General Chemistry Discretes Test 2

General Chemistry Discretes Test 2

Time: 30 Minutes Number of Questions: 30

This test consists of 30 discrete questionsquestions that are NOT based on a descriptive passage. These discretes comprise 15 of the 77 questions on the Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences sections of the MCAT.

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY DISCRETES TEST 2 DIRECTIONS: The following questions are not based on a descriptive passage; you must select the best answer to these questions. If you are unsure of the best answer, eliminate the choices that you know are incorrect, then select an answer from the choices that remain. Indicate your selection by blackening the corresponding circle on your answer sheet.

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

1 H 1.0 3 Li 6.9 11 Na 23.0 19 K 39.1 37 Rb 85.5 55 Cs 132.9 87 Fr (223) 4 Be 9.0 12 Mg 24.3 20 Ca 40.1 38 Sr 87.6 56 Ba 137.3 88 Ra 226.0 21 Sc 45.0 39 Y 88.9 57 La * 138.9 89 Ac 227.0 22 Ti 47.9 40 Zr 91.2 72 Hf 178.5 104 Rf (261) 58 * Ce 140.1 90 Th 232.0 23 V 50.9 41 Nb 92.9 73 Ta 180.9 105 Ha (262) 59 Pr 140.9 91 Pa (231) 24 Cr 52.0 42 Mo 95.9 74 W 183.9 106 Unh (263) 60 Nd 144.2 92 U 238.0 25 Mn 54.9 43 Tc (98) 75 Re 186.2 107 Uns (262) 61 Pm (145) 93 Np (237) 26 Fe 55.8 44 Ru 101.1 76 Os 190.2 108 Uno (265) 62 Sm 150.4 94 Pu (244) 27 Co 58.9 45 Rh 102.9 77 Ir 192.2 109 Une (267) 63 Eu 152.0 95 Am (243) 64 Gd 157.3 96 Cm (247) 65 Tb 158.9 97 Bk (247) 66 Dy 162.5 98 Cf (251) 67 Ho 164.9 99 Es (252) 68 Er 167.3 100 Fm (257) 69 Tm 168.9 101 Md (258) 70 Yb 173.0 102 No (259) 71 Lu 175.0 103 Lr (260) 28 Ni 58.7 46 Pd 106.4 78 Pt 195.1 29 Cu 63.5 47 Ag 107.9 79 Au 197.0 30 Zn 65.4 48 Cd 112.4 80 Hg 200.6 5 B 10.8 13 Al 27.0 31 Ga 69.7 49 In 114.8 81 Tl 204.4 6 C 12.0 14 Si 28.1 32 Ge 72.6 50 Sn 118.7 82 Pb 207.2 7 N 14.0 15 P 31.0 33 As 74.9 51 Sb 121.8 83 Bi 209.0 8 O 16.0 16 S 32.1 34 Se 79.0 52 Te 127.6 84 Po (209) 9 F 19.0 17 Cl 35.5 35 Br 79.9 53 I 126.9 85 At (210)

2 He 4.0 10 Ne 20.2 18 Ar 39.9 36 Kr 83.8 54 Xe 131.3 86 Rn (222)

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General Chemistry Discretes Test 2

1. What is the formal charge on carbon in the carbonate ion? A. 0 B. -2 C. +2 D. +4 Which of the following represents the range of values possible for the Azimuthal quantum number for an electron with principal quantum number n? A. 0 to n-1 B. 0 to n C. n to n D. (n-1) to n-1 Which of the following is isoelectronic with Al3+? A. Si+ B. B3+ C. O2D. Cl5. Which of the following is not a Lewis base? A. ClB. NH3 C. BF3 D. THF (tetrahydrofuran) For the equilibrium:
HClO 4 ( aq ) + H 2 O( l ) U ClO 4 ( aq ) + H 3O ( l ),
+

6.

2.

ClO4- is the: A. conjugate acid of HClO4. B. conjugate base of HClO4. C. conjugate acid of H2O. D. conjugate base of H2O. 7. Ten electrons have just been placed into 4d orbitals. The next electron will be placed in a: A. 4f orbital. B. 4p orbital. C. 5p orbital. D. 5f orbital. Which of the following will occur if the basicity of a saturated solution of Na2SO4 is increased? A. The Ksp will decrease and additional Na2SO4 will dissolve. B. The Ksp will be unchanged and additional Na2SO4 will dissolve. C. The Ksp will increase and additional Na2SO4 will precipitate. D. The Ksp will remain unchanged and additional Na2SO4 will precipitate. Which of the following is NOT true in general as we move from sodium to chlorine in the periodic table? A. Electronegativity increases. B. Atomic radius increases. C. Ionization energy increases. D. Electron affinity increases.

3.

4.
pressure

8.
*

temperature

In the diagram above, the starred point is the point at which: A. all three phases are in equilibrium. B. a substance changes from liquid to gas. C. the differences between the properties of the solid and liquid phases disappear. D. the differences between the properties of the liquid and gas phases disappear.

9.

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10. Ca(s) + F2(g) CaF2(s) The reaction above is an example of all of the following reaction types EXCEPT: A. precipitation. B. combination. C. oxidation-reduction. D. formation. 11. For the reaction below, what would be the effect of decreasing the volume of the system?
2NaHSO 3 ( s ) U Na 2SO 3 ( s ) + SO 2 ( g ) + H 2 O( g )

13.

Below is a phase diagram for substance R. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn about substance R?
pressure

liquid

solid

gas

temperature

A. The formation of products would be favored. B. The temperature of the system is required to determine the effect. C. The formation of reactants would be favored. D. No change would occur. 12. Two identical containers each contain samples of ideal gas at the same temperature. One (gas 1) has a mass of 60 g/mol. The other (gas 2) has a mass of 30 g/mol. The relationship between their average speeds is: A. v1 = B.
1 4 v2

A. The liquid phase of substance R contains strong intermolecular bonds. B. Substance R has a molar mass greater than 30 g/mol. C. The density of the gas phase is greater than that of the liquid phase for substance R. D. The vaporization process for substance R is exothermic. 14. A closed container holds four gases: 1 mole of Gas A, 1 mole of Gas B, 3 moles of Gas C and 4 moles of Gas D. If the total pressure inside the container is 3 atm, what is the partial pressure of Gas C? A. 0.33 atm B. 1 atm C. 1.33 atm D. 9 atm Two moles of a substance contains how many particles? A. B. C. D. 16. 6.022 1023 12.044 1023 6.022 1046 12.044 1046

v = 1
1

v 2 2
15.

v2 2 D. v1 = 3v2

C. v1 =

For the following skeletal reaction, what is the coefficient for sulfur dioxide? CuFeS2 ( s ) + O 2 ( g ) Cu 2S( s ) + Fe 3O 4 ( s ) + SO 2 ( g ) A. B. C. D. 3 5 6 9

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General Chemistry Discretes Test 2

17. Substance D decays radioactively according to first-order kinetics. If the initial concentraiton of Substance D is D0 and the rate constant is k (s-1), what is the concentration of D after three minutes? A. [D 0 ]e B. [D 0 ]e C.
3k

22.

180 k

Under what conditions does a real gas differ in behavior from an ideal gas? A. increased pressure only B. increased temperature only C. increased pressure and decreased temperature D. only when the molar volume is very large

[D 0 ]e 3

23.
60 k

D. 3[D 0 ]e

18.

The transition state for a given reaction: A. has greater energy than either the reactants or the products. B. is an intermediate in the formation of a product, and hence has a slightly lower energy than the reactants but a higher energy than the products. C. can usually be isolated before a product is formed. D. is only theoretical and can never be measured. For a given exothermic reaction, how are H, Ea (forward) and Ea (reverse) related? A. B. C. D. H + Ea (forward) = Ea (reverse) H - Ea (forward) = Ea (reverse) H = Ea (forward) + Ea (reverse) H = Ea (forward) - Ea (reverse)

A chemist adds 125 mL of water to 250 mL of a 2 M solution of sulfuric acid. The new concentration is: A. 1 M B. 1.33 M C. 1.67 M D. unchanged, because all the protons remain in solution. In a 0.75 M solution of acetic acid, the proton concentration is: A. greater than 0.75 M because acetic acid is a strong acid. B. greater than 0.75 M because acetic acid has more than one proton available for dissociation. C. 0.75 M because all of the protons dissociate for a weak acid. D. less than 0.75 M because acetic acid is a weak acid. Which of the following has the highest molar solubility? A. B. C. D. CaCO3 (Ksp = 8.7 10-9) BaSO4 (Ksp = 1.1 10-10) Ag2CO3 (Ksp = 6.2 10-12) CuI (Ksp = 5.1 10-12)

24.

19.

25.

20.

Which of the following does NOT affect the rate of a reaction? A. Temperature B. Presence of a catalyst C. Quantity of reactants D. Concentration of reactants All of the following are state functions EXCEPT: A. Volume B. Entropy C. Work D. Enthalpy

26.

21.

A compound was analyzed and found to contain 72.0 g carbon, 12.0 g hydrogen and 64.0 g oxygen. What is the empirical formula for this compound? A. CH2O B. C2H3O C. C3H6O2 D. C6H12O4

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30. 27. A solution of HCl(aq) has a pH of 4.0. What is the H3O+(aq) concentration? A. B. C. D. 28. 1 10-4 3 10-5 2 10-6 1 10-8 What is the characteristic valence-electron configuration of the chalcogen group? A. ns2 B. ns2np1 C. ns2np4 D. ns1np3

If a reaction is spontaneous and endothermic at 25C, the: A. Gibbs free energy is positive. B. entropy change is positive. C. entropy change is negative. D. enthalpy change is negative. Consider the following equilibrium in a closed system.
PCl 5 ( g ) U Cl 2 ( g ) + PCl 3 ( g ) H = 88 kJ/mol

29.

Which of the following will favor the formation of PCl5? A. increasing the volume B. decreasing the concentration of chlorine gas C. decreasing the pressure at constant temperature D. decreasing the temperature

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General Chemistry Discretes Test 2

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MCAT GENERAL CHEMISTRY DISCRETES TEST 2 ANSWER KEY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

A A C D C B C D B A

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

C B A B B D B A A C

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

C C B D C C A B D C

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General Chemistry Discretes Test 2

1. A

To calculate formal charge, use the formula: formal charge = group number - number of electrons in lone pairs 1 - (number of electrons in bonding pairs) 2 The group number for carbon is 4. There are no electrons in lone pairs on carbon, and there are eight electrons in bonding pairs around carbon. Therefore, the formal charge on carbon is: 1 4 (0) (8) = 0 2
2. A

The MCAT expects you to know the names and values of a variety of concepts and quantities. This is a prime example of the need for a bit of memorization in your MCAT preparation. The principal quantum number denotes the period in which an element is found. For a given principal quantum number, n, a range of values is possible for the Azimuthal quantum number. This range is from 0 to n-1. In case you forget it on test day, just think of a particular period, say n=3. For n=3, electrons can be placed in s orbitals, p orbitals or d orbitals. An s orbital has Azimuthal quantum number 0, a p orbital has Azimuthal quantum number 1 and a d orbital has Azimuthal quantum number 2. Therefore, the range is 0 to 2, or 0 to n-1.
3. C

The MCAT expects you to know the term isoelectronic. It means having the same configuration of electrons. Once aluminum has lost three electrons, it has the electronic configuration of neon, so you should look for another species that also looks like neon. When silicon loses an electron, it looks like elemental aluminum, not the ionized form- get rid of (A). When boron loses three electrons, it looks like helium, so throw out (B). When oxygen gains two electrons, it looks like neon, so the answer is (C). Just to cover your bases, check that chlorine, when it gains one electron, looks like argon, not neon, so (D) doesnt work; again, the answer is (C).
4. D

When examining a phase diagram, its important to keep in a mind a few definitions. By test day, you should know the definition of the critical point; the point at which the differences between the properties of the liquid and gas phases disappear. This point appears in the upper right of a phase diagram, where temperature and pressure are both high. Other terms you should know include the triple point, fusion, vaporization, sublimation, condensation, deposition and freezing.

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5.

A Lewis base has a pair of electrons available for bonding. Once you draw the structures for these compounds, it is clear that only boron trifluoride is not a Lewis base: Cl H H

N
H

O
F

The answer is (C).

6. B

Each Bronsted-Lowry acid-base equilibrium can be pictured as follows: acid1 + base2 conjugate acid2 + conjugate base1. HClO4 is an acid, so when it loses its proton, the new species will be its conjugate base. The conjugate acid of H2O is H3O+.
7. C

This question asks you to remember the order of orbital filling for electrons. After 4d is full, the next electron will go into a 5p orbital. If you forget the order of filling, just draw yourself a diagram like the one below.

1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s

2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p

3d 4d 5d 6d 7d

4f 5f 6f 7f

8.

The MCAT expects you to know that Ksp is a function of the structure of the salt and the temperature of the solution. Adding a stress to the system will not affect the Ksp if the temperature remains the same, so we can immediately cancel out answer choices (A) and (C). Increasing the solutions basicity will disrupt the equilibrium between sulfate and its conjugate acid leading to an increase in sulfate ion concentration: HSO4- + OH- SO42- + H2O. An increase in sulfate ion concentration will cause precipitation of sodium sulfate via the common ion effect. Thus answer choice (D) is the correct answer.

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9. B

As you move across a period, electronegativity increases. This is because the number of protons in the nucleus increases, but the shielding effect of other electrons does not increase because they are in the same subshell. Ionization energy and electron affinity increase for similar reasons, but the atomic radius does not increase across a period. Atomic radius varies greatly across a period, but elemental sodium has a much larger radius than elemental chlorine, so atomic radius does not increase across a period. Hence, (B) is the answer youre looking for.
10. A

For each of the answer choices, ask yourself whether the reaction fits into the definition of the reaction type. (D) must be wrong, since the reaction is a formation reaction: a reaction forming a product from elements in their standard states. (C) must also be incorrect because the oxidation states of calcium and fluorine change from reactants to products, so the reaction is an example of oxidation-reduction. It is also a combination reactions, so (B) is incorrect. Although a solid is formed in the reaction, it is not formed from dissolved species, so the reaction is not an example of a precipitation reaction. Therefore, (A) is correct.
11. C

This question tests your knowledge of Le Chateliers principle. When a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will shift to alleviate the stress. When the given reaction vessel is compressed (a decrease in volume) the system will shift towards the side of the equilibrium where fewer gas molecules appear; gases occupy a much greater volume than solids or liquids. Therefore, when the given reaction is compressed, the formation of reactants will be favored. This is choice (C).
12. B

1 2 mv . Therefore, if one gas has 2 twice the mass of the other, the ratio of their molecular speeds may be calculated as follows: 1 1 2 2 v2 . This is . Take the square root of both sides to obtain: v1 = 60v12 = 30v2 ; v12 = v2 2 2 choice (B).

The speed of a gas at a given temperature is given by

13.

Before you look at the answer choices, you should focus on the phase diagram given to you. When the MCAT asks you to examine a diagram for information, take note of how the diagram differs or is similar to those youve seen before. The key difference between the phase diagram for Substance R and those of most substances is that the solid-liquid interface slopes back instead up and to the right. This means that Substance R is denser in the liquid phase than in the solid phase. Substance R has strong intermolecular bonds in the liquid phase! If you noticed that the phase diagram resembles that of water, great! You know that water has strong intermolecular bonds in the liquid phase- these include hydrogen bonds. You could also answer this question by a process of elimination: B makes no sense because there is no way to tell from the phase diagram what the molar mass of a substance is. (C) is not true because the gas phase is actually less dense than the liquid phase. (D) is incorrect because it takes energy to convert from liquid to gas, so vaporization is endothermic. Again, the answer is (A).
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14. B

The partial pressure of a gas in a closed container is equal to the mole fraction of that gas multiplied by the total pressure in the container. The total pressure in the container is given as 3mol 3 1 3 atm. The mole fraction is of Gas C is: = = . Therefore, the 1mol+1mol+3mol+4 mol 9 3 1 partial pressure of Gas C is: 3atm=1atm , choice (B). 3
15. B

The MCAT expects you to know the value of Avagadros number- the number of particles in a mole, 6.022 x 1023. Two moles contain twice this number, choice (B). Dont get thrown off by the exponent; when you double a quantity, you dont multiply the exponent by two. The answer is (B).
16. D

When balancing equations, youll want to start with the element that appears in the least number of species. Copper (Cu) appears the least, so balance that first. For every copper sulfide, there will be two copper iron sulfides. For every iron oxide, there will be three copper iron sulfides. The least common multiple of 2 and 3 is six, so place a six in front of the copper iron sulfide, a three in front of copper sulfide and a 2 in front of the iron oxide. Now you have: 6CuFeS2 ( s ) + ? O2 ( g ) 3Cu 2S( s ) + 2Fe3O4 ( s ) + ?SO 2 ( g ) . The next step is to balance the number of sulfur atoms on each side of the equation. There are 12 sulfur atoms from the copper iron sulfide, and three are used to make copper sulfide. Therefore, nine must remain for the sulfur dioxide. Check to see that this works for the number of oxygen atoms, and youll find that the balanced equation is: 6CuFeS2 ( s ) + 13O2 ( g ) 3Cu 2S( s ) + 2 Fe3O 4 ( s ) + 9SO 2 ( g ) . Therefore, the coefficient of sulfur dioxide is 9.
17. B

First-order kinetics are often observed for radioactive decay. The concentration of a radioactive substance such as D at any time t can be expressed as [D t ]=[D 0 ]e -kt . Keep in mind that the exponent must be dimensionless in order for the equation to make any sense; pay attention to the units of the rate constant when calculating the answer. The MCAT loves to trip you up on units. The rate constant given in the question stem has units of inverse seconds, but the time is given in minutes. You need to convert the minutes to seconds. Three minutes is equal to 180 seconds, so place 180 in the exponent next to k. Now it is clear that the answer is (B).
18. A

The MCAT expects you to know certain things about reactions and reaction mechanisms. One of those things is the definition of a transition state. The transition state, also called the activated complex, is a species that may or may not resemble molecules you normally see in your textbook. It is often a conglomerate of the reacting species. The important thing to recognize about the transition state is that it is a high-energy species, having greater energy than either the reactants or the products, so (A) is correct. The transition state is NOT an intermediate; an intermediate is a discrete species that can be isolated. Therefore, (B) is 12
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General Chemistry Discretes Test 2

incorrect. (C) is incorrect because a transition state is usually consumed as quickly as it is formed (since its energy is so high) so that isolating it becomes difficult. (D) is incorrect because the transition state is an experimental species and can sometimes be observed using sophisticated chemical techniques. The key to this question is that the transition state has unique energetic qualities, so the answer is (A).
19. A

The activation energy for the forward reaction is the amount of energy is takes to overcome the barrier between the products and the reactants. Hence, the activation energy for the reverse reaction is the amount of energy it takes to overcome the barrier between the reactant and products. The difference between the two is the enthalpy change for the reaction. This can be written as Ea (reverse) - Ea (forward) = H, or H + Ea (forward) = Ea (reverse), choice (A).
20. C

Four factors affect reaction rate: reactant concentrations, temperature, medium and catalysts. The quantity of reactants does not affect reaction rate; hence, choice (C) is the correct answer. Choice (A) is incorrect because reaction rate is affected by temperature. If the temperature of a reaction is increased, the fraction of molecules with kinetic energy sufficient to overcome the activation barrier will increase, and the rate of the reaction will increase. Choice (B) is incorrect because the presence of a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier for the reaction. Once the barrier has been lowered, a greater fraction of molecules will have energy sufficient to overcome it and the rate will increase. Finally, choice (D) is incorrect because the concentration affects reaction rate. When the concentration of reactants is increased, the number of collisions between molecules increases, so there are more possibilities for reaction to occur, thereby increasing the reaction rate.
21. C

When the magnitude of a quantity depends only on the initial and final states of the system, it is known as a state function. Volume is measurable at any point in time, and does not depend on the path taken to get to that point, so it is a state function. Therefore, choice (A) is not the one youre looking for. The entropy of a system is not measured directly, but it depends only on the final and initial states, so it is also a state function; B is incorrect. Work depends on the path taken. Choice (C) is correct. Enthalpy is also a state function because it depends only on the initial and final states of the system.
22. C

Real gases deviate from the ideal gas law due to elevated pressures and decreased temperatures. This is because as pressure increases, the molecules are forced closer together, so intermolecular interactions become important. When the molecules are far apart, the intermolecular forces are minimal. As temperature decreases, gas particles move more slowly, so as they pass each other, the period of time in which they are in close proximity increases. This allows more opportunities for the molecules to affect one another. Hence, deviations from ideal conditions result. Choice (C) is therefore the best answer. Choice (D) is not only incorrect; it is an extreme answer choice because of the words only and very. Extreme answer choices are rarely correct on the MCAT, so when you see one, even if it seems correct,

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examine it closely to be sure. In this case, the molar volume is not a factor in determining whether a gas will deviate from ideality. Again, choice (C) is correct.
23. B

To make your life easier on the MCAT, remember the following equation for dilutions: MiVi = MfVf. You already know the initial concentration (Mi=2 M) and the initial volume (Vi=0.250 L) To calculate the final volume, Vf, simply combine the added water to the initial volume: 0.250 L + 0.125 L= 0.375 L. Then, solve for Mf: (2 M)(0.250 L) = Mf (0.375 L). Mf = 1.33 M. This is choice (B).
24. D

On the MCAT, it is important for you to recognize which acids are weak and which are strong. Acetic acid is a commonly used MCAT example of a weak acid. In a weak acid solution, some of the acid molecules dissociate, while others remain intact. Since some of the molecules do not dissociate, the proton concentration is less than 0.75 M. If acetic acid were a strong acid, the concentration would be 0.75 M (choice (C)). Choice (B) is incorrect because acetic acid only has one proton available for dissociation, and choice (A) is incorrect because acetic acid is not a strong acid. The correct answer is (D).
25. C

There are two things to consider for this question: the absolute value of the Ksp, and the number of ions dissociating for each species. As it turns out, the number of ions dissociating for each ionic compound will turn out to be crucial in determining the correct answer. Silver carbonate dissociates into three ions: two silver ions and one carbonate ion. Call the initial concentration of silver carbonate x, so that you have 2x and x for silver and carbonate respectively. This is equal to 4x3. Set this equal to the Ksp to obtain 4x3 = 6.2 10-12; x= (something)10-4. The only other answer choice that comes close is A; the molar solubility of calcium carbonate is 9.3 10-5. This is not quite large enough to compete with silver carbonate; therefore, the answer is (C).
26. C

The MCAT expects you to know how to use data about the mass of a compound in order to determine its formula. Divide each of the masses given by the molar mass for that element. 72.0 g C 12.0 g H From this, youll find that =6 mol C ; =12 mol H ; and 12.0 g/mol 1.0 g H/mol 64.0 g O =4 mol O . You now know that the formula for the compound is C6H12O4. 16.0 g/mol O However, this formula is the absolute amount of each kind of atom, whereas you are looking for the empirical formula- the relative numbers of each kind of atom. In order to obtain that, just divide all of the subscripts you just found by two to get C3H6O2.
27. B

To calculate the hydronium ion concentration, use the following formula: pH = - log [H3O+]. Now plug in the value given for the pH: 4.0 = -log [H3O+]. To eliminate the logarithm, multiply each side by (-1), then place both sides of the equation in the + exponent of 10 as follows: 10-pH = 10log[H 3O ] . Now youre left with 10-4.0= [H3O+], choice (A).

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General Chemistry Discretes Test 2

28. B

The question stem tells you that the reaction is spontaneous. From this, you know that the Gibbs free energy, G, is negative. Eliminate choice (A). The question stem also tells you that the reaction is endothermic; H is positive. Eliminate (D). Therefore, the quantity TS must be negative because G = H - TS. The entropy change is positive, choice (B).
29. D

There are two key elements to the equilibrium equation in the question stem. First, the reaction as written is endothermic. Second, there are two moles of gas on the product side of the reaction, and only one mole of gas on the left. These two considerations will help you decide how to favor the formation of PCl5. Increasing the volume of the container will favor the formation of the products because this will keep pressure constant; the greater number of gaseous particles on the right is favored by a greater volume. Therefore, choice (A) is incorrect. Decreasing the concentration of chlorine gas will also favor the products; the system will respond to such a stress by forming more chlorine molecules, as dictated by Le Chateliers principle. (Le Chateliers principle is an MCAT favorite.) This means that choice (B) is incorrect. Decreasing the pressure at constant temperature will also favor the products, for the same reasoning as choice (A), so (C) is incorrect. Only lowering the temperature will favor the formation of the reactant, so choice (D) is correct.
30. C

In order to answer this question correctly, you must know the term chalcogen and you must be able to give the general valence-electron configuration for a given group of elements. The chalcogen group is directly to the left of the halogen group; it includes oxygen and sulfurelements you have encountered many times in your studies of general chemistry. These elements have filled s orbitals, ns2 and four electrons in p orbitals, np4. The overall configuration is ns2 np4, choice (C).

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