ABAP Programming Comp361

SAP TechEd 08
COMP361
Advanced ABAP Programming
Frank Bertelsmeier, NW F ABAP Daniel Housmans, NW Technical Consulting Sigrid Wortmann, NW F ABAP
Disclaimer
This presentation outlines our general product direction and should not be relied on in making a purchase decision. This presentation is not subject to your license agreement or any other agreement with SAP. SAP has no obligation to pursue any course of business outlined in this presentation or to develop or release any functionality mentioned in this presentation. This presentation and SAP's strategy and possible future developments are subject to change and may be changed by SAP at any time for any reason without notice. This document is provided without a warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement. SAP assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document, except if such damages were caused by SAP intentionally or grossly negligent.
SAP 2008 / SAP TechEd 08 / COMP361 Page 2
SAP TechEd 08
Learning Objectives
As a result of this workshop, you will be able to:

Deploy strings for efficient handling of text-based information Make use of regular expressions to process strings effectively Write compact code by using extended expression capabilities Utilize string templates to create formatted text Work proficiently and efficiently with the new features for internal tables Implement generic services by using dynamic WHERE conditions Optimize the performance of your programs using secondary keys
Benefit from new ABAP features of SAP NetWeaver 7.10 and 7.11
Agenda
1. Efficient Processing of Textual Data 1.1. Recab: String Data Types

1.2. Regular Expressions
2. Extended Expressions
2.1. Enhanced Expression Capabilities 2.2. String Expressions
3. New Features of Internal Tables

3.1. Dynamic WHERE Condition 3.2. Secondary Keys
SAP TechEd 08
Sequential Data Types in ABAP
Business information = sequences of characters or bytes

Customer names, addresses Product numbers, dates, currencies XML data Natural language
Overview of data types in ABAP representing character and byte sequences Character Special Byte
Fixed Size
D,
T,
Variable Size
STRING
XSTRING
Comparison of Strings and Fixed-Sized Fields
Strings Length adjusted dynamically at runtime Max length of 2,000,000,000 bytes Trailing blanks are significant Backquote literals `stringlit` Substring idiom +offset(length) for read access only
Fields Length fixed and preallocated Max length of 262.143 chars Trailing blanks are ignored Straight quote literals 'fieldlit' Subfield idiom +offset(length) for read and write access
Some benefits that ABAP strings provide

Efficient
management of string storage space garbage collection Automatic value sharing with copy-on-write
Automatic
SAP TechEd 08
Strings Values
String values are stored separately from variables in memory

DATA: BEGIN OF struc1, a(3) TYPE n, b(10) TYPE c, c(3) TYPE n, END OF struc1. struc1 is flat
1 2 3 A B C D E F G H I J 4 5 6 a b c
DATA: BEGIN OF struc2, a(3) TYPE n, b TYPE string, c(3) TYPE n, END OF struc2. struc2 is deep
1 2 3 string reference 4 5 6 a b c
string value
Decoupling of value and reference allows

Efficient Sharing
A B C D E F G H I J
resizing of strings of string values
String Storage Allocation
Memory allocation during a typical program run

DATA str TYPE string.
string reference (8 bytes) string header (16-32 bytes)
str = 'first'.
f i r s t
string value (variable)
str = 'second value'. SHIFT str BY 5 PLACES. str = 'another try'.
d a s
e n
v o c
a o t
n h l
u d e
e r
a t
r l
u y
str = 'a final value!'.
main memory
SAP TechEd 08
String Sharing
Values may be shared by multiple string references

DATA: str1 TYPE string, str2 TYPE string, str3 TYPE string. str1 = 'common'. str2 = str1. str3 = str2.
c o m m o n str1 str2 str3
references + headers
SHIFT str2 BY 4 PLACES.
Unsharing copy-on-write / lazy copy

Delays
costly copying as long as possible
Restrictions on Substrings
Substring idiom +offset(length) cannot be used to modify strings

DATA str TYPE string VALUE `strvalue`. WRITE / str+3(4). str+3(4) = `x`.
Use
" OK " would modify value
REPLACE statement (or replace function) instead
REPLACE SECTION OFFSET 3 LENGTH 4 OF str WITH `x`.
Field symbols cannot be used for substring access

Value
changes would necessitate updating all assigned field symbols
FIELD-SYMBOLS <fs> TYPE any. ASSIGN str+3(4) TO <fs>. SHIFT str RIGHT BY 2 PLACES.
" shifts char positions
SAP TechEd 08
Which Data Type to Choose
Advantages of character fields

to access (+off(len), flat structures) No internal overhead for accessing value
Easy
Advantages of strings
Storage
allocated dynamically
DATA custname TYPE c LENGTH ??. READ DATASET dset INTO line.
Common
values are shared
DATA customers TYPE TABLE OF cust_record. " cust_record = ( name, street, city )
Trailing
blanks are significant (may increase performance)

Checks 75 trailing blanks for finding end of text
DATA c80 TYPE c LENGTH 80 VALUE 'hello'. CONCATENATE c80 'world' INTO c80.
Agenda
1. Efficient Processing of Textual Data

1.1. Recab: String Data Types
1.2. Regular Expressions 2. Extended Expressions


SAP TechEd 08
Ubiquitous Text Processing
Checking
input for validity: Is credit card number well-formatted?

1234 5678 1234 5678 1234 5678 1234 5AB8
1234-5678-1234-5678
Extracting
information from text: What is the document ID requested by the web client?
http://sap.com/&user=frank&id=1234&lang=EN
Normalizing
values: Eliminate non-digits in phone number for data export

+49 (6227) 7-47474 496227747474
Improving Text Processing With REs
Regular Expressions (REs, regexes) provide powerful pattern language for text processing
Well
understood Developed by mathematician Kleene in the 1950s Powerful Highly focused special purpose language Many common text processing tasks turn into simple one-liners Standardized and widely used Made popular by Unix tools: grep, sed, awk, emacs Built into some languages like Perl and Java; add-on libraries available for many others
Stephen C. Kleene Image U. of Wisconsin
Early Unix de-facto standard formalized in PCRE and POSIX
ABAP supports POSIX-style regular expressions as of NetWeaver 7.0
SAP TechEd 08
Example: Remove HTML Tags
<h2 id="slogan">Leading the Web to Its Full Potential...</h2> <p class="small">The World Wide Web Consortium (<acronym>W3C</acronym>) develops interoperable technologies to lead the Web to its full potential. W3C is a forum for information, commerce, communication, and collective understanding. On this page, you'll find <a href="#news">W3C news</a>, links to <a href="#technologies">W3C technologies</a> and ways to <a href="#contents">get involved</a>. New visitors can find help in <cite><a href="/2002/03/new-to-w3c">Finding Your Way at W3C</a></cite>. We encourage you to read the <cite><a href="/Consortium/Prospectus/">Prospectus </a></cite> and learn <a href="/Consortium/">more about W3C</a>.</p>'
<>
Leading the Web to Its Full Potential... The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops interoperable technologies to lead the Web to its full potential. W3C is a forum for information, commerce, communication, and collective understanding. On this page, you'll find W3C news, links to W3C technologies and ways to get involved. New visitors can find help in Finding Your Way at W3C. We encourage you to read the Prospectus and learn more about W3C.
REPLACE ALL OCCURRENCES OF ?????? IN text WITH ''. '<[^>]*>'

Building Regular Expressions
Regular expressions are patterns built from

Literals
(characters) Operators (meta characters) . * + ? | ^ $ \ ( ) [ ] { } Prepending " \ " turns operators into literals
A regular expression pattern

represents a set of text strings matches text if entire text is represented by RE is used for searching text Regex 'hel+o' represents "helo", "hello", "helllo", ... matches "hello" is found in text "hello, world"
SAP TechEd 08
Basic Regex Building Blocks
Basic regex building blocks

The
dot " . " matches any single character The bar " | " lists alternatives Parentheses " ( ) " group subexpressions
Examples
RE a.b a|bc|de a|b(c|d) a(b|c.)d a|b|c|d|e|f Matches aab, a1b, a%b, a, bc, de a, bc, bd abd, acxd, ac$d, a, b, c, d, e, f Doesn't Match ab, aabb, acd, abxd, acxxd,
Adding Quantifiers to Regular Expressions
Matching multiple characters at once
Asterisk " * " denotes arbitrary repetition of previous character Op. r* r+ r{m,n} r? Represents zero or more repetitions of r one or more repetitions of r between m and n repetitions optional r Example ab* .* ab+ a{2,4} ab?c Matches a, ab, abb, (anything) ab, abb, aa, aaa, aaaa ac, abc
Use " ( ) " to repeat more complex subexpressions (aa|b)* .(..)* (empty), aa, b, aaaa, aab, bb, aaaaaa, (anything with an odd number of characters)
SAP TechEd 08
Sets and Classes
Sets define single character alternatives concisely

Literals Ranges Negation Mixed
Operators To
[aA1.] [a-c0-9] [^aA1] [^0-9]
a, A, 1, or . a, b, c, or any digit any one character but a, A, or 1 any one character but a digit
like " * . ( ) " have no special meaning inside sets
include " [ ] ^ - \ ", use escape character " \ " Ranges such as [-] may be platform-dependent
Caution!
Predefined classes provide cross-platform character subsets

Letters [:alpha:] Digits [:digit:] \d \D
Alphanum [:word:] \w \W
Lowercase [:lower:] \l \L
Whitespace [:space:] \s \S
Control [:cntrl:]
Validating Data With Regular Expressions
Validating data with regular expressions

Data
input is valid if and only if it matches against regex pat IF cl_abap_matcher=>matches( pattern = pat text = input ) = abap_true. " accept valid input ELSE. " reject invalid input ENDIF.
False
positives = data is invalid but matches False negatives = data is valid but does not match
Strike
the right trade-off: Complexity of regex vs Cost of false positives/negatives
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SAP TechEd 08
Working With Regular Expressions
Design regex that matches given input if input resembles a plausible credit card number
Check
for valid symbols [\d\s\-]+

\d = 1 digit \s = 1 whitespace
Check
for correct number of digits \d{15,16}
Combining
both checks: Naive approach [\d\s\-]{15,16}
Combining
both checks: Correct version \s*(\d[\s\-]*){15,16}
Exercise: Write simple regular expressions that

match all text samples shown in the left column and do not match any text samples shown in the right column
System access

Log into system M55 Start transaction SE38 Run report ZTE08_REGEX_EX1
Usage

Click on arrows to navigate between individual exercises Click SHOW to display sample solution
EXERCISE 1a
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SAP TechEd 08
Using Regular Expressions in ABAP
RE support integrated into FIND and REPLACE statements

Finding
first occurrence FIND REGEX pattern IN text MATCH OFFSET off MATCH LENGTH len.
Replacing
all occurrences
REPLACE ALL OCCURRENCES OF REGEX pattern IN text WITH new REPLACEMENT COUNT cnt.
Supports
all known additions, e.g., IGNORING CASE support for FIND ALL OCCURRENCES Additional support for searching internal tables REs limited to CHARACTER MODE
Additional
Searching With Regular Expressions
Searching returns leftmost-longest match within text

FIND REGEX '.at' IN text ... The cat with the hat sat on Cathy's mat. cat hat
sat
Cat
mat
"Leftmost" takes precedence over "longest"

FIND REGEX '.at(\w|\s)*th' IN text ... The cat with Cathy's hat thus sat on the mat. cat with cat with Cath hat th hat thus sat on th sat on th
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SAP TechEd 08
Getting Information From FIND and REPLACE
Obtain individual information by using additions

FIND REGEX pattern IN [TABLE] text MATCH COUNT cnt MATCH LINE lin MATCH OFFSET off MATCH LENGTH len.
Contains Success Get
REPLACE REGEX pattern IN [TABLE] text WITH new REPLACEMENT COUNT cnt REPLACEMENT LINE lin REPLACEMENT OFFSET off REPLACEMENT LENGTH len.
information about the last match/replacement, if any
indicated by sy-subrc and MATCH COUNT match text by offset and length access
text+off(len)
Replacement Not
information is about replacement text, not text replaced suitable for obtaining information on all matches/replacements
Using ABAP Regex Classes
ABAP Objects provides two classes for using REs

Regex
class cl_abap_regex
cl_abap_regex
Stores preprocessed RE pattern for increased performance Should be reused to avoid costly re-processing Matcher class cl_abap_matcher Central class for interaction with REs Links text to regex object Stores copy of text to process (efficient for strings, costly for fixed-length fields)

a*b
cl_abap_matcher
Tracks matching and replacing within text
___ ___ ___
$0
Using regex classes in ABAP

Create Use
regex and matcher and interact with matcher static class methods of matcher as a shorthand
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SAP TechEd 08
Using Regex Classes for Matching
The matcher objects keeps track of the current match

1. Initially, there is no match 2. By calling find_next( ), the next unprocessed match in text is located and stored in the matcher object
cl_abap_matcher
___ ___ ___
-cl_abap_matcher
___ ___ ___ 5. By calling replace_found( ), the match just found is replaced as specified
match
3. Information about the current match can be retrieved by calling get_match( ).
4. By calling find_next( ) again, the matcher advances to the next unprocessed match
Matcher Interface
Finding find_next( ) match( ) Replacing replace_found( new ) replace_next( new ) Querying get_offset( [index] ) get_length( [index] ) get_line( ) get_match( ) get_submatch( index ) replace_all( new ) find_all( )
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SAP TechEd 08
Typical ABAP Code For Using Regex Classes
Set
up matcher using factory
DATA matcher TYPE REF TO cl_abap_matcher. matcher = cl_abap_matcher=>create( pattern = 'a*b' text = mytext ).
Process
text with find and replace
WHILE matcher->find_next( ) = abap_true. * query match found len = matcher->get_length( ). * determine replacement repl = compute_my_replacement( len ). matcher->replace_found( repl ). ENDWHILE.
Working With Submatches
Capturing parentheses store submatches for later reference

(\d+)/(\d+)
Match
required by 10/31 at the latest
is subdivided into submatches and stored internally

(\d+) i r e d b y 1 0 / / (\d+) 3 1 a t t h e
1st submatch
One
2nd submatch
of the most useful features of REs!
Submatches can be
retrieved referred
for further analysis/processing to within pattern referred to within replacement

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SAP TechEd 08
Extracting Parts With Submatches
Submatches extract selected parts from a larger text

url = 'http://sap.com/&login=frank@secret&lang=EN'.
Use
regex to locate information in larger text

http://sap.com/&login=frank@secret&lang=EN &login=\w+@\w+
Use
subgroups to extract relevant parts only

&login=frank@secret &login=(\w+)@(\w+)
Submatches
easily retrieved with FIND additions
DATA: user TYPE string, pass TYPE string. FIND REGEX '&login=(\w+)@(\w+)' IN url SUBMATCHES user pass.
Avoiding Common RE Pitfalls (1)
Matches are greedy " .* " usually matches way too much
Wrong
approach for matching delimited parts

<.*> try to match HTML tag
This
greedily matches the largest possible substring Some we <want>, and some we <don't>.
Solution:
Include delimiters in negated character set

<[^>]*> inside * loop stops at first > character seen
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SAP TechEd 08
Avoiding Common RE Pitfalls (2)
Part delimiters may be escaped or quoted

Too-relaxed
approach for extracting ABAP string literals
FIND ALL OCCURRENCES OF REGEX '`[^`]*`' RESULTS res.

This
will stop at doubled quotes within character literals WRITE / `The ``good' news is ...`.
Possible
solution: List exceptions explicitly `([^`]|``)*`
Applies
similarly to quoted delimiters: <tag attr="abc>xyz"> <([^>]|"[^"]+")*>
Going Overboard
So youd like to reject all invalid dates 2/30/2006 Would you use this regex then? ^(?=\d)(?:(?:31(?!.(?:0?[2469]|11))|(?:30 |29)(?!.0?2)|29(?=.0?2.(?:(?:(?:1[6-9]|[2 -9]\d)?(?:0[48]|[2468][048]|[13579][26])| (?:(?:16|[2468][048]|[3579][26])00)))(?:\ x20|$))|(?:2[0-8]|1\d|0?[1-9]))([-./])(?: 1[012]|0?[1-9])\1(?:1[6-9]|[2-9]\d)?\d\d( ?:(?=\x20\d)\x20|$))?(((0?[1-9]|1[012])(: [0-5]\d){0,2}(\x20[AP]M))|([01]\d|2[0-3]) (:[0-5]\d){1,2})?$ Some things are best left to ABAP!
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SAP TechEd 08
Summary Efficient Processing of Text
Data types STRING and XSTRING support efficient text processing

Dynamic memory allocation Sharing & Copy-on-Demand
Regular Expressions

Powerful to describe patterns of text Used for validation, searching, extracting of text
To learn more

Run ABAP report DEMO_REGEX_TOY Check the ABAP online documentation
Exercise: Write a simple ABAP program that

reads all $ amounts from an input text and replaces them by the doubled value
System access

Log into system M55 Start transaction SE38 Copy report ZTE08_REGEX_EX2_XX
EXERCISE 1b
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SAP TechEd 08
Agenda

1.1. Recab: String Data Types 1.2. Regular Expressions
2. Extended Expressions 2.1. Enhanced Expression Capabilities

2.2. String Expressions

Expressions Situation before NetWeaver 7.10
Computational

expressions only supported in COMPUTE statement
Arithmetic expressions (calculating numbers) Binary expressions (calculating bits)
Only
pure logical expressions used in control statements
tmp1 = n / i. tmp2 = ME->meth( tmp1 ) * i. IF tmp2 = n. EXIT. ENDIF.

Swamping Restricted
of code with helper variables
use of few built-in functions and functional methods in very few operand positions only
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SAP TechEd 08
Expressions Situation as of NetWeaver 7.10
New
kind of computational expression: String expressions Computational expressions supported in

various (input) operand positions logical expressions
IF ME->meth( n / i ) * i EXIT. ENDIF.

Computation as actual method parameter
Enlarged
= n.
Computation as operand in a logical expression
set of built-in functions including string and predicate functions Functional methods allowing nested and chained method calls
Compact
and efficient code with in-place expressions
Examples for New Expression Positions

v1 v2 v3 IF = a + b. = c - d. = meth( v2 ). v1 > v3.
In logical expressions
IF a + b > meth( c d ).
Numeric input operand
len = strlen( txt ) - 1. DO len TIMES. idx = lines( itab ). READ TABLE itab INDEX idx regex = oref->get_pat( ). FIND REGEX regex IN txt.
DO strlen( txt ) 1 TIMES. READ TABLE itab INDEX lines( itab ) FIND REGEX oref->get_pat( ) IN txt.
Method call in generic input operands
tab = oref->tab( ). start = i + 1. end = n 1. APPEND LINES OF tab FROM start TO end TO t.
APPEND LINES OF oref->tab( ) FROM i + 1 TO n 1 TO t.
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SAP TechEd 08
Expressions in Method Parameters
o->m( abs( i * 2 ) + 1 ). cl=>m( p1 = i + 1 p2 = 2 ** j ).
Unnamed actual parameter Named actual parameters Parameter is method call
o->m( cl=>m( p1 = o->i~m( 7 ) ) ). cl=>m( pInt = 12 / 10 pDec = 12 / 10 ).
Any numeric formal parameter accepts arithmetic computation Formal parameter type contributes to calculation type (pInt 1, pDec 1.2)
o->m( pX10 = BIT-NOT x1 pXStr = x1 BIT-OR x2 ).
Any binary formal parameter accepts binary computation Instance constructor parameter Exception constructor parameter
CREATE OBJECT o EXPORTING p = i + 1 . RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE lcx EXPORTING p = i + 1 .
Method Call Chains
Chained method call
cl=>m1( )->m2( ).
Terminal chained attribute access
IF o->m1( )->intf~m2( )->a > 1.

Intermediate chained attribute access
CASE cl=>m1( )->obj->m2( ) .
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SAP TechEd 08
Extended Expressions Pitfalls
*No compiler optimizations, like
common subexpression elimination loop invariant extraction
programmers responsibility: temporary variables
*ABAP is now also obfuscation enabled

lcl=>cm_ii( 1 + abs( lcl=>factory2( f_in1 = lcl=>factory0( )->m_lif( )->im_lif( )->im_ii( i ) f_in2 = lcl=>cm_ii( 2 ** i ) - 3 )->m_ii( lcl=>factory1( f_in = j + 4 )->m_lif_i( 5 )->im_ii( 6 ) ) ) ). But: Debugger support for complex expressions

Display of method return value Display of intermediate computation results (by reducing the step size)
Agenda

2.1. Enhanced Expression Capabilities
2.2. String Expressions 3. New Features of Internal Tables

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SAP TechEd 08
String Expressions
New kind of computational expressions: String Expressions

Concatenations String Templates
txt1 && txt2 |Text{ expression format = }Text|
String Expressions

Used to create formatted or technical text (e.g. xml) conveniently Usable in expression positions just like arithmetic or binary expressions Substitute masses of

WRITE TO and character-like helper variables (for conversions and formatting) CONCATENATE
New Built-In Functions

23 functions returning a string result 8 functions returning a non-string result 4 new predicates on strings
In-place Concatenations
Concatenation operator txt1 && txt2

Replaces CONCATENATE statement and many auxiliary variables
DATA txt TYPE string. CONCATENATE txt1 txt2 INTO txt. CONDENSE txt. txt = condense( txt1 && txt2 ).
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SAP TechEd 08
String Templates
String Templates mix literal text with evaluated result of expressions |Text{ expression format = }Text|
Literal Text Embedded Expression Format Options Literal Text
result = |{ txt width align WRITE / result. result = |{ txt width align WRITE / result. result = |{ txt width align WRITE / result.
= 20 = left
pad = pad }<---|.
= 20 = center pad = pad }<---|. = 20 = right
pad = pad }<---|.
txt = OOO and pad = x yield

String Templates
String Templates

Evaluation includes conversions, formatting and concatenating Directly supports the use of control characters (like \n for newline) Cannot stretch over multiple lines (use & to concatenate across lines) \n| &
s = |Hello, \n| & |today is { sy-datum date = iso } |now is { sy-uzeit time = iso }|.
Replaces WRITE TO statement and many auxiliary variables
if intval < 0. cvar = '-'. write intval to cvar+1 no-sign left-justified no-grouping. s = cvar. else. s = intval. s = |{ intval }|. endif.
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SAP TechEd 08
Literal Text in String Templates
Literal Text

Consists of all characters between | and { resp. } and | (including spaces) May contain escaped characters or control characters
Escape character \ needed for Character \ Character | Character { Character } Control characters Tab (0x9) Newline (0xA) Return (0xD) \t \n \r \\ \| \{ \}
Embedded Expressions in String Templates
Embedded Expressions

Introduced by { and } within string template Mandatorily starts with an expression which result is converted to a string
s = |<line index={ sy-tabix } | & |kind={ o->get_kind( ) }>|.
Optional named parameters can be used to format the resulting string
s = |timestamp={sy-datum date = iso }T| & |{sy-uzeit time = iso }|.

Format options
Line breaks within the embedded expression are insignificant
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SAP TechEd 08
General Formatting Options
For all value types

width align pad case [integer number] {left|right|center} [character] {raw|upper|lower} Overall output width Alignment (left is default) Padding character Character case
Formatting Options for Numeric Values
For numeric values

sign {left|leftplus|leftspace| right|rightplus|rightspace} exponent decimals zero number style currency [integer number] [integer number] {yes|no} {raw|user|environment} Constants from CL_ABAP_FORMAT Entries from DB table TCURC Sign discipline (left is default) Exponent Number of decimal places Zero suppression Decimal format (raw is default) Output format for floating point numbers Currency code
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SAP TechEd 08
Formatting Options for Date and Time Values
For date and time

date raw user iso environment raw user iso environment space user iso user (20080906) apply user setting (2008-09-06) apply locale setting 182504 apply user setting 18:25:04 apply locale setting date space time user setting data T time apply user setting Date format (raw is default) Time format (raw is default) Time stamp format
time
timestamp
timezone
Values from DB-table TTZZ-TZONE
Time zone
String Processing before Release 7.10
Set of statements, e.g., CONCATENATE SPLIT CONDENSE FIND SUBSTRING | REGEX REPLACE SUBSTRING | REGEX Set of logical operators , e.g., CS, NS CA, NA CP, NP Set of built-in describing functions , e.g., strlen( ... ) charlen( ... ) Substring access via offset-length specification ... text+off(len) ...
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New Built-in String Functions Examples
String processing is now directly available in expressions result = condense( val = ` Rock'xxx'Roller` del = `re ` from = `x` to = `n` ). gives "Rock'n'Roll" html = `<title>This is <i>title</i></title>`. repl = `title`. html = replace( val regex with occ = = = = html repl && `(?![^<>]*>)` `Treasure Island` 0 ).
gives "<title>This is <i>Treasure Island</i></title>" IF contains( val = email match = `\w+(\.\w+)*@(\w+\.)+(\w{2,4})` ). true if email contains a valid e-mail address
Functions Returning a String (1)
Extracting Substrings substring( val = s [off = i1] [len = i2] ) substring_after( val = s (sub|regex) = s1 [occ = i1] [len = i2] ) substring_from( val = s (sub|regex) = s1 [occ = i1] [len = i2] ) substring_before( val = s (sub|regex) = s1 [occ = i1] [len = i2] ) substring_to( val = s (sub|regex) = s1 [occ = i1] [len = i2] ) segment( val = s index = i [sep = s1] ) match( val = text regex = regex [occ = occ] ) Shifting Strings shift_left( [val =] s [places = i1 | circular = i2 | sub = s1] ) shift_right( [val =] s [places = i1 | circular = i2 | sub = s1] )
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Transforming Strings replace( val = s (sub|regex) = s1 with = s2 [occ = i1] [case = c] ) insert( val = s sub = s1 [off = i] ) repeat( val = s occ = i ) condense( [val =] s [del = s1] [from = s2] [to = c] ) reverse( [val =] s ) escape( val = s format = f ) translate( val = s from = s1 to = s2 ) to_upper([val =] s ) to_lower([val =] s ) to_mixed( [val =] s [sep = c1] [case = c2] [min = i] ) from_mixed( [val =] s [sep = c1] [case = c2] [min = i] )
Concatenation of table lines concat_lines_of( [table =] t [sep = s] ) Boolean Evaluations boolc( logical-expression ) boolx( bit = i bool = logical-expression ) Returns X if logical-expression is true else Returns byte with bit i set to 1 if logicalexpression is true else 0 (bit-set) Concatenates lines of <t> separated by <s>
if condition . temp_flag = 'X'. else. temp_flag = ' '. endif. oref->meth( temp_flag ).
oref->meth( boolc( condition ) ).
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SAP TechEd 08
Functions Describing Strings
Searching Substrings (Return the offset of the found location) find( val = s (sub|regex) = s1 [off = i1] [len = i2] [occ = i3] [case = c] ) find_end( val = s (sub|regex) = s1 [off = i1] [len = i2] [occ = i3] [case = c] ) find_any_of( val = s sub = s1 [off = i1] [len = i2] [occ = i3] ) find_any_not_of( val = s sub = s1 [off = i1] [len = i2] [occ = i3] ) Counting Substrings (Return number of found locations) count( val = s (sub|regex) = s1 [off = i1] [len = i2] [occ = i3] [case = c] ) count_any_of( val = s sub = s1 [off = i1] [len = i2] [occ = i3] ) count_any_not_of( val = s sub = s1 [off = i1] [len = i2] [occ = i3] ) Similarity of Strings (Returns Levenshtein distance) distance( val1 = s1 val2 = s2 [max = i] )
Predicate Functions on Strings
Containing Substrings or Characters contains( val = s (sub|start|end|regex) = s1 [off = i1] [len = i2] [occ = i3] [case = c] ) contains_any_of( val = s (sub|start|end) = s1 [off = i1] [len = i2] [occ = i3]) contains_any_not_of( val = s (sub|start|end) = s1 [off = i1] [len = i2] [occ = i3] ) Matching a Regular Expression matches( val = text regex = regex [off = off] [len = len] )
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SAP TechEd 08
Summary Extended Expressions
Extended use of expressions

Supported in many operand positions, especially for internal table statements Seamless integrated in OO context (nested method calls, chaining)
String expressions

Simple, however very powerful Intuitively use like arithmetic expressions Rich set of formatting options Rich set of built-in string functions
To learn more

Run ABAP report DEMO_EXPRESSIONS Check the ABAP online documentation
Exercise: Write a simple ABAP program that
creates an HTML page using string templates
System access

Log into system M55 Start transaction SE38 Copy report ZTE08_STRING_EX_XX
EXERCISE 2
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SAP TechEd 08
Agenda


Need for a dynamic WHERE condition
The ABAP environment gives programmers powerful meta programming facilities for generic programming

Dynamic or generic language support Introspection abilities (RTTC) Program generation (at runtime)
Problem:

Some constructs of ABAP can only be used statically. Therefore programmers are often forced to use program generation as a work around
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SAP TechEd 08
Dynamic WHERE Condition since 7.10
One of these missing features is now available:
LOOP with dynamic WHERE condition
generic
generic
dynamic
Features
The dynamic WHERE condition obeys the same rules as the static WHERE condition:

For the left hand side of the operators are only components of the table line permitted The right hand side is evaluated at the LOOP entry.
Dynamic WHERE conditions can also be specified for:

MODIFY ... WHERE DELETE ... WHERE
(The same rules apply in these cases.)
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SAP TechEd 08
Elements of a dynamic WHERE condition
Examples for allowed constructs are:

All arithmetic and string operations
Boolean operator: and, or, not, equiv
Additional Features
Dynamic WHERE conditions can also handle the following constructs

Method calls and attribute access Arithmetic expressions Predefined functions Access via data references Dynamic WHERE condition has full secondary key support
Performance aspects
The component and value parts should have the same type to avoid internal conversions. If a table key is appropriately covered (left initial piece for SORTED, all components for HASHED keys) the WHERE condition can be optimized As an internal optimization a cache is implemented to reuse static information
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SAP TechEd 08
Exception handling
There is the exception CX_SY_ITAB_DYN_LOOP to handle incorrect WHERE conditions
DEMO
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SAP TechEd 08
Agenda


Why Secondary Keys for Internal Tables ?
Benefits from key tables (available since 4.0)

Fast
O(1) key access for hashed tables
time
size
O(1)
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SAP TechEd 08

Fast
O(1) key access for hashed tables Fast O(log n) key access for sorted tables Fast partial sequential processing for sorted tables (LOOP WHERE optimization)
time
size
O(log n) O(1)

Fast
O(1) key access for hashed tables Fast O(log n) key access for sorted tables Fast partial sequential processing for sorted tables (LOOP WHERE optimization)
Low performance in productive context
Non-primary key access

Slow
time
O(n) runtime behavior cause performance problems To be optimized by error prone hand-coded secondary key access
Might
Good perfomance at first glance
size
O(n) O(log n) O(1)
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SAP TechEd 08
Evolution of Internal Tables
Standard Tables
Since the beginning of ABAP in the 80ies
Sorted/Hashed Tables
Since mid of the 90ies
Secondary Keys
Coming with NetWeaver 7.1
Counterpart to database tables Paged memory allocation (high scalability) Fast index access Linear key access (O(n))
Fast key access (O(log n)) for sorted tables O(1) for hash tables High scalability due to Tree data structures for the indices of sorted tables
Additional (multiple) secondary keys on arbitrary internal tables Lazy index update Saves memory costs Reduces runtime costs Delayed index update for unique keys
General purpose hash administration for hash tables
Secondary Keys Design Goals
Provide secondary key support analogously to database

Multiple
secondary keys are allowed key definitions are warned
Contradictory
Ease of use
Canonical Only
embedding into the ABAP language
moderate changes necessary to make use of secondary keys in existing programs
No change of semantics when adding secondary keys to a table type definition (compatibility)
No
automatism in selecting an appropriate key at statement level specification of the key to be used, instead
Explicit Syntax
warning if some secondary key seems to fit better (workflow support for code refactoring projects)
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SAP TechEd 08
Defining Secondary Keys
Secondary However,
keys are part of a table type definition, i.e. they are statically defined
the key and its components to be used in a statement (READ, LOOP, ) can be specified dynamically definition of a secondary key has to be complete, i.e. the following properties have to be fully specified Name of the key: it has to be unique for the table Access kind: HASHED or SORTED Uniqueness kind: UNIQUE or NON-UNIQUE, where a hash key has to be unique Key components: either a user-defined list of component names or the pseudo-component TABLE_LINE

The
Reserved Up
key names: PRIMARY_KEY and LOOP_KEY
to 15 secondary keys
Non-Unique vs. Unique Secondary Keys
Non-unique (sorted) secondary keys

Lazy
index update, i.e. index is not flushed before it is actually used
No memory costs if not used Thus, perfectly suitable to tune existing programs
Unique secondary keys

Uniqueness
is a semantic constraint, i.e. immediate response (exception/runtime error) if violated by atomic operations (INSERT, MOVE, SELECT, )
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SAP TechEd 08
Defining Secondary Keys - Examples
Defining Secondary Keys Redundancy Warnings

Syntax check warns if redundant key definitions are found
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SAP TechEd 08
Defining Secondary Keys ABAP Dictionary

ABAP Dictionary (SE11) New tabstrip Secondary Key Up to 15 secondary table keys allowed
DEMO
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SAP TechEd 08
Database table vs. Internal table: Comparison of secondary keys

Database tables:

Optimizer decides which key to be taken In general, the result set is returned in an arbitrary order, i.e. SELECT has set semantics
Internal tables:
Order of entries in a table is well

STANDARD/HASHED tables: insert order
SORTED tables: insert position (duplicates inserted on top of already existing entries with the same key values) No implicit decision of the key to be taken possible Therefore, explicit key specification required
Why is there no Implicit Optimization?
x 2 1 3
y 1 3 2
Name Miller Johnson Smith
Results using primary key

Miller Smith Johnson
different order
Results using secondary key

Johnson Miller Smith
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SAP TechEd 08
Using Secondary Keys: INSERT, MOVE, SELECT, ...

INSERT into a table with secondary keys:

There are no syntax extensions for secondary keys for the inserting statements (INSERT, MOVE, SELECT INTO, ) The primary key is updated immediately NOOP for a single INSERT on a SORTED or HASHED tables, if the entry already exists (return code instead) Runtime error in case of block operations for DupRecs Unique secondary keys are also immediately updated Catchable exception for a single INSERT operation Runtime error in case of block operations for DupRecs
Non-unique secondary keys have a lazy update They are updated when the table is accessed using this key No memory costs before first use (except basic administrative costs)
Using Secondary Keys: READ with Respect to a Secondary Key

New addition USING KEY KeyName
New addition KeyName COMPONENTS for WITH clauses
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SAP TechEd 08
Using Secondary Keys: LOOP with Respect to a Secondary Key

New addition USING KEY KeyName
Same rules as for READ in combination with a WHERE-clause

Condition
to be given in the following form:
comp1 = val1 AND AND compn = valn

Additional
non-key components may follow connected with AND
Using Secondary Keys: Other Statements Supporting Secondary Keys

Addition USING KEY KeyName for DELETE and MODIFY
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SAP TechEd 08
Using Secondary Keys: Key Components have to be provided

Using a secondary key in combination with WHERE ... or WITH KEY ... requires the following:

for a HASHED key all components have to be listed for a SORTED key at least a left initial part of the key component list has to be given
This is a difference between the (implicitly used) primary table key and secondary keys. The reason is that the expected runtime optimizations can only be achieved under these conditions.
Tool Support: Performance Hints by the ABAP Compiler (1)

If specified, a secondary keys must be usable:

Syntax error if it can be statically decided that a key cannot be used Runtime error if this occurs in dynamically specified statements
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SAP TechEd 08
Tool Support: Performance Hints by the ABAP Compiler (2)

If no specific key is given, the compiler checks
Whether some secondary can be used efficiently for the particular statement and gives syntax warnings These warnings are switchable by pragmas (available with 7.11)
Tool Support: Debugging Support for Secondary Keys

Special features of the new ABAP debugger for secondary keys:

Flush for outdated non-unique secondary Watch points on secondary key changes Debugger symbol key_status( ItabName KeyName )
Other helpful debugger features:
Memory objects (hit lists) Identify how much memory is currently occupied by an internal table Memory snap shots Make snap shots before and after flushing a secondary key to get the memory actually allocated by the flush
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SAP TechEd 08
Tool Support: Flushing Non-Unique Keys in Debugger
Data of the non-unique key NUSORT is outdated Use to flush it
Tool Support: Watch points on Key changes

Debugger symbol key_status( ItabName KeyName)
Returns 1, if the secondary key keyName is outdated Returns 0, if it is up-to-date
Can be used in a watchpoint definition
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SAP TechEd 08
DEMO
Incremental Key Changes
Delayed index update for incremental key changes

No index flush if key components are changed via pointer or reference access Update is delayed until the next table statement or the table is passed as a parameter to a method, function, Avoids duplicate record exception during update for unique keys Requires debugging support (watch points on key changes) because there might be a significant time gap between the key changes and the index flush
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SAP TechEd 08
Delayed Update of Unique Keys
Unique key
16 17
5 5
Unique key
16 17
5 5
ref
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SAP TechEd 08
Unique key
17 17
5 5
ref
Immediate update would result in a duplicate record exception ! Therefore, update is delayed until next table statement
Unique key
17 17
4 5
ref
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SAP TechEd 08
Unique key
17 17
4 5
ref
Active Key Protection
Primary key components are write protected
Key components of sorted or hash tables are write protected, i.e. no changes via pointers or references possible (runtime error)
Generalization for secondary keys
Within a loop with respect to a certain secondary key, the corresponding key components are also write protected Within nested loops, the union of the primary key components and all secondary key components currently in use (active keys) are write protected
Technically this requires key component surveillance at every write operation
Components of non-active keys can be overwritten (delayed index update)
Otherwise, i.e. if all components of all secondary keys would also be write protected: adding additional keys to an already existing internal table might result in incompatibility
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SAP TechEd 08
Active Key Violation - Example
The following coding shows an example for an active key violation resulting in the runtime error ITAB_ACTIVE_KEY_VIOLATION
Summary: Features
The design of secondary keys allows an easy integration in existing and new coding

Few syntax additions (USING KEY, COMPONENTS) to define and use secondary keys Syntax check support by redundancy warnings and performance hints Performance of existing programs can easily be improved by supplementing secondary keys (compatibility) Powerful delta management by lazy and delayed update handling
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SAP TechEd 08
Summary: Usage Scenarios
Optimal usage scenario for secondary keys

Very large tables No or only few modifications after initial built-up phase Administrative overhead mainly concentrated on the build-up phase Performance gain for a read access using a "good" secondary key will easily outweigh this
Special usage scenario for unique secondary keys

If data integrity (uniqueness) is important Applies also for small tables
Secondary keys should not be used

For small tables (less than 50 lines) because of administrative and memory overhead If modifications dominate the table processing
EXERCISE 3
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SAP TechEd 08
Summary
Topics covered in this workshop

We introduced techniques for

Processing text-based information using strings, regular expressions and string functions Writing compact code using new expressions capabilities Creating well-formatted or technical text using string templates Generic programming using dynamic WHERE conditions Efficiently managing large amounts of data stored in internal tables using secondary keys
Appendix
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SAP TechEd 08
ABAP Debugger Memory Objects
Check memory consumption with the Memory Analysis Tool:

Press button Special Tools Memory Analysis Bound memory: memory that will be available again for the current user session after freeing the table Referenced memory: includes also memory reachable via references
ABAP Debugger Memory Snap Shots
Make/compare memory snap shots using the Memory Analysis Tool:

Press button Special Tools Memory Analysis Press button to invoke the Memory Analysis Services dialog Make snap shots before and after flushing; invoke Memory Inspector Compare them by pressing the compare button
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SAP TechEd 08
Memory Costs for Secondary Keys

Memory costs (32/64 bit architectures):
Basic admin costs

If the table has secondary keys at all If it has at least one non-unique secondary key (row id per line)
~ 32/48 bytes 8 bytes / line
Costs per secondary key

Basic admin costs Sorted keys Hashed keys
~ 28/36 bytes 4 - 6 bytes / line ~ 18 bytes / line
Costs for lazy update

Additional index needed after DELETE/SORT Costs for delayed update Heavily depending on the number of changes
4 - 6 bytes / line
Performance improvements to be paid by increased memory consumption
Maintenance Costs for Secondary Keys
Maintenance costs for the indices of secondary keys:
Non-unique keys

No costs at all before first flush (lazy update) No costs if already up-to-date Costs for inserting entries that have been inserted since last flush
Unique keys Immediate update costs at every insert operation Update costs caused by delayed (incremental) key changes
Total key maintenance :
Sum of the costs for every table key
Avoid unnecessary key definitions
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SAP TechEd 08
Traps and Pitfalls
Avoid DELETE using secondary key on a STANDARD table:

Locating the entry to be deleted with respect to some secondary key is fast However, all other keys have to be updated, too In particular, the corresponding entry in the primary key has to be search linearly Thus, overall runtime behavior is linear
Avoid modifying unique secondary keys in the Debugger:
Due to the delayed update feature, this may lead to a DupRec error when the next table statement is exceuted
Type Check and Table Sharing
Secondary keys are type constitutive, generalizing the type concept in the following ways:
If a table is generic in its primary type, it will also be generic with respect to secondary keys If a table is complete it its primary type, it will also be complete with respect to secondary keys One can force a table to be generic with respect to secondary keys by adding WITH FURTHER SECONDARY KEYS One can force a table to be complete with respect to secondary keys by adding WITHOUT FURTHER SECONDARY KEYS
Two tables are shareable, if the following conditions are satisfied:

Their primary types are shareable They have the same secondary keys
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SAP TechEd 08
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58
SAP TechEd 08
Further Information
SAP Public Web: SAP Developer Network (SDN): www.sdn.sap.com Business Process Expert (BPX) Community: www.bpx.sap.com Related SAP Education and Certification Opportunities http://www.sap.com/education/ Related Workshops/Lectures at SAP TechEd 2008
COMP209, News in ABAP Development, Lecture COMP267, ABAP Troubleshooting, Workshop COMP106, ABAP Performance and Trace Analysis, Lecture COMP269, Efficient Database Programming, Lecture COMP272, Memory Efficient ABAP Programming, Workshop COMP273, Test-Driven and Bulletproof ABAP Development, Workshop COMP274, Developing User Interfaces With Web Dynpro for ABAP, Workshop COMP275, State-of-the-Art ABAP -- Programming with ABAP Objects, Workshop COMP277, ABAP Development: Update Your Skills to SAP NetWeaver 7.0, Workshop
Thank you!
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SAP TechEd 08
Feedback Please complete your session evaluation.

Be courteous deposit your trash, and do not take the handouts for the following session.
Thank You !
Copyright 2008 SAP AG All Rights Reserved

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SAP TechEd 08

SAP 2008 / SAP TechEd 08 / COMP361 Page 2

As a result of this workshop, you will be able to:

SAP 2008 / SAP TechEd 08 / COMP361 Page 3

1. Efficient Processing of Textual Data 1.1. Recab: String Data Types

3. New Features of Internal Tables

SAP 2008 / SAP TechEd 08 / COMP361 Page 4

Sequential Data Types in ABAP

Business information = sequences of characters or bytes

SAP 2008 / SAP TechEd 08 / COMP361 Page 5

Comparison of Strings and Fixed-Sized Fields

Some benefits that ABAP strings provide

String values are stored separately from variables in memory

Decoupling of value and reference allows

resizing of strings of string values

SAP 2008 / SAP TechEd 08 / COMP361 Page 7

String Storage Allocation

Memory allocation during a typical program run

string value (variable)

str = 'second value'. SHIFT str BY 5 PLACES. str = 'another try'.

str = 'a final value!'.

Values may be shared by multiple string references

SHIFT str2 BY 4 PLACES.

Unsharing copy-on-write / lazy copy

costly copying as long as possible

SAP 2008 / SAP TechEd 08 / COMP361 Page 9

Substring idiom +offset(length) cannot be used to modify strings

" OK " would modify value

REPLACE statement (or replace function) instead

REPLACE SECTION OFFSET 3 LENGTH 4 OF str WITH `x`.

Field symbols cannot be used for substring access

changes would necessitate updating all assigned field symbols

" shifts char positions

Which Data Type to Choose

Advantages of character fields

values are shared

blanks are significant (may increase performance)

1. Efficient Processing of Textual Data

1.2. Regular Expressions 2. Extended Expressions

3. New Features of Internal Tables

SAP 2008 / SAP TechEd 08 / COMP361 Page 12

Ubiquitous Text Processing

input for validity: Is credit card number well-formatted?

values: Eliminate non-digits in phone number for data export

SAP 2008 / SAP TechEd 08 / COMP361 Page 13

Improving Text Processing With REs

Stephen C. Kleene Image U. of Wisconsin

Early Unix de-facto standard formalized in PCRE and POSIX

ABAP supports POSIX-style regular expressions as of NetWeaver 7.0

SAP 2008 / SAP TechEd 08 / COMP361 Page 14

Example: Remove HTML Tags

REPLACE ALL OCCURRENCES OF ?????? IN text WITH ''. '<[^>]*>'

Building Regular Expressions

Regular expressions are patterns built from

A regular expression pattern

Basic Regex Building Blocks

Basic regex building blocks

SAP 2008 / SAP TechEd 08 / COMP361 Page 17

Adding Quantifiers to Regular Expressions

Matching multiple characters at once

SAP 2008 / SAP TechEd 08 / COMP361 Page 18

Sets and Classes

Sets define single character alternatives concisely

[aA1.] [a-c0-9] [^aA1] [^0-9]

both checks: Correct version \s(\d[\s\-]){15,16}

_ _ ___

_ _ ___