India-EU Working Group on Coal Delhi- 21 Jan 2008

CLEAN COAL TECHN OLOGY IN IN DIA

Central Electricity Authority N ew Delhi

 Indian Power Sector Profile

o Installed Capacity Mix o Capacity Addition Plans o Coal consumption

Overview

Improving Efficiency

New Technology Options

o Higher size units o Supercritical technology o Efficiency improvement in existing stations

Indian Power Sector

Installed Generation Capacity ~ 140 GW Electricity Generation- 660 Twh (2006-07) Per Capita Consumption-665 Kwh/ Yr (2006-07) Shortages (Energy ~ 8.5%, Peak ~ 15%) Rapidly Expanding Emphasis on Efficiency Increasing private sector participation Structural reforms

Installed Capacity (As on 31

Nuclear 4120 MW (3%) Renewables 10855 MW (8%)

st

Dec. 2007)

Coal Gas Oil

Thermal 90646 MW (65 %)

74752 14692 1202

Hydro 34681 MW (25%)

Total : 140302 MW

Per Capita Electricity Consumption (Yr 2003)

16000 14043 14000 12000 8206 8139 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
n ce S. A pa Fr an Ja U.
India: 665 (2006-07)

7259

4997 1475 592

an

Af r ic

ina Ch

er

S.

In

dia

CAPACITY ADDITION 11th PLAN (2007-12) 78,577 MW

NUCLEAR, 3,380, 4% THERMAL, 58,644, 75%
Coa l 5 4 3 5 5 M W ( 6 9 % )

HYDRO, 16,553, 21%

CAPACITY ADDITION 12th PLAN (2012-17) Tentative 82,200 MW

Nuclear, 12,000, 15% Thermal, 40,200, 49% Hydro, 30,000, 36%

Coal consumption
Proven coal reserve of about 96 billion tons Present coal consumption: 303 Mn Tons p.a.
Run of mine: 260 MT Washed coal: 033 MT Imported : 010 MT

Projected coal consumption in year 2012 550 MT Coal mining capacity being augmented by allocation of captive coal blocks to private / public sector Gap to be covered by imported coal

Indian Coal Quality

Indian coal has high ash content, is slow burning, highly abrasive with high ash fusion temperature which affects the design of boiler PC technology the current workhorse perfected gradually through learning curve Any new technology must cope up with realities of Indian coal Being the cheapest and indigenously available fuel, it will remain the mainstay fuel for power generation for many more years

Coal Beneficiation
Indian coal high ash 40-45% Open cast mining Coal Beneficiation
Savings in Transport cost Better use of Transport infrastructure Advantages in O&M

Issues
Low Washing Yields Problem of Rejects Disposal/ use

Presently washing has been found economical for load centre stations

Improving Efficiency
Higher size units
o More efficient, economy of scale o Quicker capacity addition o Reduced land/ manpower requirement o Higher efficiency o lower GHG emission o Upgrading old fleet o Replacement

Supercritical Technology

Efficiency Improvement in existing stations

Prevailing Unit Sizes

Unit Size MS. Pr MS/ RH Temp oC
482 535 535/ 535 535/ 535 535/ 535 538/ 538

kg/ cm2
30-50 60-100 110/ 120/ 140/ 150 210/ 250 KWU 250 (New) 500 60 90 130 150 150 170

Gross Design Efficiency (%)

~ 31 32-33 35-36 37.8 38.4 38.6

Proposed Unit Sizes

Unit Size Parameters (MW) 660 Gross Design Efficiency 39.56 40.24 40.24

247kg/ cm2 538/ 565 O C 247kg/ cm2 565/ 593 O C

800

247kg/ cm2 565/ 593 O C

Expected Efficiency Gain of ~ 4% over Present 500 MW Units (170 kg/cm2 535/535 oC)

Efficiency Impact of Tropical Climate & Coal

Parameter Impact on Gross Efficiency (%) Impact on Aux. Cons (%)

CW Temperature (33 Vs 15) oC

Indian Coal

2%

1.5%

Share of Different Unit Sizes- 2007-17

60%

50%

48%

40%

38%

39%

30% 25% 21% 20% 16% 12% 10% 6% 6%

27%

2007 2012 2017 21% 19%

13% 9%

0%

0%

800/660

500/600

300/250

210/200

<200

Share of Different Unit Sizes- 2007-17

2012
Capacity Breakup 2007

2007

2012

2017

<200 210 250/300 500/600 SC 800/660

2017

Supercritical Technology
Supercritical technology being adopted to enhance efficiency, reduce coal consumption and GHG emission 660/ 800 MW units planned in big way Parameters adopted 247 kg/ cm2 535/ 565 deg C and 247 kg/ cm2 565/ 593 deg C Six units of NTPC under execution at Sipat and Barh Ultra Mega Projects, 4000 MW each, envisaged with supercritical units. Many more supercritical units in pipeline. Introduction of supercritical units would improve the efficiency in power generation
3 projects already awarded to IPPs through tariff based competitive bidding.

 Upgrading old fleet of inefficient power stations with poor availability through renovation & modernisation Improving efficiency / availability through improvement in O&M practices Replacement of very old poor performing units

Efficiency improvement in existing stations

Future Approach Towards R&M

Shift in focus from Generation Maximization to Overall Plant Optimization Replacement of very old small size low efficiency units High end technology solutions for efficiency enhancement - Steam turbine and boiler upgrades - Steam flow path modification - Improved plant control - Higher steam parameters Additionality in efficiency (Beyond Original Design efficiency )

N ew Technology options
Ultra supercritical (USC) and advanced USC technology Circulating Fluidised Bed Combustion (CFBC) Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

Ultra supercritical technology

Parameters of about 280 bars and 600 deg C more efficient but higher capital cost Experience limited mainly in Japan, Germany and Denmark Techno-economics, suitability with Indian coal, institutional capacity building to be guiding factors for adoption

Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion

CFBC being used for high Sulphur lignite 125 MW CFBC units
4 units operational at Surat lignite and Akrimota 6 units under implementation at Surat lignite, Barsingsar and Giral TPS

250 MW CFBC units

Under installation at Neyveli Lignite

IGCC
Limited experience available with low ash coals No large IGCC units in operation with fluidised bed gasifier considered suitable for Indian coals High Cost India pursuing a demo project of about 100 MW by NTPC Through international co-operation (Feasibility study done by Nexant, USA) Through indigenous R&D (DPR under finalisation)

Coal Bed Methane and UCG

Coal Bed Methane
26 CBM blocks awarded with potential of 38 MMSCMD Work in progress

Underground coal gasification

Agencies such as ONGC, GAIL keen on setting up pilot plants

Low carbon technologies

Keeping close watch on international developments Participation in international fora
FutureGen
Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum

Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate

Kyoto Protocol
Large Nos of CDM Projects Official CO 2 Emission Baseline Notified