Metamorphic Textures

(C (Chapter 23)

Porphyroblastic hornblende grt-bt-ms schist Switzerland. Image: Darrell Henry

Metamorphic textures
Processes of Deformation, Recovery and Recrystallization
(1) Cataclastic Flow
Mechanical fragmentation and sliding, sliding rotation of fragments Crush, break, bend, grind, kink, d f deformation ti t twins, i undulose d l extinction, ti ti shredding of micas, augen, mortar, etc.

(2) Pressure Solution

Highest strain in areas near grain contacts (hatch pattern). g areas dissolve and material High-strain precipitates in adjacent low-strain areas (shaded). Vertical shortening. Pressure solution of quartz in deformed quartzite

Metamorphic textures
Processes of Deformation, Recovery and Recrystallization
(3) ( ) Plastic Intracrystalline y Deformation (ductile deformation at higher T)
No loss of cohesion Processes that operate simultaneously
Defect migration Slip pp planes Dislocation glide Deformation twinning

(4) Recovery R
Loss of stored strain energy by vacancy y migration, g , dislocation migration and annihilation

Metamorphic textures
Processes of Deformation, Recovery and Recrystallization
(5) Recrystallization Grain boundary migration Subgrain rotation Solid-state diffusion creep p at higher T Crystalplastic deformation (general term)
Undulose extinction and ( (b) ) elongate g subgrains g in quartz due to dislocation formation and migration

Metamorphic textures
Processes of Deformation, Recovery and Recrystallization
(5) Recrystallization
Recrystallization by grain boundary migration and subgrain rotation ) Recrystallized quartz with irregular (sutured) boundaries, formed by grain boundary migration. Width 0.2 mm.

Metamorphic textures
High-strain High strain rock textures

Metamorphic textures
Concentrate on cataclastic > ductile (shallower) Break, k crack, k b bend, d crush, h rotate Slip and shredding of phyllosilicates Clasts- broken remnants Porphyroclast- larger remnant in finer crush matrix Mortar texture Ribbons Pseudotachylite

High-strain High strain rock textures

Metamorphic textures
High-strain High strain rock textures

Progressive mylonitization of the h S San G Gabriel bi l granite, California

Image: Winter (2001)

Metamorphic textures
High-strain High strain rock textures

Progressive mylonitization of the h S San G Gabriel bi l granite, California

Image: Winter (2001)

Metamorphic textures
High-strain High strain rock textures

Progressive mylonitization of the h S San G Gabriel bi l granite, California

Image: Winter (2001)

Metamorphic textures
Contact metamorphic textures
Typically shallow pluton aureoles (low-P) Crystallization/recrystallization is near-static Monomineralic with minor difference surface energy restults in granoblastic polygonal texture Larger change in surface energy results in decussate texture Isotropic textures (hornfels, granofels) R li textures are common Relict
Contact metamorphism of a diabase: Image: Winter (2001)

Contact metamorphic p textures ( (metadiabase) )

Metamorphic textures

Lower greenschist facies

Upper greenschist facies

Amphibolite facies

Granulite facies

Contact metamorphic p textures ( (metapelite) p )

Metamorphic textures

Lower greenschist facies

Upper greenschist facies

Amphibolite/granulite facies

(slate)

(And-crd-ms-pl-qtz spotted hornfels)

(Sil-bearing And-Kfs-btcrd-pl-qtz granofels)

Metamorphic textures
Contact metamorphic p textures

Common textures in contact metamorphic rocks

Metamorphic textures
Contact metamorphic p textures c.

Dihedral angle g between two mineral types. yp When the A-A grain boundary energy is greater than for A-B, the angle will decrease (b) so as to increase the relative area of A-B boundaries. c. Sketch of a plagioclase (light)-clinopyroxene (dark) hornfels showing lower dihedral angles in clinopyroxene at most cpx-plag-plag boundaries.

Metamorphic textures
Contact metamorphic p textures
Drawings of quartz-mica schists.
a. Closer spacing of micas in the lower half causes quartz grains to passively elongate in order for quartz-quartz quartz quartz boundaries to meet mica (001) faces at 90o. From Shelley (1993). b. Layered rock in which the growth of quartz has been retarded by q y grain g boundary "pinning" by finer micas in the upper layer.

Metamorphic textures
Contact metamorphic p textures
Contact overprint on earlier regional g events are common
Thermal maximum later than deformational Separate post-orogenic (collapse) event

Overprint of contact metamorphism on regional. a. Nodular texture of cordierite porphyroblasts developed during a thermal overprinting of previous regional metamorphism (note the foliation in the opaques). Approx. 1.5
x 2 mm.

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures
Dynamothermal (crystallization under dynamic conditions)

Orogeny long-term Orogenylong term mountain-building mountain building

May comprise several Tectonic Events May have several Deformational Phases May have an accompanying Metamorphic Cycles with one or more Reaction Events

Tectonite - deformed rock with a texture that records deformation

Fabric - the complete spatial and geometric configuration of textural elements Foliation- planar textural element LineationLi ti linear t li textural t l element l t

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures

Progressive regional metamorphism of a volcaniclastic graywacke

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures

Kinematic indicators determining the sense of shear in a deformed rock

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures
Symmetrical crenulation cleavages in amphibole quartz rich schist. amphibole-quartz-rich schist Note concentration of quartz in hinge areas.

Asymmetric crenulation cleavages in mica-quartz-rich schist. Note horizontal compositional layering (relict bedding) and preferential dissolution of quartz from one limb of the folds. folds
From Borradaile et al. (1982) Atlas of Deformational and Metamorphic Rock Fabrics. Springer-Verlag.

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures
Stages in the development of crenulation cleavage as a function of temperature and intensity of the second deformation. Development of S2 micas depends upon T and the intensity of the second deformation

From Passchier and Trouw (1996) Microtectonics. Springer-Verlag.

Regional g metamorphic p textures - Typical yp textures of prep kinematic crystals

Pre-kinematic crystals y a. Bent crystal with undulose extinction b. Foliation wrapped around a porphyroblast c. Pressure shadow or fringe d Kink b d. bands nd or rf folds ld e. Microboudinage f. Deformation twins
From Spry (1969) Metamorphic Textures. Pergamon. Oxford.

Metamorphic textures

Regional g metamorphic p textures - Typical yp textures of postp kinematic crystals

Post-kinematic crystals a. Helicitic folds

Metamorphic textures

b Randomly oriented b. crystals c. Polygonal arcs d. Chiastolite e. Late, inclusion-free rim on a poikiloblast
From Spry (1969) Metamorphic Textures. Pergamon. Oxford.

f. Random aggregate pseudomorph

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures
Illustration of an Al2SiO5 poikiloblast that consumes more muscovite than quartz, thus inheriting quartz (and opaque) inclusions. The nature of the quartz inclusions can be related directly to individual bedding substructures. substructures Note that some quartz is consumed by the reaction, and that quartz grains are invariably rounded.

From Passchier and Trouw (1996) Microtectonics. Springer-Verlag.

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures

Syn-kinematic crystals - Spiral Porphyroblast Traditional interpretation of spiral Si train in which hich a porphyroblast is rotated by shear as it grows.
From Passchier and Trouw (1996) Microtectonics. Springer-Verlag.

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures

Spiral Si train in chloritoid.

"Snowball garnet" with highly rotated spiral Si. Porphyroblast is ~ 5 mm in diameter.

From Yardley et al. (1990) Atlas of Metamorphic Rocks and their Textures. Longmans.

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures

Si characteristics of clearly pre-, syn-, and post-kinematic crystals as proposed by Zwart (1962).

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures

Analysis of Deformed Rocks

Deformational D f ti l events: t D1 D2 D3 Metamorphic events: M1 M2 M3 Foliations: So S1 S2 S3 Lineations: Lo L1 L2 L3 Plot on a metamorphismdeformation-time plot showing the crystallization of each mineral

Asymmetric crenulation cleavage (S2) developed over S1 cleavage. S2 is folded, as can be seen in the dark sub-vertical S2 bands. Field width ~ 2 mm. Right: sequential analysis of the development of the textures.

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures

Graphical p analysis y of the relationships between deformation (D), metamorphism (M), mineral growth, and textures in the rock illustrated in Figure.

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures

Graphical analysis of the relationships between deformation (D), metamorphism (M), mineral growth, g , and textures in the rock illustrated in Figure.

Metamorphic textures
Regional g metamorphic p textures
Graphical p analysis y of the relationships p between deformation (D), metamorphism (M), mineral growth, and textures in the rock illustrated in Figure.

Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

Metamorphic textures
Replacement p textures

Reaction rims and coronas

Metamorphic textures
Replacement p textures
Portion of a multiple coronite d l developed d as concentric rims due to reaction at what was initially the contact between an olivine megacryst and surrounding g plagioclase in anorthosites of the upper Jotun Nappe, W. Norway.