CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN

Name Atomic number Valence

Oxidation state

Hidrgeno 1 1
+1

Electronegativity Covalent Radius () Ionic Radius () Atomic Radius () Electronic Configuration First ionization potential (eV) Atomic mass (g/mol) Density (g/ml) Boiling Point (C) Melting Point (C) Discoverer
Hidrogen

2,1 0,37 2,08 1s1 13,65 1,00797 0,071 -252,7 -259,2

Boyle en 1671

Is the first element of the periodic table. In normal conditions is an colorless, odorless and tasteless, made up of diatomic molecules, H2. The hydrogen atom, the symbol H, consists of a core unit of positive charge and one electron. It has an atomic number and atomic weight of 1,00797 g / mol. One of the main constituents of the water and all organic matter, and is widely distributed not only on Earth but throughout the universe. There are three isotopes of hydrogen: protium, mass 1, which is more than 99.98% of the natural element, deuterium, mass 2, which in nature is approximately 0.02%, and tritium, mass 3, which appears in small amounts in nature but can be artificially produced by various nuclear reactions.
Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted H, H and H. Other, highly unstable nuclei ( H to H) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature.
1 4 7 1 2 3

H is the most common hydrogen isotope with an abundance of more than 99.98%.
[45]

Because the nucleus of this isotope consists of only a single proton, it is given the descriptive but rarely used formal name protium.
2

H, the other stable hydrogen isotope, is known as deuterium and contains one proton and

one neutron in its nucleus. Essentially all deuterium in the universe is thought to have been produced at the time of the Big Bang, and has endured since that time. Deuterium is not radioactive, and does not represent a significant toxicity hazard. Water enriched in molecules that include deuterium instead of normal hydrogen is called heavy water. Deuterium and its compounds are used as a non-radioactive label in chemical experiments and in solvents for H-NMR spectroscopy.
[47] 1 [46]

Heavy water is used as aneutron

moderator and coolant for nuclear reactors. Deuterium is also a potential fuel for commercial nuclear fusion.

H is known as tritium and contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus. It is

radioactive, decaying into helium-3 through beta decay with a half-life of 12.32 years. Small amounts of tritium occur naturally because of the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric gases; tritium has also been released during nuclear weapons tests. It is used in nuclear fusion reactions, as a tracer in isotope geochemistry, and specialized in selfpowered lighting devices. Tritium has also been used in chemical and biological labeling experiments as a radiolabel. Hydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. (During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given names, but such names are no longer used). The symbols D and T (instead of H and H) are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium, but the corresponding symbol P is already in use for phosphorus and thus is not available for protium. In its nomenclatural guidelines, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry allows any of D, T, H, and H to be used, although H and H are preferred.
2 3 2 3 2 3

Discovery and use

Main article: Timeline of hydrogen technologies Hydrogen gas, H2, was first artificially produced and formally described by T. Von Hohenheim (also known as Paracelsus, 14931541) via the mixing of metals with strong acids.
[55]

He was

unaware that the flammable gas produced by this chemical reaction was a new chemical element. In 1671, Robert Boyle rediscovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas.
[56]

In 1766, Henry

Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by identifying the gas from a metal-acid reaction as "flammable air" and further finding in 1781 that the gas produces water when burned. He is usually given credit for its discovery as an element. 1783, Antoine Lavoisier gave the element the name hydrogen (from the Greek hydro meaning water and genes meaning creator)
[58] [59] [57][58]

In

when he

and Laplace reproduced Cavendish's finding that water is produced when hydrogen is burned.

Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. year.
[58] [58]

He produced solid hydrogen the next

[57]

Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared Heavy water, which consists

in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck.

[58]

of deuterium in the place of regular hydrogen, was discovered by Urey's group in 1932. Franois Isaac de Rivaz built the first internal combustion engine powered by a mixture
[58]

of hydrogen and oxygen in 1806. Edward Daniel Clarke invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe in 1819. The Dbereiner's lamp and limelight were invented in 1823.

The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783.

[58]

[58]

Hydrogen

provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard.
[58]

German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the

idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak

of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war. The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was used in the Hindenburg airship, which was destroyed in a midair fire over New Jersey on May 6, 1937.
[58]

The incident was broadcast live on radio and filmed.

Ignition of leaking hydrogen is widely assumed to be the cause, but later investigations pointed to the ignition of the aluminized fabric coating by static electricity. But the damage to hydrogen's reputation as a lifting gas was already done. In the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 atDayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power & Light Co,
[60]

because of the thermal conductivity

of hydrogen gas this is the most common type in its field today. The nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2). Surveyor
[64] [61] [62] [63]

For example, the ISS,

Mars Odyssey

and the Mars Global

are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. The Hubble Space Telescope, at the

time its original batteries were finally changed in May 2009, more than 19 years after launch, led with the highest number of charge/discharge cycles.
Uses:

The most important use of hydrogen in the synthesis of ammonia. The use of hydrogen is rapidly increasing in the petroleum refining operations, like the breaking of hydrogen (hydrocracking) and treatment with sulfur elimination. Consumed large quantities of hydrogen in the catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated liquid vegetable oils for solid fats. Hydrogenation is used in the manufacture of organic chemicals. Large amounts of hydrogen are used as rocket fuel, in combination with oxygen or fluorine, and as a proponent of nuclear-powered rockets. Features: The ordinary hydrogen has a molecular weight of 2,01594 g.. The gas has a density of 0.071 g / l at 0 C and 1 atm. Its relative density, compared with air, it is 0.0695. Hydrogen is the most flammable of all known. Hydrogen is a little more soluble in organic solvents than in water. Many metals absorb hydrogen. The adsorption of hydrogen in steel can result in brittle, leading to failures in the chemical process equipment. At ordinary temperatures hydrogen is a very reactive substance unless it has been activated somehow, eg by a suitable catalyst. At elevated temperatures is very reactive.

Although generally is diatomic, molecular hydrogen dissociates at elevated temperatures in free atoms. Atomic hydrogen is a powerful reducing agent, even at room temperature. Reacts with the oxides and chlorides of many metals, including silver, copper, lead, bismuth and mercury, to produce the free metal. Metallic state down to its various salts such as nitrates, nitrites and sodium and potassium cyanide. Reacts with a number of elements, metals and nonmetals to produce hydrides such as NaH, KH, H2S and PH3. Atomic hydrogen produces hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, with oxygen. With organic compounds, the atomic hydrogen reacts to a complex mixture of products, with ethylene, C2H4, for example, the products are ethane, C2H6, and butane, C4H10. The heat that is released when hydrogen atoms recombine to form hydrogen molecules is used to obtain high temperatures in atomic hydrogen welding. Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water and this reaction is extremely slow at room temperature, but if the speeds a catalyst such as platinum, or an electrical spark is performed with explosive violence. With nitrogen, hydrogen undergoes a significant reaction to make ammonia. Hydrogen reacts at elevated temperatures with a number of metals and produces hydrides. Many metal oxides are reduced by hydrogen at high temperatures to obtain the free metal or a lower oxide. Hydrogen reacts at room temperature with the salts of the metals less electropositive and reduced to their metallic state. In the presence of a suitable catalyst, hydrogen reacts with unsaturated organic compounds by adding at the double bond.
Preparation: You can apply many different methods of preparing hydrogen gas. The choice of method depends on factors like the amount of hydrogen desired, the purity required and the availability and cost of raw material. Among the most commonly used processes are the reactions of metals with water or with acids, water electrolysis, the reaction of steam with hydrocarbons or other organic materials, and thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. The main raw material for producing hydrogen are hydrocarbons such as natural gas, oil refining, gasoline, fuel oil and crude oil.

Hydrogen Effects on health Effects of exposure to hydrogen Fire: Extremely flammable. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Blast: The mixture of gas with air is explosive. Routes of exposure: The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.Inhalation: High concentrations of this gas can cause an oxygen deficient environment.Individuals breathing such an atmosphere may experience symptoms that include headaches, ringing in the ears, dizziness, drowsiness, unconsciousness, nausea, vomiting and depression of all the senses. The skin of a victim may have a blue color.Under some circumstances can result in death. No hydrogen is supposed to cause mutagenicity, embryotoxicity, teratogenicity or reproductive toxicity. The preexisting respiratory disease may be aggravated by overexposure to hydrogen. Inhalation risk: If there are losses in its container, it quickly reaches a dangerous concentration. Physical hazards: The gas mixes well with air, explosive mixtures are easily formed. The gas is lighter than air. Chemical hazards: Heating may cause violent combustion or explosion. It reacts violently with air, oxygen, halogens and strong oxidants causing fire and explosion. Metal catalysts such as platinum and nickel, greatly enhance these reactions. Environmental Impacts of Hydrogen

Environmental stability: Hydrogen occurs naturally in the atmosphere. The gas dissipated rapidly in well ventilated areas. Effect on plants or animals: Any effect on animals would be due to oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Not expected to have adverse effects on plants, except for frost produced in the presence of rapidly expanding gases.

BIBLIOGRAFY http://www.lenntech.es/periodica/elementos/h.htm#Efectos%20ambientales%20del%20hidr %C3%B3geno