H2 Physics Exam Set G P2

H2 Physics Set G Paper 2
www.ThePhysicsCafe.com

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H2 PHYSICS
Exam papers with worked solutions
(Selected from Top JC)

SET G
PAPER 2

Compiled by
THE PHYSICS CAFE

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INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES

This booklet contains 5 questions.

Do not open this booklet until you are told to do so.

Answer all questions.

Write your answers on this question booklet in the blanks provided.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end
of each question or part question. Marks will be
deducted if units are not stated where necessary or if
answers are not quoted to the appropriate number of
significant figures.

All working for numerical answers must be shown.
You are reminded of the need for good English and
clear presentation of your answers.

Examiners Use
Q1 /10
Q2 /10
Q3 /9
Q4 /16
Q5 /15
Deductions
Total /60

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DATA AND FORMULAE

Data
speed of light in free space c = 3.00 x 10
8
m s
-1

permeability of free space
o
= 4t x 10
-7
H m
-1

permittivity of free space
0
= 8.85 x 10
-12
F m
-1

= (1/(36t)) x 10
-9
F m
-1

elementary charge e = 1.60 x 10
-19
C
the Planck constant h = 6.63 x 10
-34
J s
unified atomic mass constant u = 1.66 x 10
-27
kg
rest mass of electron m
e
= 9.11 x 10
-31
kg
rest mass of proton m
p
= 1.67 x 10
-27
kg
molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K
-1
mol
-1

the Avogadro constant N
A
= 6.02 x 10
23
mol
-1

the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 x 10
-23
J K
-1

gravitational constant G = 6.67 x 10
-11
N m
2
kg
-2

acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s
-2

Formulae
uniformly accelerated motion
s = ut +
1
2
at
2

v
2
= u
2
+ 2as
work done on/by a gas W = pAV
hydrostatic pressure p = gh
gravitational potential | = -Gm/r
displacement of particle in s.h.m. x = x
o
sin et
velocity of particle in s.h.m. v = v
o
cos et

= e
2 2
o
- x x
resistors in series R = R
1
+ R
2
+
resistors in parallel 1/R
=
1/R
1
+ 1/R
2
+
electric potential V = Q/4tc
o
r
alternating current/voltage x
=
x
o
sin et
transmission coefficient T = exp(-2kd)

where k =
t
2
2
8 ( ) m U E
h

radioactive decay x = x
o
exp(-t )
decay constant

=
1
2
0.693
t


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ice cube
d

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 A glass of water containing an ice cube as shown in Fig. 1.1 is placed in a
stationary lift.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Express the depth, d, at which the ice cube floats in equilibrium in terms of the density of
ice,
ice
, density of water,
water
, and the height of the ice cube, h.

d = ____________ m [2]

(b) The lift now moves upwards with a uniform acceleration a. Show that the ratio of the
depth at which the ice cube now floats, d', to the equilibrium depth, d, from (a), is given
by

'
1
d a
d g
= + . [3]

ice cube
d h
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(c)

Given that
ice
= 0.90 g cm
-3
and
water
= 1.0 g cm
-3
, determine the acceleration of the lift
such that the ice cube is just completely submerged.

Acceleration = ________________ m s
-2
[3]

(d) State and explain what would happen to the ice cube if the lift were to move upward with
acceleration greater than that found in (c).

.

.

.

.

.

[2]


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2 (a) A fixed mass of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes a cycle of changes of pressure p,
volume V and temperature T as shown in Figure 2.1 below.

Figure 2.1

(i) The temperature of the gas at F is 87 C and the process E to F is an
adiabatic process. Calculate the temperature of the gas at E.

Temperature of gas at E = ______________ K

[2]

(ii) For the process F G, work is done on the gas. Calculate the change in
the internal energy of the gas

Change in internal energy = _________________ J

F
28.3 20.3
E
G
p /10
-4
Pa

8.2

15.1

20.2

11.5
V /10
-3
m
-3
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[2]

(iii) The gas undergoes a whole cyclic process, E F G E. State and
explain whether heat is absorbed or liberated from the gas.

.

.

.

.

..

[2]

(b) Two students in Dr. Randys class attempt an experiment to find how air pressure varies
with temperature.
They heat identical sealed glass flasks of air, to be considered as an ideal gas, in an oil
bath. The flasks are heated from 300 K to 450 K. The pressure in flask A rises from
atmospheric pressure, p
o
, as expected, but the pressure in flask B remains at p
o
because
the rubber bung is defective and air leaks out of the flask.
Calculate the fraction, f, of gas molecules in flask B compared to flask A at 430 K.

Fraction f = ____________________

[2]

(c) The temperatures of three identical objects A, B and C are T
A
, T
B
and T
C
, and T
A
<T
B
<T
C
.
The mass and specific heat capacity of each object is m and c respectively. The three
objects are then placed on top of one another in a closed vacuum compartment. After
some time, the temperature of object A becomes T
f
.

Show that:
A B C
f
3
T T T
T
+ +
= [2]


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3 (a) An electron microscope is often used to study the structure of crystals. One of the main
benefits of using an electron microscope is that it uses electrons to attain resolutions of
up to 1.0 nm.

(i) Determine the accelerating potential required to obtain electrons with wavelengths
of 1.0 nm.

Accelerating potential = _________ V [3]

(ii) Calculate the energy of a photon required to attain the same resolution.

Photon energy = ______________ eV [2]

(iii) The energy of the bonds between typical crystal molecules is about 6.0 eV. State
and explain if it would be suitable to use photons to study the structure of the
crystals.

.

.

.

.

..

[2]

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(b) Nodnarb says that it is possible to balance a pencil on its fine tip if we place the pencil
perfectly. However, L Hog disagrees with Nodnarb, stating that this is not possible
according to quantum physics. Using Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle, explain why L
Hog is correct.

..

..

..

..

..

..

[2]

4 (a) (i) Define activity of a radioactive sample.

..

..

[1]

(ii) Define half-life of a radioactive sample.

..

..

[1]

(b) Two samples of the same radioactive nuclide are prepared. Sample A has twice the initial
activity as Sample B.

(i) State and explain how the half-life of A compares with the half-life of B?

..

..

..

..

[1]

(ii) State and explain the ratio of their activities, after each has passed through five
half-lives.

..

..


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..

..

[1]

(c) Free neutrons have a characteristic half-life of 10.4 min. A group of free neutrons has
average thermal energy of 0.0400 eV.

(i) Show that the time taken for the neutrons to travel a distance of 10.0 km is 3.61 s.
[2]

(ii) Determine the fraction at which the group of free neutrons with thermal energy
0.0400 eV will decay before traveling a distance of 10.0 km.

Fraction = _________________ [2]

(d) State 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of nuclear fission.

Advantage:

..

..

..

Disadvantage: ...

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..

..

..

[2]

(e) (i) Uranium nuclei may undergo nuclear fission when bombarded by neutron. One
such reaction is
( )
235 1 140 92 1
92 0 54 38 0
U n Xe Sr 2 n + + + .
Calculate the energy released per fission event.
The binding energy per nucleon of
235
92
Uis 7.59 MeV,
140
54
Xe is 8.29 MeV and that of
92
38
Sr is 8.65 MeV.

Energy Released = __________________ J [2]

(ii)
Suppose enriched uranium containing 3.40% of the fissionable isotope
235
92
Uis used
as fuel for a ship. The water exerts an average frictional drag of 1.00 x 10
5
N on
the ship. Calculate the distance which the ship can travel per kilogram of fuel.
Assume that the ships engine has an efficiency of 20.0%.


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Distance traveled per kilogram of fuel = ___________________ m [4]

5 Carbon nanotubes have been one of the most exciting new materials discovered in the 1990s.
The structure of these cylindrical carbon molecules essentially can be conceptualized to be
formed by wrapping a single atomic layer of graphite into a seamless hollow cylinder. These
are known as single-walled nanotubes, as shown in Fig. 5.1 and Fig. 5.2. Carbon nanotubes
have many interesting properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in
nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science. They exhibit
extraordinary mechanical properties and unique electrical properties, and are efficient
conductors of heat.

Mechanical properties
Carbon nanotubes are among the stiffest and strongest materials known. This is essentially
due to the strong covalent bonds formed between the carbon atoms. Fig. 5.3 shows a table
which gives the Youngs modulus and breaking strength of three extremely strong materials
known today.

Material Young's modulus (GPa) breaking strength (GPa)
Single-walled carbon nanotubes ~1000 ~ 53
Stainless Steel ~200 ~0.65
Kevlar ~150 ~3.5
Fig. 5.3

Breaking strength can be defined as force per unit cross-sectional area.

The Youngs modulus of a material is given by the equation

Fig. 5.1

Fig. 5.2

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= =
A
0
stress applied on object
strain on object
F A
E
L L

E is the Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity)
F is the force applied to the object;
A is the original cross-sectional area through which the force is applied;
L is the amount by which the length of the object changes;
L
0
is the original length of the object.

Electrical conductivity
Studies have shown that carbon nanotubes have excellent electrical conductivity, surpassing
that of even silver. This can be attributed to the large amounts of free electrons that are
present in the structure. Carbon nanotubes have a high electrical current density of
4.0 10
9
A cm
-2
, a value that is about 1000 times greater than copper.

Thermal Conductivity
Carbon nanotubes are very efficient conductors of heat, even much more so than copper or
diamond. It is predicted that the thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes can reach values of
6000 W m
-1
K
-1
as compared to coppers thermal conductivity of 385 W m
-1
K
-1
. They are
thermally stable up to about 3000 K in vacuum and 1000 K in air.

(a) (i) Determine the maximum weight that can be hung from the end of a single-wall
carbon nanotube of cross sectional area of 10 nm
2
.

Maximum wieght = _______________ N

[2]

(ii) Calculate the work done required to extend a carbon nanotube of length 100 nm
and cross-sectional area of 100 nm
2
by 1% of its original length.


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Work Done = ______________ J

[3]

(iii) While carbon nanotubes are very resistant to tensional forces, they are not as
strong when compressional forces are applied. Give a reason for this.

..

..

..

[1]

(b) Thermal conductivity is a measure of how well an object is able to conduct heat energy
per unit time. It is dependent on three main factors. Two of the factors are: (i) the power
of the heat incident on the object and, (ii) difference in temperature per unit length of the
object (also known as temperature gradient). By using dimensional analysis or otherwise,
suggest an equation for thermal conductivity. Show your workings clearly.
[3]

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(c) With the invention of lasers and its development, there is an increasing need to protect
both the human eye and sensitive optical equipment from laser damage. Current
materials used to make protective goggles essentially work like filters. Filters work by
blocking out certain wavelengths while allowing other wavelengths to pass through. For
example, a scientist working with red laser would wear safety goggles with red filters,
while another scientist working with a blue laser would require a different type of goggles
with a blue filter. This not only means that different goggles are required for protection
against different wavelengths of lasers, but it is quite an uncomfortable experience to
wear such goggles for long periods of time. The filters dramatically reduce the intensity of
ambient light entering the eyes, which will reduce visibility and the scientists will see
everything in the same shade of colour.

Carbon nanotubes offer an exciting prospect as a solution to this problem, with its
excellent optical limiting properties. Carbon nanotubes are currently being researched to
investigate these properties. The experiments involve passing high powered lasers
through a suspension of carbon nanotubes in different solutions and then measuring the
output power. Fig. 5.4 below shows the experiemental results from one such experiment.

Fig. 5.4
(i) State which of the three suspensions provides the greatest protection against
lasers.

..

[1]
Suspension A
Suspension B
Suspension C

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(ii) Estimate the percentage reduction in output energy density when the input energy
density is 8.0 J cm
-2
when using Suspension C.

Percentage reduction = ________________ [2]

(iii) Using Fig. 5.4, and considering the low light intensity region, deduce why carbon
nanotubes are ideal materials for making laser safety goggles.

..

..

..

..

..

[2]

(d) Give 1 possible reason why carbon nanotubes are not widely used commercially.

..

.

[1]

End of Paper
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