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CHAPTER I SEISMIC

1.1.

Background Refers to majors curriculum Petroleum Engineers of Balongan Oil and Gas Academy That student is obliged to executes work practice by doing observation to facts happened (which is relating to Petroleum Engineering) area industry, face practice of executed. Then this practice work can give opportunity to student to extend knowledge and understanding about petroleum engineering (especially about seismic) and its application and gives image of public to student about condition of real work. In increasing quality of Indonesia human resource especially past master in technical field, required a separate skill which ready to follow competitive global competition. For the purpose, improvement of science and technology of petroleum engineering must be made balance with addition of direct knowledge in real work. Addition of knowledge in the real work for student is got by through practice work, and with the existence of work practice, this means science owned by student could be application. Work practice is one of stipulation of curriculum which must be executed by student of Balongan Oil and Gas Academy, to finalize D3 program. Fundamental principle from execution of this work practice is student does work relating to its study in a company where work practice of executed which good for increasing performance of student as past master in petroleum engineering. Performance of student is still unable to be adequate if only gets science in the college. It would be better if science gotten in the college is applied direct to the real work.

With the management of this practice work, expected the student can add the expertise and science which obtained in lecturing to be able and gives best contribution to its area either present and also in the future. 1.2. Purpose

1.2.1. General Purpose o o To applies the science from the college to the real field, Increases the creativity and the expertise of student.

1.2.2. Specific Purpose o o o 1.3. To determines the result of well hole measurement and knowing the well quality, Analyses the characteristic and the character of rock under surface, To find know if there were hydrocarbon or not in a zone formation.

Practice Work Benefit

1.3.1. For the Student Gives much of knowledge about its work which will be faced by student in the future, Give the opportunity to deepens science and also comprehends profession about technique to handle the problem in seismic process, Trains the student to think naturally in analyzing problem detailed then got problem solving appropriate to be applied, Trains the student in applying science which has obtaining of lecturing as according to condition of the field. 1.3.2. For the College As component of evaluation in increasing quality of student a period of which will come,

Constructs good connection between the academic persons and institution, Prepares good graduate and ready to work. 4.3. For the Company
Braids a good connection between academic persons with the company, Plays tricks on student to assist solving problems faced by company, as according to performance of the student, To know how far company knowledge in finalizing the problems in field To more recognizes about majors Petroleum Engineering at Balongan Oil and Gas Academy.

4.4.

Place and Execution Time This practice work will be executed in company which you lead. After adapted with academic schedule and the research time is planned about 1 (one) month, but I also would be flexible to company policy.

4.5.

Practice Activity Plan Proposed

ACTIVITY Study Literature

Data Collecting

1st WEEK

2nd WEEK

3th WEEK

4th WEEK

Analyses Data Presentation and Evaluation

CHAPTER II BASIC THEORY

There are three kinds of method to identify a formation that is: well test (at the time of production), Analysis core (at the time of exploration especially to analyses parameter from rock in formation) and Logging (at the time of exploration and exploitation). The existence of hydrocarbon at an area is gotten from research of geology and geophysics (seismic, magnetic, and gravitation). To proves there are hydrocarbons or there is no hydrocarbon potency at an area, we needs any detail from the surface (which its get from geology map and measured stratigraphy) and from the under surface (seismic, logging, coring and cutting). Any data from seismic surface will be applied to get data under surface in the form of rock lithology. If it was indicates existence of a reservoir, then to proves there were hydrocarbons or no, we should drilling the well hole and with refer to measurement in well (logging) and evaluated data result of record to ascertain there were subterranean hydrocarbon content. Logging is processing recording of reservoir rock physical properties by using wireline log. One of factor to determine quality of well is by doing assessment the formation of rock (formation evaluation). Assessment of formation is a subterranean characteristic analysis process and rock character by using result of measurement of well hole (logging). Assessment of formation can be done with quick look (quick interpretation) or by using software. Quick look is make an evaluation of log at cleans zone (clean formation) quickly on the field without using correction of bore hole environmental impact. With the assessment of formation, the field will be determinable of which is the prospect zone to be produced, so that advantage also obtainable.

To ascertain there were any prospect reservoir or not in undersurface, it is required to measures the bore hole (logging). Logging is a measurement process (recording) of rock properties by using wireline log. The result of logging will be got curves log, it was indicating physical properties in a rock layer from deflection of the curves. To find know how much the prospect of the zone that we has measured, it need to be evaluated with quick look method or use the software. Assessment of formation is an analysis process of the characteristic and rock properties under surface by using the result of measurement well hole (logging) then it will be applied to determine quality of the well. Main purpose of the formation evaluation is:
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Reservoir identification, Allowance account of hydrocarbon in place, Acquirement estimate of hydrocarbon.

Assessment of formation can be done with interpretation in overtakes (quick look). The interpretation applies 3 logs, that is: 1. Log which showing permeable zone
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Log SP (Spontaneous Potential Log) Log GR (Gamma Ray Log) IDL / LLD (Log Deep Resistivity) ILM / LLM (Log Medium Resistivity) MSFL (Micro Resistivity Log) Log Density (RHOB) Log Neutron (NPHI) Log Sonic (DT)

2. Log to measuring formation resistivity:

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3. Log measuring porosity:

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2.1.

Logs Which Showing Permeable Zone

2.1.1. Log SP (Spontaneous Potential Log )

Log SP is difference potential value record (milivolt) thats arising from a mobile electrode in the bore hole and passive electrode at the surface. This mobile electrode passing the various rock types with different characteristics and its fluid contents. Difference of salinity between muds and fluid in rock, causes the happening of negative and positive deflection of SP curve that was passes a rock permeable. Deflection is formed as result of existence of relation between electric current with electromotive forces (electrochemistry and electrokinetics) in formation. At Clay layer / shale, SP curve shows straight line so-called Shale Base Line" (SBL). At the permeable formation SP curve was go away from shale base line and reaches constant line at permeable layer which is enough is thick. Deviation of SP earns right or left depends on salt rate from water formation and mud filtrate. At the application SP log is applied as follows: 1. To identify layers which permeable, 2. Looks for permeable layer ridges and the correlation between pits based on the layer ridge, 3. Determines the value of water formation (Rw), 4. Gives qualitative indication of shale layer / as clay indicator 5. As depth reference for all log.
2.1.1.1. SP Log work principle

Measurement of SP log is done by the way of reducing / installs the equipment into hole and on the surface. Where an electrode is degraded into well hole then the equipment will record potential of electrics at various points with potential reference of electrode on the surface. Mud applied must have the character of conductive. Logging speed reached by this equipment can be reach 1500 m/hr.

Picture 2.1 Example of SP Log

2.1.1.2. Excess and Insuffiency of SP log

SP log has excesses as follows: 1. Reacts only at permeable layer, 2. The measurement was easy, 3. as permeable and non permeable layer indicator, 4. Can delimitate between permeable and non permeable layers. Insuffiency from SP log is: 1. Doesn't work for oil base mud, 2. Doesn't react if Rmf = Rw, 3. Can affect electric current, 4. The function isnt good at formation of carbonate

2.1.2. Log GR (Gamma Ray) Log Gamma Ray (GR), is the result of measurement which showing the level of radioactive intensity in formation. Log GR usually presented at first column, together with log SP curve and Caliper. Usually it has scale from left to right in 0-100 or 0-150 GAPI. Measurement of GR is done by the way of entering equipment of detector into bore hole. The formation which containing radioactive elements, it will transmit radioactive radiation where the intensity will be received by detector and noted at the surface. Because of radioactivity elements (pothasium) many implied in layers shale/clay, so that Log GR is very useful for knowing the shale content scale at permeable layer. draws the line of GR which having the price of maximum and minimum at one particular log, then the log GR curve which falling between the both lines is indication the existence of layer shale. The usefulness of log GR is:
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Evaluation of shale content Vsh (Clay volume) Determines where is the permeable layer, Evaluation of radioactive mineral ore Evaluation of mineral layer which is not radioactive, Correlation of log at mask well Correlation between wells

2.1.2.1. Log GR work Principle

In nature there are a lot of base material that is naturally contains radioactivity, that is Uranium (U), Thorium (Tho) and Potassium (K). GR Radioactivity comes from the third element of the radioactive; it does continue transmits GR in the form of high radiant energy modulations. This gamma ray can pierce rock and detected by gamma ray censor that is generally is scintillation detector. Every GR detected will generate electrical modulation at detector. Parameter recorded was number of modulations noted per set of time (count GR).

There are two kinds Equipment to measure GR, that is: 1. Standard Gamma ray Tool (SGT), 2. Natural Gamma ray Spectrometry Tool (NGT). SGT measures all arising natural GR, depth of investigation SGT about 10 inches and its vertical resolution also 10 inch. SGT measures all arising natural GR, depth of investigation SGT about 10 inch and vertical its (the resolution 10 inch. NGT besides measuring all GR, also measures GR energy and determines concentration of 3 kinds of element radioactive which is ordinary at nature that is: Uranium (Ur235/238), Potassium (isotope 19K40), Thorium (Thorium 232) where the depth of it investigation is about 15 inch and it vertical resolution is also15 inch. the other equipment applied is Induced Gamma Ray Tools, this equipment attached a radioactive source transmitting gamma ray with high energy. As the example is log density equipment, like; Formation Density Compensated (FDC) and Litho Density Tool (LDT).

Picture 2.2 Log Gamma Ray Principle

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2.2.

Logs Measuring Resistively Zone Resistively logs measures rock resistively value (solid and fluid in it) what needed to determines saturation value of water. There is three kinds of Log at resistively zone, that is: 1. Log Deep Resistively Log Deep Resistively is Log which applied to measure the resistively at uninvited zone / not the invasion zone, its stretch around > 3 feet, where this log divided to become two kinds based on mud applied wile drilling, that is: Induction Deep Log (ILD), which is applied if the mud used a fresh water base mud (freshwater), Lateral of Deep Log (LLD), which is applied if the mud used a salt water mud (brine), 2. Log Medium Resistively Log Medium Resistively is the log applied to measure resistively at the transition zone which it stretch around 15-3 feet. This log consisted of two kinds, that is: Induction Medium Log (ILM), which is applied if mud applied by water base mud. Lateral Medium Log ( LLM ), which is applied if mud applied by salt water mud. 3. Log Shallow Resistively (MSFL and SFLU) Log Shallow Resistively usually applies log MSFL, which applied to measure resistively at invasion zone by mud filtrate its spread around 1-6 feet. At the application of all log deep curves, medium, and shallow is recorded to uses electrodes or coils attached at cylindrical mandrel, and placed approximately in centralized in well hole. Micro resistivity equipment uses the censor attached at tread / pad and forced to patch at the wall hole during survey.

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2.2.1. Log Induction Log Induction is log that working on freshwater mud with formation resistively < 200 0hm-m, and Rmf/Rw > 20. Equipment induction determines resistively by the way of measuring rock conductivity. In coil transmitter is flown by high frequency alternating current with constant amplitude which will generate magnetic field in rock. This magnetic field generates Eddy current or Foucault current like the picture below. The Level of this current is equal to rock conductivity.

Picture 2.3 Induction Measurement Principle It is better to applies device induction log if: - Rmf/Rw > 2.5 - Rt < 200 ohm m - Layer Thick more than 10 feet - If the porosity under the Rw, but Rmf/Rw is still > 25 then lateralog tool in suggesting to be used.

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2.2.2. Lateral Log Lateral device of log engineered to measure rock resistively, what drilled with salty mud or a real conductive mud and used to detect the zones which containing hydrocarbon. Besides with salty mud, lateral log will work carefully at formation resistively > 200 ohms - m with Rmf/Rw < 20, where level of bore hole > 12 inch, with thickness of layer less than 10 feet and deep invasion > 40 inch. Sonde at this resistively device has buffer electrode (bucking electrode) to focused current survey and forces it to flowing in vertical direction to sonde. Current focused by this enables gauging done at rock with direction which more accurate. this thing is also refinement to gauging using the current that not focused, like ES ( Electrical Survey) the device former, where current survey prefer to flow in sludge, because sludge resistively lower than rock resistively. Lateral log device used for the survey in pit that mud contains having low resistively, and in the rock which having height resistively. Lateral log device in accurate figured the measures rock resistively in the range of 0.240000 ohm-m.

Picture 2.4 the principles of lateral Log device

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Picture 2.5 Typical Lateralog Presentation

2.3.

Logs Measuring Porosity Zone To measure the level of porosity at any zone, its need to applied three kinds of log, that is:

2.3.1 Density Log Log density is curve that showing density value (bulk density) pierced rock of bore hole, expressed in gr/cc. This density magnitude hereinafter applied to determine the rock porosity value. Density log together with neutron log applied to detect the existence of hydrocarbon.

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Modern density equipment also measures PEF (Photo Electric Effect) which good for determining rock lithologi , identifies the existence of heavy minerals and clay evaluate.

Picture 2.6 Work Principles Density Log

This device works from a radioactive source from grader transmitting gamma ray with certain energy intensity (generally 0.66 mev) that pierces formation / rock. Rock formed from prilled of structured mineral from atoms, it consisted of proton and electron. Gamma ray particle will collide electron in rock, causing experiences reduction of energy (loose energy). The energy returns (after experiencing collision) will be received by detector in the cylinder protector witch have 3 ft length, the protector is always patches at wall of the well. Level of the energy received by detector depended from: Matrix rock density Rock porosity The obstetrical density in rock

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2.3.2 Log Neutron Porosity logs which together with density log applied to determine the porosity and fluid content in it. Neutron is used to determine primary rock porosity (rock pore space loaded by water, petroleum, or gas). This device works is radioactive source (Am241Be) transmits neutron particle into rock with amount of energy about 5 Mev. This device works is radioactive source (Am241Be) transmits neutron particle into rock with amount of energy about 5 Mev. After neutron particle impinges with rock, this neutron energy decreases up to level 01 10 eV (level epithermal). Because the mass of hydrogen and neutron has the same, hydrogen atom has biggest performance to slowing down neutron particle compared to other atoms in rock. Then neutron particles that returns is catches and calculated by detector in grader. Speed of detector in calculating neutron particles was influenced by the existence of hydrogen concentration.

Picture 2.7 Neutron Log Work Principles Factors having an effect on curve N are: Shale / clay, Rock compaction, Salt water / fresh water content, Oil and gas content.

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Deflection from neutron log is increasingly dextrose of deflection of the curve, and then it was more consisting of hydrocarbon, furthermost deflection was indicating gas existence. 2.3.3 Log Sonic Log sonic is applied to get the price of rock porosity as at log density and neutron log. Log sonic depicts the speed time of noise sent/transmitted into formation so is catches again by receiver. Voice speed through formation of rock depends on especially by rock matrix and distribution of its porosity. Voice speed at rock with zero porosity named matrix speed (tma), for a few rock: tma free sands tma sandstone tma limestone tma dolomite = 55.5 sec / ft = 51.0 sec / ft = 47.5 sec / ft = 43.5 sec / ft

If the t price at sonic log is height, then also the price of rock porosity. Factors Having An In With t Curve: a. Shale Shale has big porosity even permeability comes near zero. So shale content will enlarge the t value. b. Rock compaction Compaction minimizes the porosity so that will reduce the t value. c. Water content Water content in rock tends to causes height t curve value. d. Oil Content Water (especially salt water) has better voice conductor character than oil. So the existence of oil will minimize t value. e. Gas Content

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Gas isnt good voice conductor, so that it will minimize the t value. 2.3.3.1. Sonic log application To determine sonic porosity ( s ) To determine clays volume ( Vs ) To determine the lithology with the other logs Timedepth relationship To determine reflection coefficients Mechanical properties Determines quality of cement CBL VDL

2.3.3.2. Log Sonic Work Principle sonic device measures the speed of sonic voice formation, Transmitter transmits a " pressure pulse" frequency 25 Hertz, This modulation yields 6 wave, that is : a. Waving compression and waving refraction shear creeping in formation, b. Two waving direct along the length of sonde and in mud, c. Two surface waves along the length of well hole wall (Pseudo Raleigh and Stanley), Speed of the waves between 4000 to 25 000 ft / sec depend on lithology, A compressional waving creeps from transmitter via mud to formation, then towards in formation, then creeps in mud again to reach the receiver, Transmitter transmits one modulations a network electronic measures time from this modulation until time where "the first negative excursion" detected by near receiver, Transmitter transmits one modulations again, Measured time from the second modulation until time where the first negative excursion" detected by far receiver.

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That different both the time is divided by interval receiver (span) about two ft then it wills yields formation transit times in microseconds / ft (sec/ft). A compressional transit time varies: - 40 sec / ft in hard formation, - 150 sec / ft in soft formation,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Fathoni, Hazam Assessment of Formation and log Interpretation . Indramayu.

Balongan Oil and Gas Academy 2. Sudarmo, Yan. 2002 Open Hole Interpretation.

3. Harsono, Adi Evaluation the Assessment of Formation