform".

Jump up ^ Lin, Mike. ""The Whitespace Thing" for OCaml". Massachusetts Insti tute of Technology. Retrieved 12 April 2009. Jump up ^ "An Interview with the Creator of Ruby". Linuxdevcenter.com. Retri eved 2012-12-03. Jump up ^ Kupries, Andreas; Fellows, Donal K. (14 September 2000). "TIP #3: TIP Format". tcl.tk. Tcl Developer Xchange. Retrieved 24 November 2008. Jump up ^ Gustafsson, Per; Niskanen, Raimo (29 January 2007). "EEP 1: EEP Pu rpose and Guidelines". erlang.org. Retrieved 19 April 2011. Jump up ^ "TIOBE Programming Community Index for March 2012". TIOBE Software . March 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2012. Further reading Downey, Allen B (Version 1.6.6 - May 2012). Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist. ISBN 978-0-521-72596-5. Hamilton, Naomi (5 August 2008). "The A-Z of Programming Languages: Python". Computerworld. Retrieved 31 March 2010. Lutz, Mark (2009). Learning Python (4th ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596 -15806-4. Pilgrim, Mark (2004). Dive Into Python. Apress. ISBN 978-1-59059-356-1. Pilgrim, Mark (2009). Dive Into Python 3. Apress. ISBN 978-1-4302-2415-0. Summerfield, Mark (2009). Programming in Python 3 (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0-321-68056-3. External links Find more about Python (programming language) at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Official website Python (programming language) newsgroup on Usenet (alternative free web acce ss using Google Groups) Python development list Python at the Open Directory Project [show] v t e Python [show] v t e Python web application frameworks [show] v t e Free and open-source software This is a good article. Click here for more information.

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