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DRY OR WET DENSITY ( UNIT WEIGHT ) MOISTURE CONTENT (Ww / Ws x 100 (%) ) VOID RATIO ( Vv / Vs ) SHRINKAGE FACTOR ( BCYD / CCYD ) SWELL FACTOR ( BCYD / CCYD )
VIBRATORY ROLLER
GROSS WEIGHT :
3560 kg ~ 10150 kg
SOIL COMPACTOR
TRASH COMPACTOR
FLYWHEEL HORSEPOWER :
OPERATING WEIGHT :
SOIL PARTICLES
The quantitative relationships among the three elements, namely, soil particles, water, and voids in the soil of a given volume ( as viewed from volume and weight )
Whose their quantitative relationships where the voids are decreased by compacting the soil of a volume shown in fig.
QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF SOIL Wet density ( W / V ) indicates the apparent density of soil. Dry density ( Ws / V ) and Saturation ( Vw / Vv x 100 (%) ) are important data to be taken into consideration in compaction of soil.
Wa = 0
Va Vv Vw
AIR VOIDS
WATER
Ww
SOIL PARTICLES Vs
W
Ws
Moisture content ( Ww / Ws x 100 (%) ) is one of the factors affecting the compaction of soil. Behavior of soil is dependent largely on this moisture content.
( 1 ) Moisture content of soil ( 2 ) Distribution or mixture of soil particles ( 3 ) Pressure in manipulation of soil
( 4 ) Compactive effort
MOISTURE CONTENT
Sample of soil with varied moisture content were compacted by giving a certain number of blows with a rammer ( weight ) in a given mold ( cylinder ) and the resultant values of dry density are plotted correspondingly to the moisture contents. The line 1 in fig. is that obtained by this plotting. At the maximum dry density, the optimum moisture content (Wopt) is obtained. This max. dry density ( gdmax ) is used as the standard value for the soil compaction in construction work relating to earth structures , embankments, foundation construction, etc.
MOISTURE CONTENT
The line 2 in fig. indicates the 100% saturation ( the soil mass where no voids exist. ). In fig. where the moisture content is high as at W1, any dry density higher than gd1 will not be attained due to water contained, even if the soil is compacted most firmly or by the maximum compactive effort to squeeze air out of the soil mass. In order to obtain a higher dry density, it is necessary to dry or aerate the soil to lower the moisture content.
COMPACTIVE EFFORT There are three different efforts of imposing force to the soil, each having its own features. Static weight Impact Vibration
The following table shows combinations of each compactive effort on some typical compaction machines.
COMPACTOR APPLICATION
The following chart shows a general idea of the application of several compaction machines.
EARTH FILL
BORROW
BANK CONDITION MATERILA : WET UNIT WEIGHT : MOISTURE CONTENT : VOID RATIO :
FILL
COMPACTED CONDITION NET VOLUME :
187000
18.3 114 7 ft %
lb / ft3
Stiff clay
129 lb per cu ft 16.5 .620 %
LAYER DEPTH : 8 in ( loose measure ) MOISTURE CONTENT : DRY UNIT WEIGHT : ( Compact ) COMPACTING WIDTH :
( SHEEPS FOOT )
lb per cu ft
COMPACTED YARD BANK YARD LOOSE YARD DUMPER PRODUCTION : 510 bcy / hr FIELD TEST ( FOR REQD.DENSITY ) TRACTOR SPEED : 1.5 mph No. OF PASSES : 4 passes
UNEXCAVATED
1. Compute the required volume of the borrow pit excavation. ( DRY VOLUME ) 2. Compute the quantity of water which must be added. 3. How many rollers will be required to maintain this production ?
DRY VOLUME (NET) OF COMPACTED SOIL DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL WET UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK (NATURAL) MOISTURE CONTENT OF BANK TOTAL DRY WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT OF COMPACTED SOIL WET UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL WET UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK SHRINKAGE FACTOR ( DRY )
4. SHRINKAGE FACTOR
(DRY)
5. COMPACTED WET
UNIT WEIGHT
WET UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL WET UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK WET VOLUME OF COMPACTED SOIL SHRINKAGE FACTOR (WET) DRY VOLUME (NET) OF COMPACTED SOIL DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTED SOIL WATER CONTENT OF COMPACTED SOIL DRY VOLUME (NET) OF BANK DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF BANK WATER CONTENT OF BANK
12. CCYD / hr
COMPECTED WIDTH PER ROLLER PASSES AVERAGE ROLLER SPEED COMPECTED LIFT THICKNESS No. OF ROLLER PASSES