USE:

The main use of the simple present tense is to express habitual actions. this tense does not tell us whether or not the action is being performed at the moment of speaking. it is often used with adverbs or adverb phrases such as always, never, twice a year etc. It can be used for dramatic narrative. This is particularly useful when describing the action of a play or opera. It is used for a planned future action or series of actions mainly when they refer to a journey. It can also be used in conditional sentences and time clauses. FORM: In the affirmative the simple present has the same form as the infinitive but adds and S to the third person singular. The auxiliary verb DO is normally contracted in the negative and negative interrogative DONT. Verbs ending in SS, SH, CH, X, AND O add ES, instead S alone to form the third person singular. AFFIRMATIVE
I WORK YOU WORK HE WORKS SHE WORKS IT WORKS WE WORK YOU WORK THEY WORK

NEGATIVE
I DO NOT WORK YOU DO NOT WORK HE DOES NOT WORK IT DOES NOT WORK WE DO NOT WORK YOU DO NOT WORK THEY DO NOT WORK

INTERROGATIVE NEGINTERROGATIVE
DO I WORK ? DO YOU WORK ? DOES HE WORK ? DOES IT WORK ? DO WE WORK ? DO YOU WORK ? DO THEY WORK ? DO I NOT WORK ? DO YOU NOTWORK ? DOES HE NOT WORK ? DOES SHE NOTWORK ? DOES IT NOT WORK ? DO WE NOT WORK ? DO YOU NOT WORK ? DO THEY NOT WORK ?

SHE DOES NOT WORK DOES SHE WORK ?

USE:

It is used for actions completed in the past at a definite time. It is therefore used: a) for a past action when the time is given. b) or when the time is asked about. c) or when the action clearly took place at a definite time even though this time is not mentioned.

FORM:
The simple past tense in the regular verbs is formed by adding -ed to the infinitive. The irregular verbs vary considerably in their simple past form and must therefore be learnt. The negative of regular and irregular verbs is formed with DID NOT ( didnt ) and the infinitive. The interrogative of regular and irregular verbs is formed with DID+ SUBJECT+INFINITIVE . AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I WORKED YOU WORKED HE WORKED SHE WORKED IT WORKED WE WORKED YOU WORKED THEY WORKED I DID NOT WORK YOU DID NOT WORK HE DID NOT WORK SHE DID NOT WORK IT DID NOT WORK WE DID NOT WORK YOU DID NOT WORK THEY DID NOT WORK

INTERROGATIVE NEGINTERROGATIVE
DID I WORK ? DID YOU WORK ? DID HE WORK ? DID SHE WORK ? DID IT WORK ? DID WE WORK ? DID YOU WORK ? DID THEY WORK ? DID I NOT WORK ? DID YOU NOTWORK ? DID HE NOT WORK ? DID SHE NOTWORK ? DID IT NOT WORK ? DID WE NOT WORK ? DID YOU NOT WORK ? DID THEY NOT WORK ?

USE:
For an action happening at the moment of speaking. For a definite arrangement in the near future ( an immediate plan ) For a frequently repeated action.

FORM:

The present continuous tense is formed with the present tense of the verb TO BE + the present participle. When a verb ends in a single E, this E is dropped before ING. When a verb of one syllable has one vowel and ends in a single consonant, this single consonant is doubled before ING. ING can be added to a verb ending in Y without affecting the spelling of the verb.

AFFIRMATIVE
I AM WORKING YOU ARE WORKING HE IS WORKING SHE IS WORKING IT IS WORKING WE ARE WORKING YOU ARE WORKING THEY ARE WORKING

NEGATIVE
I AM NOT WORKING YOU ARE NOT WORKING HE IS NOT WORKING SHE IS NOT WORKING IT IS NOT WORKING WE ARE NOT WORKING YOU ARE NOT WORKING THEY ARE NOT WORKING

INTERROGATIVE
AM I WORKING ? ARE YOU WORKING ? IS HE WORKING ? IS SHE WORKING ? IS IT WORKING ? ARE WE WORKING ? ARE YOU WORKING ? ARE THEY WORKING ?

USE:

The past continuous is chiefly used for past action which continued for some time but whose exact limits are not known and are not important. Used without a time expression it can indicate gradual development. Used with a point in time, it expresses and action which began before that time and probably continued after it.

FORM:
The past continuous tense is formed by the past tense of the verb TO BE + THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE.

AFFIRMATIVE
I WAS WORKING YOU WERE WORKING HE WAS WORKING SHE WAS WORKING IT WAS WORKING WE WERE WORKING YOU WERE WORKING THEY WERE WORKING

NEGATIVE
I WAS NOT WORKING YOU WERE NOT WORKING HE WAS NOT WORKING SHE WAS NOT WORKING IT WAS NOT WORKING WE WERE NOT WORKING YOU WERE NOT WORKING THEY WERE NOT WORKING

INTERROGATIVE
WAS I WORKING ? WERE YOU WORKING ? WAS HE WORKING ? WAS SHE WORKING ? WAS IT WORKING ? WERE WE WORKING ? WERE YOU WORKING ? WERE THEY WORKING ?

USE:

The simple future is used to express the speakers opinions, assumptions, speculations about the future. The simple future is also used similarly for future habitual actions we assume will take place. It can also be used to request, to express willingness or unwillingness, to make a promise or to express general truths.

FORM:
The simple future tense is formed with WILL + BARE INFINITIVE In order to form negative add NOT to WILL and the contracted form for this is WONT. The interrogative form is expressed by placing WILL before the subject.

AFFIRMATIVE
IWILL WORK YOU WILL WORK HE WILL WORK SHE WILL WORK IT WILL WORK WE WILL WORK YOU WIL WORK THEY WILL WORK

NEGATIVE
I WILL NOT WORK

INTERROGATIVE NEGINTERROGATIVE
WILL I WORK ? WILL I NOT WORK ? WILL YOU NOTWORK ? WILL HE NOT WORK ? WILL SHE NOTWORK ? WILL IT NOT WORK ? WILL WE NOT WORK ? WILL YOU NOT WORK ? WIL THEY NOT WORK ?

YOU WILL NOT WORK WILL YOU WORK ? HE WILL NOT WORK WILL HE WORK ?

SHE WILL NOT WORK WILL SHE WORK ? IT WILL NOT WORK WE WILL NOT WORK WILL IT WORK ? WILL WE WORK ?

YOU WILL NOT WORK WILL YOU WORK ? THEY WIL NOT WORK WILL THEY WORK ?

USE:

The BE GOING TO form expresses the subjects intention to perform a certain future action. This intention is always premeditated and there is usually also the idea that some preparation for the action has already been made. The BE GOING TO form can express the speakers feeling of certainty. The the time is usually not mentioned, but the action is expected to happen in the near or immediate future.

FORM:

The idiomatic future is formed with the present of the verb TO BE + the present continuous of the verb TO GO + the full infinitive. For the negative and interrogative it follows the verb TO BE forms.

AFFIRMATIVE
I AM GOING TO WORK YOU ARE GOING TO WORK HE IS GOING TO WORK SHE IS GOING TO WORK IT IS GOING TO WORK WE ARE GOING TO WORK YOU ARE GOING TO WORK THEY ARE GOING TO WORK

NEGATIVE
I AM NOT GOING TOWORK YOU ARE NOT GOING TO WORK HE IS NOT GOING TO WORK SHE IS NOT GOING TO WORK IT IS NOT GOING TO WORK WE ARE NOT GOING TO WORK YOU ARE NOT GOING TO WORK THEY ARE NOT GOING TO WORK

INTERROGATIVE
AM I GOING TO WORK ? ARE YOU GOING TO WORK ? IS HE GOING TO WORK ? IS SHE GOING TO WORK ? IS IT GOING TO WORK ? ARE WE GOING TO WORK ? ARE YOU GOING TO WORK ? ARE THEY GOING TO WORK ?

USE:

Like other continuous tenses it is normally used with a point in time, and expresses an action which starts before that time and probably continues after it.

FORM:
This tense is made up of the future simple of the TO BE + THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE

AFFIRMATIVE
I WILL BE WORKING YOU WILL BE WORKING HE WILL BE WORKING SHE WILL BE WORKING IT WILL BE WORKING WE WILL BE WORKING YOU WIL BE WORKING THEY WILL BE WORKING

NEGATIVE
I WILL NOT BE WORKING YOU WILL NOT BE WORKING HE WILL NOT BE WORKING SHE WILL NOT BE WORKING IT WILL NOT BE WORKING WE WILL NOT BE WORKING YOU WILL NOT BE WORKING THEY WIL NOT BE WORKING

INTERROGATIVE
WILL I BE WORKING ? WILL YOU BE WORKING ? WILL HE BE WORKING ? WILL SHE BE WORKING ? WILL IT BE WORKING ? WILL WE BE WORKING ? WILL YOU BE WORKING ? WILL THEY BE WORKING ?

USE:

This tense may be said to be a sort of mixture of present and past. It always implies a strong connection with the present and is chiefly used in conversations, letters, newspapers and television and radio reports. The present perfect is used for recent actions when the time is not mentioned. It can also be used for actions which occur further back in the past, provided the connection with the present is still maintained, that is that the action could be repeated in the present. The present perfect used with an incomplete period of time implies that the action happened or didnt happen at some undefined time during this period.

FORM:

The present perfect tense is formed with the present tense of HAVE + THE PAST PARTICIPLE. The past participle of regular verbs has exactly the same form as the simple past. in the irregular verbs, the past participle vary. The negative form is formed by adding NOT to the auxiliary, that in the tense is HAVE OR HAS for the third person singular. The interrogative is formed by placing the auxiliary HAVE / HAS before the subject.

AFFIRMATIVE
I HAVE WORKED YOU HAVE WORKED HE HAS WORKED SHE HAS WORKED IT HAS WORKED WE HAS WORKED YOU HAS WORKED THEY HAVE WORKED

NEGATIVE
I HAVE NOT WORKED YOU HAVE NOT WORKED HE HAS NOT WORKED SHE HAS NOT WORKED IT HAS NOT WORKED WE HAVE NOT WORKED YOU HAVE NOT WORKED THEY HAVE NOT WORKED

INTERROGATIVE
HAVE I WORKED ? HAVE YOU WORKED ? HAS HE WORKED ? HAS SHE WORKED ? HAS IT WORKED ? HAVE WE WORKED ? HAVE YOU WORKED ? HAVE THEY WORKED ?

USE:

 This tense is used for an action which began in the past and is still continuing or has only just finished. The present perfect continuous can be used with or without a time phrase. In this way it differs from the simple present perfect, which can only express this type of action if a time phrase is added such as for six days, since June, never etc.

FORM:

This tense is formed by the present perfect of the verb TO BE + THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE. For both interrogative and negative, it follows the same form of the present perfect.

AFFIRMATIVE
I HAVE BEEN WORKING

NEGATIVE
I HAVE NOT BEENWORKING

INTERROGATIVE
HAVE I BEEN WORKING ? HAVE YOU BEEN WORKING ? HAS HE BEEN WORKING ? HAS SHE BEEN WORKING ? HAS IT BEEN WORKING ? HAVE WE BEEN WORKING ? HAVE YOU BEEN WORKING ?

YOU HAVE BEEN WORKING YOUHAVE NOT BEEN WORKING HE HAS BEEN WORKING SHE HAS BEEN WORKING IT HAS BEEN WORKING WE HAVE BEEN WORKING YOU HAVE BEEN WORKING HE HAS NOT BEEN WORKING SHE HAS NOT BEEN WORKING IT HAS NOT BEEN WORKING WE HAVE NOT BEEN WORKING YOU HAVE NOT BEENWORKING

THEY HAVE BEEN WORKING THEY HAVE NOT BEENWORKING HAVE THEY BEEN WORKING ?

USE:

 The past perfect is the past equivalent of the present perfect but unlike present perfect the past perfect is not restricted to actions whose time is not mentioned. The past perfect can be used for an action which began before the time of speaking in the past and: a) was still continuing at that time. b) stopped at that time or just before it. c) for an action which stopped some time before the time of speaking.

FORM:

This tense, the past perfect is formed with HAD as an auxiliary and the past participle. As for the negative form NOT is added to the auxiliary HAD. In order to form the interrogative HAD must be placed before the subject. NEGATIVE
I HAD NOT WORKED YOU HAD NOT WORKED HE HAD NOT WORKED SHE HAD NOT WORKED IT HAD NOT WORKED WE HAD NOT WORKED YOU HAD NOT WORKED THEY HAD NOT WORKED

AFFIRMATIVE
I HAD WORKED YOU HAD WORKED HE HAD WORKED SHE HAD WORKED IT HAD WORKED WE HAD WORKED YOU HAD WORKED THEY HAD WORKED

INTERROGATIVE
HAD I WORKED ? HAD YOU WORKED ? HAD HE WORKED ? HAD SHE WORKED ? HAD IT WORKED ? HAD WE WORKED ? HAD YOU WORKED ? HAD THEY WORKED ?

USE:
Modal auxiliary verbs are used to express different ideas as they are following described:

FORM:

Modal auxiliary verbs function as that as verbs expressing different meaning, and as affirmative form they should be placed after the subject.

 To form the negative, NOT is added to the modal and some contraction are usually used. With the modal ought to NOT is placed before to.

USE:

 When is not necessary to mention the doer of the action as it is obvious who he is/was/will be. When we dont know, or dont know exactly, or have forgotten who did the action When the subject of the active verb would be people . When the subject of the active sentence would be the indefinite pronoun one. When we are more interested in the action than the person who does it.

FORM:
The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb TO BE into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active verb becomes the agent of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mention. When it is mentioned it is preceded by BY and placed at the end of the clause. TENSE / VERB FORM
SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST PAST CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE CONDITIONAL PERFECT CONDITIONAL PRESENT INFINITIVE PERFECT INFINITIVE PRESENT PARTICIPLE PERFECT PARTICIPLE

ACTIVE VOICE
KEEPS IS KEEPING KEPT WAS KEEPING HAS KEPT HAD KEPT WILL KEEP WOULD KEEP WOULD HAVE KEPT TO KEEP TO HAVE KEPT KEEPING HAVING KEPT

PASSIVE VOICE
IS KEPT IS BEING KEPT WAS KEPT WAS BEING KEPT HAS BEEN KEPT HAD BEEN KEPT WILL BE KEPT WOULD BE KEPT WOULD HAVE BEEN KEPT TO BE KEPT TO HAVE BEEN KEPT BEING KEPT HAVING BEING KEPT

1.- You use conditional clauses to talk about a situation that might possibly happen and to say what its results might be. You used IF to mention events and situations that happen often, that may happen in the future, that could have happen in the past but did not happen, or that are unlikely to happen at all. 2.- when you are talking about something that is generally true or happens often, you use a present or present perfect tense in the main clause and the conditional clause. 3.- when you use a conditional clause with a present or present perfect tense , you often use an imperative in the main clause. 4.- when you are talking about something which may possibly happen in the future, you use a present or present perfect tense in the conditional clause, and the simple future in the main clause. 5.- when you are talking about something that you think is unlikely to happen, you used the past simple or the past continuous in the conditional clause and would in the main clause. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1: PROBABLE a) The verb in the IF- clause is in the present tense; the verb in the main clause is in the future simple. It doesnt matter which comes first. This type of sentence implies that the action in the IF-clause is quite probable. b) Possible variation of the basic form: IF + present + may / might ( possibility ) IF + present + must / should or any expression of command, request or advice..

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 2 a) The verb in the IF-clause is in the past tense; the verb in the main clause is in the conditional tense.

b) The conditional clause type 2 is used when the supposition is contrary to the known facts. c) This conditional is also used when we dont expect the action in the IF-clause to take place. d) Some variations may be used in the main clause might and could instead would. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 3 The verb in the IF clause is in the past perfect tense; the verb in main clause is in the perfect conditional. The time is past and the condition cannot be fulfilled because the action in the IF-clause did not happen. Possible variations: a) b) c) d) e) Could or might may be used instead of would The continuous form of the perfect conditional may be used We can use the past perfect continuous in the IF- clause A combination of types 2 and 3 is possiblep HAD can be placed first and the IF omitted

HAVE / GET + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE.

This construction can be used to express more neatly sentences of the type I EMPLOYED SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING FOR ME i.e. instead of saying I EMPLOYED SOMEONE TO CLEAN MY CAR we can say I HAD MY CAR CLEANED.

GET can be used in the same way as HAVE above but is more colloquial. GET is also used when we mentioned the person who perform the action. HAVE with a bare infinitive can be used in the same way.

MANUAL DE GRAMATICA PARA CURSOS BASICOS E INTERMEDIOS