Content marketed & distributed by FaaDoOEngineers.

com














































SETS & RELATIONS


By:- Nishant Gupta
For any help contact:
9953168795, 9268789880



Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880


SET : A collection of well defined objects is known as a set.
Let A is a non empty set. If x is an element of A, then we write 'x e A' and read as "x is an element of A" or "x
belongs to A". If a is not an element of A, then we write x eA and read as "x is not an element of A" or "x does
not belong to A".
There is no importance of order of elements in the set.

TYPES OF SETS
Empty Set: A set which has no element , is called an empty set. It is denoted by | or { }.
Such sets which have at least one element are called non-void set.
Singleton Set : A set which has only one element, is called a singleton set.

Finite Set : A set in which the process of counting of elements surely, comes to an end, is called a finite set.
Cardinal Number of a Finite Set : The number of elements in a finite set is called cardinal number of a finite
set. It is denoted by O(A) or n(A).
Infinite Set: A set in which the process of counting of elements does not come to an end, is called infinite set.
Equivalent Sets: If cardinal number of two finite sets are equal i e.n (A) = n(B), then both sets are equivalent
sets.
Equal Sets : If A and B are two sets and each element of A is an element of set B and each element of set B is
an element of set A, then sets A and B will be equal sets.
Subset : Let A and B are two non-empty sets. If each element of A is an element of B, then set A is known
as subset of set B. It is denoted by A _ B (read as A is contained in or equal to B ).
If x eA and A _ B, then x eB
If A is not a subset of B, then we write as A . B and read as "A is not a subset of B",
Null set is a subset of each set and each set is a subset of itself.
Proper Subset: Set A is known as proper subset of set B, if each element of A is in set B but set B has at least
one element which is not in A . It is denoted by A c B and read as "set A is a proper subset
of B".
Superset : If set A is a subset of set B, then set B is known as superset of set A and is denoted by 'B A '.
Number of total subsets of a finite set having n elements s 2
n

Universal Set: A superset of each set is known as universal set. It is denoted by U
Power Set: Let A be a set, then collection of all subsets of set A is known as power set. It is denoted by
P(A).
Each element of power set is a set. Power set of a given at is always non-empty.
SETS & RELATIONS



Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880


OPERATIONS ON SETS
Union of Sets : Union of sets A and B is a set containing all elements which are in A or in B or in both A and
B. AUB= {x : x eA or x eB}
Intersection of Sets : Intersection of A and B is a set containing those elements which are in both A and B.
A B = {x : x eA & x eB}
Disjoint Sets : Two sets A and B are disjoint sets, if A B = | . i.e. there is no common element
Difference of Sets : Difference of two sets A and B is denoted by A - B and it contains those elements which
are in A but not in B. Similarly, B - A is a set which contains those elements which are
in B but not in A,
Hence, A - B = {x: x eA but x eB} and B-A {x: x eB but x eA}
Symmetric Difference of Sets ( A B.) : If A and B are two sets, then set (A -B) U(B -A) is
known as symmetric difference of sets A and B .
Complement Set : If U is universal set and A c U, then complement of A is denoted by A' or A
c
or U - A.
LAWS OF ALGEBRA OF SETS : If A, B and C are three sets, then
1. Idempotent laws (a) AU A = A (b) A A = A
2. Identity laws (a) A U | = A (b) A U = A
3. Commutative laws (a) A U B = B U A (b) A B =BA
4. Associative laws (a) ( AU B ) U C = AU(B U C) (b)A (B C) =(AB ) C
5. Distributive laws (a) A U (B C) = (A U B) (A U C) (b) A (B U C) = (A B) U (AC)
6. De- morgan ' s laws (a) (A U B) ' =A'

B' (b) (A

B)' =A'UB'
7. (a) A-B = AB' (b)B- A= B A'
(c) (A- B ) U B= A UB (d) (A-B) B= |
(e) (A-B) U (B-A) =( AU B) - (AB)
8. (a) A - (B C) = (A-B ) U (A-C) (b) A (B U C) = (A - B) (A C )
(c) A (B - C) = (A B) - (A C) (d) A (B C)- (AB) A(A C )

IMPORTANT RULES ON CARDINAL NUMBERS
1. n (AUB) = n (A )+ n(B )- n (AB)
2. n ( AU B) = n (A) + n (B), If A & B are disjoint
3. n (A-B) = n (A)- n (A B)
4. n (A B)= n (A- B) + n (B-A) = n (A) + n (B) -2 n (A B)
5. n (A U B U C) = n(A) + n (B) + n (C) n (A B) n (B C )- n (A C) + n (A B C)
6. n ( A' UB ') = n (U ) -n (A B)
7. n (A' B')= n (U ) n (AUB)







Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

RELATIONS
ORDERED PAIR
Two elements a and b, listed in a specified order, form an ordered pair, denoted by (a, b). In an ordered pair
(a ,b); 'a' is regarded as the first element and b is the second element.
It is evident from the definition that
(i) (a ,b) = (b ,a) (ii) (a ,b ) = (c , d) iff a = c, b = d.
CARTESIAN PRODUCT
Let A and B be two non-empty sets . The cartesian product of A and B is denoted by A x B is defined as the
set of all ordered pairs (a, b), where a eA and b e B.
Symbolically,
A x B = {(a , b) ; a eA and b e B } e. g . Suppose A ={1,2, 3} and B={x ,y} Then
A x B = { (1, x), (1, y), (2, x), (2, y), (3, x), (3, y)} and
B x A = {(x, l), (x,2), (x,3), (y ,l ), (y,2), ( y,3)}
e.g.. If there are three sets A, B, C and a eA , b e B , c eC, then we form an ordered triplet (a, b, c) . The set
of all ordered triplets (a, b, c) is called the cartesian product of these sets A, B and C.
i.e., A x B x C = {(a, b, c): a eA , b e B , c eC, }
RELATIONS
Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a relation R from A to B is a subset of Ax B.
Thus, R is a relation from A to B _ R Ax B. If R is a relation from a non-empty set A to a non-empty
Set B and if (a, b) e R, then we write a R b which is read as 'a is related to b .
Number of relations : Let n ( A ) = m & n ( b ) = k then there are 2
m k
relations from A to B
DOMAIN & RANGE OF RELATION:
Set of all first coordinates of the ordered pairs belonging to R is DOMAIN while that of second is RANGE
PARTICULAR TYPES OF RELATIONS
IDENTITY RELATIONS : The relation A ={( a , a) : a e A} is called the identity relation on A.
e.g., If A = {1, 2 , 3}, then the identity relation on A is given by {(1,1), (2,2), (3, 3)}.
INVERSE RELATIONS : If R is a relation from set A to set B , then the relation R
-1
from set B to set A
Defined by R
-1
={(b , a): (a , b) eR} is called an inverse relation
Clearly, domain (R ) = range (R
-1
) & domain (R
-1
) = range (R )
e. g . Let A ={ 1,2, 3} and let R ={(l,2),(2,2),(3,l),(3,2)}.
Then, R being a subset of A x A, it is a relation on A.
Clearly 1R2 ; 2R 2; 3R1 and 3R2
Domain (R ) = { 1,2, 3} and Range (R) ={2,1}
Also, R
-l
= { (2,1), (2,2) , (1, 3), (2, 3)}
Domain (R
-1
) = {2,1} and Range (.R- 1) ={ 1,2, 3}
Reflexive Relations :
R is a reflexive relation if (a, a) e R, a eR.
Let A= {l, 2, 3} and R= { (l, l), (2, 2)}
Then R is not reflexive since 3 e A but (3, 3) e R.
Symmetric Relations :


Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

R is called a symmetric relation on A if (x, y) e R (y ,x) e R. That is, if .x: related to y , then y is also
related to x. It should be noted that R is symmetric, if f R
-1
= R.
Anti-symmetric Relations :
R is called an anti-symmetric relation, if (a,b) eR and (b, a) e R a = b. Thus if a = b, then a may be
related to b or b may be related to a, but never both.
Transitive Relations :
R is called a transitive relation, if (a, b) eR, (b, c) e R (a, c) e R.
In other words, if a is related to b , b is related to c , then a is related to c.
Equivalence relation : A relation which is reflexive , symmetric as well as transitive
(i) [x: x e R and a s x s b \ is called the closed interval [a, b]
(ii) [x: x e R and a < x < b\ is called the open interval (a, b)
(iii) [x: x e R and a s x < b} is called the semi-open or semi-closed interval [a, b).
(iv) [x: x e R and a < x s b} is called the semi-open or semi-closed interval (a, b]






























Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880


1. For two sets A B = A iff
(a) B_ A (b) A _ B
(c) A B (d) A = B
2. If A B = B, then
(a) AcB (b) B cA
(c) A = (d) B =
3. Let A and B be two sets in the same universal
set. Then, A B =
(a) A B (b) A
|
B
(c) A B
|
(d) N/T
4. For any two sets A and B, A (A B) =
(a) A (b) B
(c) (d) none of these.
5. A = {1, 3, 5, B) and B = {2, 4}, then
(a) 4 e A (b) (4) cA
(c) BcA (d) none of these.
6. The symmetric difference of A = {1, 2, 3) and
B = {3, 4, 5) is
(a) {1, 2) (b) {1, 2, 4, 5)
(c) {4, 3) (d) {2, 5, 1, 4, 3)
7. For any two sets A and B, (A - B) (B - A) =
(a) (A-B) A
(b) (B-A) B
(c) (A B) - (A B)
(d) (A B) (A B).
8. Which of the following statement is false?
(a) A-B = AB
|
(b) A-B = A-(AB)
(c) A - B = A B
|
(d) A - B = (A B) - B.


9. For any three sets A, B and C then which of
the following is false
(a) A (B-C) = (AB)-(AC)
(b) A (B-C)=(AB)-C
(c) A (B - C) = (A B) (A C
|
)
(d) A (B - C) = (A B) - (A C).
10. Let U be the universal set containing 700
elements. If A, B are sub-sets of U such that n
(A) = 200, n (B) = 300 and n (A B) =100.
Then, n (A
|
B
|
) =
(a) 400 (b) 600
(c) 300 (d) none of these.
11. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then the number of proper
subsets of A is
(a) 120 (b) 30
(c) 31 (d) 32
12. If A and B are two given sets, then A (A
B)
C
is equal to
(a) A (b) B
(c) (d) A
C
B
C

13. If A = {x : x is a multiple of 3} and, B = {x: x is a
multiple of 5}, then A - B is
(a) AB (b) A B
(c) B A (d) B A
14. In a city 20% of the population travels by car,
50% travels by bus and 10% travels by both
car and bus. Then, persons travelling by car or
bus are
(a) 80% (b) 40%
(c) 60% (d) 70%


ASSIGNMENT
SETS & RELATIONS



Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

15. An investigator interviewed 100 students to
determine the performance of three drinks:
milk, coffee and tea. The investigator reported
that 10 students take all three drinks milk,
coffee and tea; 20 students. take milk and
coffee; 25 students take milk and tea; 12
students take milk only; 5 students take
coffee only and 8 students take tea only. Then
the number of students who did not take any
of three drinks is
(a) 10 (b) 20
(c) 25 (d) 30
16. Two finite sets have m and n elements. The
number of elements in the power set of first
set is 48 more than the total number of
elements in power set of the second set. Then,
the values of m and n are:
(a) 7, 6 (b) 6, 3
(c) 6, 4 (d) 7, 4
17. In a class of 175 students following data
shows the number of students opting one or
more subjects. Mathematics 100; Physics 70;
Chemistry 40; Mathematics and Physics 30;
Mathematics and Chemistry 28; Physics and
Chemistry 23; Mathematics, Physics and
Chemistry 18. How many students have
offered Mathematics alone?
(a) 35 (b) 48
(c) 22 (d) 30
18. In a survey it was found that 21 persons liked
product P1, 26 liked product P2 and 29 liked
product P3. If 14 persons liked products P1
and P2; 12 persons liked product P3 and P1; 14
persons liked products P2 and P3 and 8 liked
all the three products. Find how many liked
product P3 only.
(a) 11 (b) 18
(c) 12 (d) 7
19. In a survey of 100 students, the number of
students studying the various languages was
found to be: English only 18, English but not
Hindi 23, English and Sanskrit 8, English 26,
Sanskrit 48, Sanskrit and Hindi 8, no language
24. How many students were studying Hindi?
(a) 11 (b) 18
(c) 12 (d) 7
20. In a survey of 100 students, the number of
students studying the various languages was
found to be: English only 18, English but not
Hindi 23, English and Sanskrit 8, English 26,
Sanskrit 48, Sanskrit and Hindi 8, no language
24.How many students were studying English
and Hindi?
(a) 4 (b) 8
(c) 3 (d) 7
21. Let S be set of all real numbers . Then relation
R = { ( a,b ) : 1+ ab > 0 } on S is
(a) Reflexive & symmetric but not transitive
(b) Reflexive & transitive but not symmetric
(c) symmetric, & transitive but not reflexive
(d) symmetric, reflexive & transitive
22. Let W be set of words in dictionary . Relation
R is defined R = { ( x , y ) eWxW : the word
x& y have atleast one common letter } . Then
R is
(a) not reflexive , symmetric, transitive
(b) reflexive , symmetric, not transitive
(c) reflexive , symmetric, transitive
(d) reflexive , not symmetric & transitive
23. The set S of complex numbers is defined as S
= {z / | z - 5i | = 3}. A relation R on S is defined
by z1Rz2 if and only if |z1 z2| < 2 Then, R is
(a) reflexive and symmetric
(b) reflexive and transitive
(c) symmetric and transitive
(d) an equivalence relation
24. Let relation R in N defined as
R = { ( a,b ) : a + 2b = 8 } then range of R is
(a) {2,4,6} (b) { 1,2,3,4,6 }
(c) { 1,2,3} (d) N/T
25. Let n ( U ) = 700 , n ( A ) = 200 , n ( B ) = 300
n ( AB ) = 100 , n ( A
c
B
c
) is equal to
(a) 400 (b) 600
(c) 300 (d) 200
26. If A ={ 1,3,5,.. ..,15,17} & B ={ 2,4,6, .... ..,16,18}
, N is universal set then
A
c
U ( ( AUB ) B
c
) is
(a) A (b) B
(c) N (d) N/T


Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

27. If n ( A) = 5 , n ( B) = 8 then maximum &
minimum of n ( AUB ) are
(a) 8 ,5 (b) 8 ,3
(c) 13 , 5 (d) 13 , 8
28. In a group of 120 students , 90 take Maths , 72
Physics & 10 neither then how many have
taken both
(a) 50 (b) 51
(c) 52 (d) N/T
29. If A _ B , then B
c
- A
c
is
(a) A
c
(b) B
c
(c) A-B (d) |
30. If n(U) = 60 , n ( A) = 21 , n (B ) = 43 then
greatest & least value of n ( Au B ) resp are
(a) 60, 43 (b) 50, 36
(c) 70, 44 (d) 60, 38
31. For real number x & y the relation defined
by x y + 5 is irrational , is
(a) reflexive
(b) reflexive & symmetric
(c) transitive & reflexive
(d) Equivalence
32. Let R be a relation on N defined by R = { ( x ,
y ) : x + 2y = 8 }. Then range of relation is
(a) { 2,4,6 } (b) {1, 2,,3 }
(c) { 1,2,3,4,5,6 } (d) N/T
33. Let A = R { -1 } , * is defined as
a * b = a + b + ab then identity element is
(a) a / b (b) b / a
(c) 0 (d) N/T
34. Let A = R { -1 } , * is defined as a * b =
ab/4 then inverse is
(a) a / 4 (b) 4
(c) 16/a (d) N/T
35. Let A = R { -1 } , * is defined as
a * b = | a b | - 1 then inverse is
(a) commutative
(b) associative
36. For real number x & y the relation defined
by x y + 5 is irrational , is
(a) reflexive (b) symmetric
(c) transitive (d)N/T
37. Let W be set of words in dictionary . Relation
R is defined R = { ( x , y ) eWxW : the word
x& y have atleast one common letter } . Then
R is
(a) not reflexive , symmetric, transitive
(b) reflexive , symmetric, not transitive
(c) reflexive , symmetric, transitive
(d) reflexive , not symmetric & transitive
38. The relation x Ry iff | x - y | = 1, is
(a) symmetric (b) reflexive
(c) transitive (d) N/T

39. The set S of complex numbers is defined as S
= {z / | z - 5i | = 3}. A relation R on S is defined
by z1Rz2 if and only if |z1 z2| < 2 Then, R is
(a) reflexive and symmetric
(b) reflexive and transitive
(c) symmetric and transitive
(d) an equivalence relation

40. M is the set of matrices. Consider the relation
R in M : A and B are matrices of order n
belonging to M such that A + B
T
is symmetric.
Then, R is
(a) only reflexive
(b) reflexive and symmetric
(c) reflexive and transitive
(d) an equivalence relation











Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880








ANSWER (SETS & RELATION)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a b c a d b c c d c
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
c d b c b c c a b c
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
a b a c c c d c d a
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
a b c c a a b a a d