ENGLISH MANUAL

Yoselyn Monserrat Rosa Martnez

Yoselyn Monserrat Rosas

1. Past verb To

CONTENTS
Be.. 2

2. Pronouns.... 4 3. Aux Can. 6 4.Aux Could.. 7 5. Have to.. 8 6. Be able to..9 7. Present Perfect (have/has)..10 8. Present Perfect (since/for).... 11 9. Present Perfect (already/yet).....12 10. Past Perfect (had)....13 11. Passive Voice..... 14 12. Prepositions with passive Passive constructions.. 16 13. Tag Endigs.... 17 14. Relative Pronouns...18 15. Conditional sentences...19

Past verb to be (was/were) The past tense of "to be" is used to link a subject with a word or words that tell us something that happened in the past about the subject. We often use words like "yesterday" or phrases like "last week" or "last year" to indicate that something has happened in the past. The verb "be" is an irregular verb. We use "was" a singular pronoun or name and "were" with a plural noun or pronoun. An exception is the pronoun "you" that you always use "were".

Positive

Negative

Interrogative

Short Answers
Negative Affirmative

I was read a book

I wasnt read a book He wasnt read a book She wasnt read a book It wasnt read a book

Was you read that book?

No, I wasnt

Yes, I was

He was read a book She was read a book It Was read a book

Was he read that book?

No, He wasnt

Yes, He was

Was she read that book?

No, She wasnt

Yes, She was

Was it read that book?

No, It wasnt

Yes, It was

We were read a book You were read a book They were read a book

We werent read a book You werent read a book They werent read a book

Were we read that book?

No, We werent

Yes, We were

Were you read that book? Were they read that book?

No, You werent

Yes, You were

No, They werent

Yes, They were

Example: Karla was visited the museum

Pronouns Pronouns are words that are in place of the names in a sentence, once the name has been mentioned already, in order to avoid repetition. Depending on its type, pronouns can perform different functions within a sentence. *Personal pronoun: A pronoun used for the person who is speaking, being spoken to or being spoken about. * Object pronouns: are used everywhere else (direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition). * A possessive pronoun is a word that takes the place of names of someone or something and shows possession. * When the subject and object of a sentence refer to the same person, we use the reflexive pronoun

Personal I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

Object ME YOU HIM HER IT US YOU THEM

Pass + Noun MY YOUR HIS HER ITS OUR YOUR THEIR

Possessive MINE YOURS HIS HERS --OURS YOURS THEIRS

Reflexive MYSELF YOURSELF HIMSELF HERSELF ITSELF OURSELVES YOURSELVES THEIRSELVES

Example: Personal pronoun: I am pretty Object pronoun: I write to her every month Possessive pronoun: Your book is much more interesting than mine

I went to the restaurant by myself AUX CAN (ability) Only one forms, always come before the verb; verb always in base form never two modal auxiliaries together. The modal can conveys ability now (in the present), and could conveys ability before (in the past). These words deliver the meaning able to. Can coveys present ability Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I can read three hundred pages in thirty minutes He can read three hundred pages in thirty minutes She can read three hundred pages in thirty minutes It can read three hundred pages in thirty minutes We can read three hundred pages in thirty minutes

I cant read three hundred pages in thirty minutes He cant read three hundred pages in thirty minutes She cant read three hundred pages in thirty minutes It cant read three hundred pages in thirty minutes We cant read three hundred pages in thirty minutes

Can You read three hundred pages i minutes?

Can He read three hundred pages in minutes?

Can She read three hundred pages i minutes

Can It read three hundred pages in minutes?

Can We read three hundred pages in minutes?

You can read three hundred pages in thirty minutes They can read three hundred pages in thirty minutes

You cant read three hundred pages in thirty minutes They cant read three hundred pages in thirty minutes

Can You read three hundred pages i minutes? Can They read three hundred pages minutes? Aux Could.(past ability)

Could conveys to past ability Affirmative Negative Interrogative Short Answers

Affirmative I could read a thousand words a minute He could read a thousand words a minute She could read a thousand words a minute It could read a thousand words a minute We could read a I couldnt read a thousand words a minute He couldnt read a thousand words a minute She couldnt read a thousand words a minute It couldnt read a thousand words a minute We couldnt read a Could You read a thousand words a minute? Could He read a thousand words a minute? Could She read a thousand words a minute? Could It read a thousand words a minute? Could We read a Yes , I could

Negative No, I couldnt

Yes, He could

No, He couldnt

Yes, She could

No, She couldnt

Yes, It could

No, It couldnt

Yes, We could

No, We couldnt

thousand words a minute You could read a thousand words a minute They could read a thousand words a minute

thousand words a minute You couldnt read a thousand words a minute They couldnt read a thousand words a minute

thousand words a minute? Could You read a thousand words a minute? Could They read a thousand words a minute? Example: Yes, You could No, You couldnt

Yes They could

No, They couldnt

I can read a hundred pages in one hour My grandfather could read a two hundred pages in one hour

Have to, (Tener qu, obligacin) Use have to, not must, to express obligation or necessity in the past , future, and present perfect tenses.

Possitive

Negative

Interrogative

Short Answers

Affirmative

Negative

I have to read a history book We have to read a history book You have to read a history book They have to read a history book She has to read a history book He has to read a history book It has to read a history book

I havent read a history book We havent read a history book You havent read a history book They havent read a history book She hasnt read a history book He hasnt read a history book It hasnt read a history book

Have I read a history book? Have We read a history book? Have You read a history book? Have They read a history book? Has She read a history book? Has He read a history book? Has it read a history book? Example: You have to cook the dinner

Yes, I Have Yes, We Have Yes, You Have Yes, They Have Yes ,She Has Yes, He Has Yes, It Has

No, I Havent No, We havent No, You havent No, They Havent No, She Hasnt No, He Hasnt No, It hasnt

Be able to Able to be used when we say that someone is capable of something that can. Positive Negative Interrogative

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Ill be able to read a big history book Hell be able to read a big history book Shell be able to read a big history book Itll be able to read a big history book Well be able to read a big history book Youll be able to read a big history book Theyll be able to read a big history book

I wont be able to read a big history book He wont be able to read a big history book She wont be able to read a big history book It wont be able to read a big history book We wont be able to read a big history book You wont be able to read a big history book They wont be able to read a big history book

Will you be able to read a big history book? Will He be able to read a big history book? Will She be able to read a big history book? Will It be able to read a big history book? Will We be able to read a big history book? Will You be able to read a big history book? Will They be able to read a big history book?

Example: Ill be able to win the game tomorrow

Present Perfect (Have/ Has)

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Form the present perfect tense with HAVE (HAS) and the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of all regular verbs is the same as the past tense form: walked, talked, studied, etc. The past participles of irregular verbs are often very irregular and must simply be memorized. Positive Negative Interrogative Short Answers Affirmative I have read the book several times He has read the book several times She has read the book several times It has read the book several times You Have read the book several times We have read the book several times They have read the book several times I havent read the book several times He hasnt read the book several times She hasnt read the book several times It hasnt read the book several times You havent read the book several times We havent read the book several times They havent read the book several times Have I read the book several times? Has He read the book several times Has She read the book several times? Has It read the book several times? Have You read the book several times? Have we read the book several times? Have They read the book several times? Yes, I have Yes, He has Yes, She has Yes, It has Yes, you have Yes, We have Yes, They have Negative No, I havent No, He hasnt No, She hasnt No, It hasnt No, You havent No, We havent No, They havent

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Example: They have read the book Don Quijote de la Mancha Present Perfect (Since/ For) FOR, shows length of time of the action. SINCE, shows the time that the action began. POSITIVE I have read the book for one month I have read the book since JANUARY He has read the book for one month He has read the book since February NEGATIVE I havent read the book for one month I havent read the book since January He hasnt read the book for one month He hasnt read the book since February How long has he read that book? How long have you read that book? INTERROGATIVE

Example:She has written that book since last year She has written that book for one month Time expressions with for and since For Two days

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And hour Six years Five minutes A long time Ages awhile My whole life

Present perfect (already/ye *We use already with the present perfect to say that something has happened early or earlier then expected. Yet Means so far; it is used in negatives and questions. I havent read yet He hasnt read yet Have you read yet? Has he read yet?

*yet means until now and is used in questions and negative sentences to talk about something that is expected. Yet goes at the end of the sentences Already means by this time or previously; it is in affirmative statements and questions I have already read the book He has already read the book Have you already read the book? Has he already read the book?

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Example:*Shes already finished her book. *Shes read her book yet.

Past perfect (had) Form the past perfect tense whit had and the past participle of the main verb. The past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before another past action. It is often used in conjunction with the past tense Affirmative Question form Short answers

Affirmative I had read that book many Did you Have read that Yes I did

Negative No I didnt

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times You had read that book many times He had read that book many times She had read that book many times It had read that book many times We had read that book many times They had read that book many times

book many times? Did You have read that book many times? Did he has read that book many times? Did she has read that book many times? Did it has read that book many times? Did we have read that book many times? Did They have read that book many times? Yes, You did Yes he did Yes she did Yes it did Yes we did Yes they did No you didnt No he didnt No she didnt No it didnt No we didnt No they didnt

Example: Yoselyn had read the book Rayuela by Julio Cortzar many times

Passive voice

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The passive voice shows that the subject is receiving the action of the verb. From the passive voice by using the appropriate. From of table the past participle of the main verb. Tense Active voice Passive voice Negative

Present

Yoselyn read a book

A book is read by Yoselyn

A book isnt read by Yoselyn A book wasnt read by Yoselyn A book wont read by Yoselyn A book hasnt read by Yoselyn

Past

Yoselyn read a book

A book was read by Yoselyn A book will be read by Yoselyn A book has been read by Yoselyn

Future

Yoselyn will read a book

Present perfect

Yoselyn has read a book

Example: Cervantes wrote the book Don Quijote de la Mancha Don Quijote de la mancha was write by Cervantes

Passive voice

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Negatives and questions Form negatives in the passive voice by placing not after the auxiliary verb. The contracted forms are often used. The book was not read by Yoselyn The book wont be read by Petter Form the questions in the passive voice by placing the auxiliary verb before the subject. Was the book read by Yoselyn? Will the book be read by Petter? Add a question woe to form information questions When will the book be read?

Example: Rayuela wasnt write by Mario Benedetti Was the book write by Julio Cortzar?

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Prepositions with passive Passive constructions

We use OF + MATERIAL The book its made OF paper

We use IN + PLACE The book Harry Potter was wrote IN England

We use BY + PERSON OR THING The book was read BY Juan Antonio Example: The table its made of wood The wedding will be IN Puebla The letter is read BY Yoselyn

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Tag Endigs

Tag endigs ask questions or invite confirmation of some fact we already know. Tag endings contain a pronoun and an auxiliary verb but not a main verb; use a negative tag endig after an affirmative sentence. Roberto can read very good, cant he? Yoselyn is an Mexican, isnt she? They live in Puebla, dont they? shell be at the library, wont she? Use an affirmative tag ending after a negative sentences. Roberto cant read very good, can he? Yoselyn isnt an Mexican, is she? They dont live in Puebla, do they? She wont be at the library, will she Example: She has been reading a book English, hasnt she? They arent boyfriends, are they?

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He read every day, doesnt he?

Relative Pronouns

Who- Refers to people The writer who read you, is my favorite Which- refers to specific animals or things Is this the book wich you read That- refers to animals, things or people This is the book that she like The object(direct or indirect) for of who is whom The man whom you see is my father Wich and that both have the same form whether subject or object
Example: The man who you see, is my boyfriend This is the bag wich you need Those are the shoes that she likes

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Conditional sentences

Present unreal In a present unreal conditional sentence, the dependent clause uses would, should, could, or might. The contracted forms d and nt are often used. If you knew French better, you would read some French novels If you knew, youd read some French novels. If I read better, I wouldnt make these mistakes

Example

If you read many books, you would know more

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