The Cell The Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of cells 2.

Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things. 3. New cells arise only from pre-existing cells. Some of the great scientists who contributed to the cell theory include: 1. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek fr Netherlands the first to use microscope to study nature

He used a single powerful lens to magnify images of very small objects He saw tiny, living organisms in a drop of pond water by means of his simple microscope.
2. Robert Hooke 1665 Englishman published a book containing his drawings of sections of cork as seen through a microscope. He called the tiny chambers of cork, cells 3. Matthias Schleiden German botanist 1838 concluded that all plants are made of cells. 4. German botanist Theodor Schwann concluded that animals were also made of cells. Basic Cell Structure Certain structures are common to most cells despite their differences in size and shape All cells have a cell membrane & cytoplasm Cell membrane a thin, flexible barrier around the cell Cell wall strong layer around the cell membrane Cell membrane & Cell Wall protect & support cells while allowing them to interact with their surroundings. Nucleus a large structure that contains the cells genetic material & controls the cells activities Cytoplasm the material bet the cell membrane & the cell nucleus is called the nucleus.

The cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus & contains many important structures that are needed
for the cells many activities. Cell Shapes and Sizes Typical cells range in size from 5 to 50 micrometers in diameter The smallest bacteria - <1 micrometer in diameter

Difficult to see even with the most powerful light microscope. WE need an electron
microscope for us to see tiny organisms

Giant amoeba may reach 1,000 micrometer

This size is large enough to be seen without a microscope

Shape of Cells VARY Amoeba irregular in shape bec its shape changes as it moves Other cell assume a definite shape Man has round blood cells, irregularly shaped WBC, nerve cells with a long tail like fiber called an axon, spindle-shaped m2.

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Biologist divide cells into 2 categories: 1. Eukaryotes contains the nucleus

Cells contain nuclei, cell membranes & cytoplasm Most eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures called organelles that perform cellular
functions

Some live as single-celled organisms & many are large multicellular organisms Ex. Many plants, animal, fungi & many other microorganisms
2. Prokaryotes cell membrane and cytoplasm but without a nucleus

All bacteria are prokaryotes Even though they are simple, prokaryotic cells carry out all cell activities They grow, reproduce, and respond to changes in the environment like any living organism.
The Cell Membrane The structure of the cell which make up the cell surface

Encloses every cell, whether in unicellular organisms or multicellular organisms Protects a cell by acting as barrier bet its living content & the surrounding environment Regulates what materials go into & out of the cell
In multicellular organisms cell junctions require specialized features of the cell membrane in specific ways that pass on info to neighboring cells so that the activities of the tissue & organs are coordinated

2 component parts

1. Lipids arranged as a bilayer

The lipid bilayer gives the cell membrane a tough, flexible structure that forms a strong
barrier bet the cell & its surroundings. 2. Proteins run through the bilipid layer Carbohydrate molecules form chains that attached to the outer surfaces of these proteins.

Some of these proteins form channels and pumps that help move materials across the cell
membrane

Many of the CHO act like chemical ID cards allowing cells to identify one another.
The cell membrane is an active component of the living cell It regulates the traffic of materials in and out of the cell

Water & other small molecules & ions pass through EASILY Sodium ions & large molecules such as protein pass through membrane with DIFFICULTY
Such membranes are called semi-permeable or differentially permeable. Movement of Materials Through the Cell Membrane The mechanism by which cells absorb nutrients and excrete wases 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Active Transport Materials move from an area of lower concentration to an area of greater concentration through the membrane Requires the input of energy, hence the term ACTIVE EX. Sodium-potassium pump in most animal cells have proteins that pump sodium ions out of the cell and pump potassium ions into the cells. These proteins require energy to move ions against the forces of diffusion. Bec of this, the insides of most animal cells have a low concentration of sodium but a high concentration of potassium.

4. Endocytosis or Engulfing Many cells take in substances through membrane-bound capsules called vacuoles The cells actively engulf the materials which becomes enclosed in the membrane Phagocytosis when the matl engulfed is a large particle Pinocytosis when the engulfed matl of a liquid or very small particle