Jack St.

Clair Kilby inventor of the integrated circuit and co-inventor of the electronic handheld calculator Phase-shift Oscillator the first integrated circuit invented by Jack S. Kilby in 1958 Valence electrons electrons on the outermost shell of an atom Tetravalent atoms with three valence electrons (Boron, Indium, Gallium, Aluminum) Pentavalent atoms with five valence electrons (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony) Valence indicates the ionization potential of an atom Ionization potential potential to remove an a valence electron from its orbit Covalent bonding bonding of atoms or valence electrons Intrinsic carriers free electrons in a material due to external causes (Si=1.5x1010, Ge=2.5x1013, GaAs=1.7x106 intrinsic carriers per cm3) Relative mobility ability of the free carriers to move throughout the material (Si=1500n, Ge=3900n, GaAs=8500n) Doping changing the characteristics of a material (conductivity) Positive temperature coefficient as the temperature increases the resistance of the material increases Negative temperature coefficient the resistance of the material decreases as the temperature increases (semiconductors) Energy gap (Eg) gap between energy levels, conduction band and the valence band; also known as forbidden band (Si=1.1eV, Ge=0.67eV, GaAs=1.43eV) n-type material formed by doping Pentavalent elements to Silicon or Germanium p-type material formed by doping Tetravalent elements to silicon or germanium knee voltage voltage in which the depletion region is depleted (Si=0.7V, Ge=0.3V, GaAs=1.2V) Germanium temperature-sensitive; high reverse saturation current; used in high-speed applications, photodetectors and security systems Silicon low cost; low reverse saturation current; good temperature characteristics and excellent breakdown voltage levels Gallium-Arsenide very large scale integrated circuits; high-speed characteristics; low reverse saturation current; excellent temperature sensitivity and high breakdown voltages. More than 80% of its applications are in optoelectronics: LEDs, Solar cells, and other photodetector devices. Russell Ohl discovered solar cell Quiescent still; unvarying DDM (digital diplay meter) with diode checking function, ohmmeter section of a multimeter, and a curve tracer devices that can be used in testing condition of a semiconductor diode Typical Forward Voltage of LEDs: Amber (AlInGaP) 2.1V Blue (GaN) 5.0V

Green (GaP) 2.2 Orange (GaAsP) 2.0 Red (GaAsP) 1.8 White (GaN) 4.1 Yellow (AiInGaP) 2.1 Candela measure of light intensity; equals to light flux of 4 lumens = 1 footcandle on a ft2 area. Efficacy a measure of the ability of a device to produce the desired effect White LEDs constructed of blue gallium nitride (GaN) below a film of yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) phosphor * Load line a straight line determining the diode characteristics Load-line analysis analysis of the load line of a diode Quiescent-point still, unmoving point of operation PIV or PRV the voltage rating that must not be exceeded in the reverse-bias region or the diode will enter the Zener avalanche region Snubber a capacitor placed across the terminals of a coil to protect the switching system 1904 the year the vacuum-tube diode was introduced by J.A. Fleming. 1906 Lee DeForest added third element on the vacuum-tube diode named control grid, thus introducing the triode Triode introduced by Lee DeForest in 1906, the first amplifier December 23, 1947 afternoon, Walter H. Brattain and John Bardeen demoed the amplifying action of the first transistor at the Bell Telephone Laboratories. Leakage current minority-current component of a collector Active region employed for linear (undistorted) amplifiers Cutoff region region where the collector current is 0 Alpha () ratio of collector current to emitter current in dc mode AC alpha formally called common-base, short-circuit, amplification factor Transistor short for transfer + resistor; transferring the source current from low to high resistance circuit Beta () ratio of collector current to base current in dc mode; called hFE with h derived from hybrid, the subscript FE is derived from forward-current amplification and common-emitter configuration AC beta formally called common-emitter, forward-current, amplification factor; hfe re model reduced version of the hybrid model, used for high-frequency analysis VMOSFET vertical MOSFET MESFET metal-semiconductor FET Operational Amplifier very high gain differential amplifier with high input impedance and low output impedance.

Floating signal difference output signal in a double-ended mode since neither one terminal is the ground Common-mode Rejection attenuates unwanted noise inputs while providing amplified output of the difference signal in common-mode operation. CMRR ratio of the output difference to the common gain Inverting amplifier most widely used constant-gain amplifier since it has better frequency stability Unity-follower provides a gain of unity (1) with no polarity or phase reversal. Summing amplifier adding multiple voltage (inputs) and multiplied by a constant-gain factor Integrator a feedback that uses a capacitor as feedback component. Differentiator uses capacitor as coupling device on the input and resistor as feedback Roll-off the reduction of the high open-loop gain with increasing frequency Closed-loop gain specs of an op-amp that the user typically connects the op-amp using feedback resistors to reduce circuit voltage gain Slew rate parameter of an op-amp to handle varying signals; defines the maximum rate of change of the output voltage Absolute Maximum ratings information on what largest voltage supplies may be used First-order low-pass filter uses a single resistor and a capacitor with slope -20dB per decade Second-order low-pass filter uses two sections of resistor and capacitorwith -40dB per decade High-pass active filter just like low-pass but the capacitor components comes first before the resistor Bandpass filter uses two stages, first a high-pass filter and second a low-pass filter Class A Amplifier output signal varies for a full 360 cycle Class B output signal varies for half of the input cycle Push-pull operation combined class B half-cycles to produce 360 output cycle Class AB occurs between 180 and 360 of the input cycle Class C outputs less than 180 and will operate only with a tuned (resonant) circuit Class D uses pulse (digital) signals Fourier analysis a method that describes any periodic waveform in terms of its fundamental frequency component and frequency components at integer multiples Harmonic components or harmonics integer multiples of a fundamental frequency component Harmonic distortion a signal with harmonic frequency components Phase-locked loop (PLL) a circuit consisting of a phase detector, a low-pass filter and a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) Gain margin (GM) the negative value of |A| in decibels at the frequency at which the phase angle is 180

Phase margin (PM) the angle of 180 minus the magnitude of the angle at which value |A| is unity (0 dB). Barkhausen criterion for oscillation ability of an oscillator (loop) to operate continuously after input voltage is removed via feedback voltage with sufficiency to drive the amplifier and feedback circuits if A = 1 Wien bridge oscillator oscillator that uses an op-amp and RC bridge circuit Relaxation oscillator uses a unijunction transistor for a single-stage oscillator to provide a pulse signal suitable for digital-circuit applications Schottky-barrier diode also called as surface-barrier or hot-carrier diode Varactor also called as varicap, VVC (voltage-variable capacitance), or tuning diodes Tunnel diodes first introduced by Leo Esaki in 1958 Dark current the current that exist with no applied illumination Infrared-emitting diodes are solid-state gallium arsenide devices that emit a beam of radiant flux when forward-biased Transflective operation operations of an LCD display that uses transmissive (internal light source) during night and reflective modes during day (reflect from behind sunlight) Thermistor temperature sensitive resistor