Classification of Living Reptiles and Amphibians --mostly as per Zug (1993) (Taxa higher than family are of various

taxonomic ranks) Amphibians extant 4,300, reptiles extant 6,000, mammals extant 5,000, birds extant 8,600 AMPHIBIA Lissamphibia Anura (Salientia) frog and toads Ascaphidae tailed frog Discoglossidae Leiopelmatidae New Zealand-similar to Ascaphidae Pelobatidae spadefoot toads Scaphiopus (N. America, Europe, and Asia) Pelodytidae Pipidae - Aquatic, primitive-Pipa, Xenopus clawed frogs (Africa & South America) Rhinophrynidae Brachycephalidae Bufonidae - True toads, parotoid gland, (worldwide exc. Greenland & Austrialia) Centrolenidae Dendrobatidae Heleophrynidae Hylidae tree frog > 500sp.- many arboreal - toe pads (mostly Americas) Hyperoliidae Leptodactylidae 800 - New World only. Microhylidae Narrow-mouth frogs (Asia, Africa, North America, South America) Myobatrachidae Pelodryadidae Pseudidae Ranidae true frogs > 700 sp., (worldwide except South Australia & Greenland) Rhacophoridae - similar to Hylids, arboreal, foam nest, tropical Rhinodermatidae 2 species (Argentina, Chile) Darwins frog male parental care. Sooglossidae Caudata (Urodela) Salamanders Cryptobranchidae Hellbender (Asia & North America) neotenic Hynobiidae primitive Asian salamander Sirenidae reduced legs no pelvic girdle or rear legs (neotenic) Ambystomatidae internal fertilization spermatophore (North America) Amphiumidae Amphiuma only genus, neotenic, reduced legs Dicamptodontidae

Plethodontidae worldwide, terrestrial, lungless Proteidae Two genera (Protea, Necturus) Europe, North America (mudpuppy) Salamandridae Europe, Asia, North America Gymnophiona Caecilians ( Tropical Asia, South America, Africa) Caeciliaidae most specious family Ichthyophiidae Rhinatrematidae Scolecomorphidae Typhlonectidae Uraeotyphlidae REPTILIA Anapsida - turtles Testudines (Chelonia) longitudinal vent, true penis Pleurodira Chelidae Pelomedusidae Cryptodira Cheloniidae Green turtle, Loggerhead marine species Dermochelyidae - Leatherback Chelydridae Snapping turtle Carettochelyidae Dermatemydidae Kinosternidae - Stinkpot, Musk, and Mud turtle Trionychidae soft-shelled turtles Emydidae Testudinidae lg. tortoises, most specious, wide distribution Diapsida Archosauria all dinosaurs and birds Crocodylia longitudinal vent, 4-chambered heart Alligatoridae 4th mandibular tooth not visible Crocodylidae marine, freshwater Gavialidae 1 species (Gavial or Gharial), elongate slender snout (India) Lepidosauria Sphenodontida (Rhynchocephalia) sister taxon to all squamates, Tuatara, lizard-like Sphenodontidae Squamata lizards and snakes [lizards] (Sauria, Lacertilia) suborder; hemipenis, transverse cloaca Agamidae Old World; Draco, Agama, Uromastix Chamaeleonidae chameleons Africa, Madagascar

Iguanidae mostly herbivorous Polychridae Anoles Southern US or central Mexico Phrynosomatidae over 100 sp., N. AmericaMexico Crotaphytidae 2 genera, SW US & N Mexico Corytophanidae Tropiduridae Hoplocercidae Opluridae Eublepharidae have eyelids, desert sp. terrestrial Gekkonidae vertical pupils, expanded toe pads Anguidae mostly tropical glass lizard, Alligator lizard Cordylidae Dibamidae Gymnophthalmidae Helodermatidae 2 sp., Gila monster, SW US & Mexico Lacertidae Old World counterpart of Teiidae, some unisex Scincidae - >1000 sp., many fossorial forms Teiidae New World whiptails Cnemidophorus Varanidae monitors (Africa, S America, Australia) Xantusiidae night lizards, diurnal, secretive, fossorial Xenosauridae [worm lizards] (Amphisbaenia) suborder, reduced eyes, legless Amphisbaenidae Bipedidae front limbs Rhineuridae found in Florida, forest ground litter Trogonophidae [snakes] (Serpentes, Ophidia) suborder Anomalepididae Leptotyphlopidae blindsnakes primitive, termite specialists Typhlopidae Acrochordidae Aniliidae Atractaspididae Boidae tropical Old/New World, vestigial hind limbs Bolyeriidae Colubridae not monophyletic

Elapidae coral snakes, cobras, mambas, sea snakes Loxocemidae Pythonidae 3 genera (Africa, India, Australia) Uropeltidae Viperidae worldwide exc. Australia, hinged fang Xenopeltidae Major Higher Taxa of World Herps The following classification largely follows Zug (1993). Also following Zug (1993) categories higher than family are not assigned ranks. You will be required to know taxa marked with asterisks, other names are provided for organizational purposes, or just because they are interesting. This classification is not intended to represent completely the relationships within the Amphibia and Retilia. (Similar categories are generally in the same columns but differences in tree lengths result in some ambiguilty.) Amphibia Lissamphibia Gymnophiona Family Caeciliaidae Caudata Cryptobranchoidea Family Cryptobranchidae Salamandroidea Family Ambysitomatidae Family Amphiumidae Family Plethodontidae Family Proteidae Family Salamandridae Meantes Family Sirenidae Salienta Anura Archobatrachia Family Ascaphidae Family Discoglossidae Mesobatrachia Pipoidea Family Pipidae Pelobatoidea Family Pelobatidae Neobatrachia Bufonoidea Family Bufonidae

Family Dendrobatidae Family Hylidae Microhyloidea Family Microhylidae Ranoidea Family Ranidae Reptilia Anapsida Testudines Cryptodira Chelonoidea Family Cheloniidae Family Dermochelyidae Chelydroidae Family Chelydridae Testudinoidea Family Emydidae Family Testudinidae Trionychoidea Family Kinosternidae Family Trionychidae Pleurodira Family Pelomedusidae Diapsida Sauria Archosauria Crocodylia Family Alligatoridae Family Crocodylidae Lepidosauria Sphenodotida Family Sphenodontidae Squamata Gekkota Family Eublepharidae Family Gekkonidae Iguania Family Agamidae Family Chameleonidae Family Iguanidae Family Phrynosomatidae Family Crotaphytidae Family Polychridae Autarchoglossa Anguimorpha Family Anguidae

Family Helodermatidae Family Varanidae Scincomorpha Family Lacertidae Family Scincidae Family Teiidae Amphisbaenia Family Amphisbaenidae Serpentes Scolicophidia Family Leptotyphlopidae Alethinophidia Family Boidae Family Colubridae Family Elapidae Family Pythonidae Family Viperidae Herpetology Zoology 4154 Spring 1994 Descriptions of herp families and other higher taxa. ( Numbers join parenthese indicate pages in) Amphibia (3) Two phase life cycle (generally aquatic eggs/larvae, terrestrial or aquatic adults), pedicellate teeth, two types of skin glands, no epidermal scales. Gymophiona (335) Caecilians: Worm-like, no legs or girdles, distinct annuli, no ear opening, some have dermal scales. Family Caeciliaidea (337) Largest family of caecilian, tropical America, Africa, and India. Caudata (340) Salamanders. Tailed amphibians, most have limbs and internal fertilization via Spermatophores. Family Cryptobranchidae (341) - Hellbenders, Large neotenic salamanders, completely aquatic as adults but lack external gills, loose wrinkled skin. Family Abystomatidae (345) - Mole Salmander, Most have highly terrestrial adults although some populations are neotenic, all have lungs and thick tails. Family Amphiumidae (346) Large neotenic salamanders, adults aquatic although external gills are lost, limbs are severely reduced. Family Plethodontidae (348) lungless salamanders, all have nasolabial groove. Diverse group

Family Proteidae (349) Mudpuppies, neotenic, adults retain external gills, tails are laterally compressed. AquaticNecturus Family Salamandridae (351) Newts, Skin generally rugose, many are highly toxic. Notopthalums viridescens, Aposematic color. Family Sirenidae- Neotenic, no hind limbs Salienta (357) Frogs and toads, reduced an shortened vertebral column, no tails (except Ascaphidae). Modified hindlimbs for jumping Family Ascaphidae (358) Monotypic family, males have copulatory organ (tail). Primitive Frog. Family Discoglossidae (359) European and Asian frogs, includes fire bellied toads. Brightly colored ventor, rough skin. Family Pipidae (364) Generally aquatic, highly modified pertoral and pelvic girdles, includes clawed frogs. Xenopus labis Family Pelobatidae (361) Toad-like, warty skin, spadefoot toads possess large keratinous tubercle on hind foot. Single large tubercle. Family Bufonidae (366) True toads, stout robust bodies with thick skin, usually with numerous warts, worldwide distribution. More than one tubercle. Family Denrodatidae (368) Poison dart frogs, small slender frogs usually brightly (aposematically) colored. Toxic skin secretions, treefrog-like disks Family Hylidae (369) Treefrogs, highly diverse, most have slender bodies and long limbs with expanded digit tips. Disks on ends of digits. Chorus frogs may not have expanded digits Family Microhylidae (373) Narrow mouth toads (in OK), stout bodies with small heads, others resemble treefrogs. Gatrophryne Family Ranidae (377) Extremely diverse (+700 sp), worldwide distribution, typical frogs. Long jumping legs-Genus Rana