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Often, student investigations are not simply created to find an answer to a question, or to
explore some phenomenon. Rather, science is often used to create solutions to problems
through application of scientific concepts and principles to a real-world situation. This is the
work of applied science and engineering.
In science and engineering, there is a more formal process that takes place, but it is still very
similar in process to what we do. In a classroom, this process can be represented by the
diagram below. Design is a cyclic process that involves research, concept development, design
and building, and testing or feedback. Each iteration is intended to help refine the process or
add a new factor to consideration in the design. These steps are outlined in detail on the
following page:
This research can also focus specifically on the product itself and not just the conditions for the design.
Research might examine the following:
• Existing Designs. What have others designed or considered in the past?
• Conditions for Use. Where will the product be used and for what purpose?
• Components. What parts make up the product?
• Materials. What will the product be made of? What do we need to know about this?
Often, a design might include many cycles, each of which is intended to look at a different aspect of a
problem. For instance, design of a building might first include design for the basic structure, but then
address a different factor, such as heating/cooling, energy, or lighting in the next iteration of the
design. Doing this can often help you specify what benchmarks and content you need to address with
each cycle.
Often, students want to immediately jump to this step, and so it is often useful to have a quick set of
questions for any students to address at this point about their design ideas. Asking how the questions
identified in steps 1 and 2 are addressed by their ideas can help students better understand the
importance of these issues.
The design cycle then begins again, though the difference is that the second (and all successive)
iteration actually has a design to work with. As a result, steps 1 and 3 are often much shorter in the
process, and more attention is paid to the design, model, and critique.