June16 CompleteProportionality C2

Vermont Mathematics Partnership
Ongoing Assessment Project (OGAP)

Overview
Vermont Mathematics Partnership

www.vermontmathematics.org
1 Vermont Mathematics Partnership Ongoing Assessment Project (OGAP) funded by NSF (EHR-0227057) and US DOE (S366A020002)
What we are going

to do today…
• Engage in an overview of OGAP and its

underlying principles
• Engage in an activity about formative
assessment
1
VMP OGAP Design
Team members
• Leslie Ercole,VMP
• Plus over 250 Vermont and
• Linda Gilbert, Dotham Brook School
Alabama teachers and about
• Kendra Gorton, Milton Elementary School
• Steph Hockenbury, Chamberlin School
5000 students who participated
• Beth Hulbert, Barre City Elementary and Middle School
in OGAP Exploratory Studies in
• Amy Johnson, Milton Elementary School
2004 and 2005, and 2006 -2007
• Bob Laird, VMP
and 2007-2008 roll-outs.
• Ted Marsden, Norwich University
• Karen Moylan, Former VMP Active OGAP National
• Cathy Newton, Dotham Brook School Advisory Board
• Susan Ojala, Vermont Mathematics Initiative
• Mary Lindquist, Callaway Professor of
• Marge Petit, Marge Petit Consulting, MPC
•
Mathematics Education, Emeritus; Past
Regina Quinn, VMP President of the National Council of Teachers
• Loree Silvis, VMP of Mathematics
• Corrie Sweet, Former VMP • Ed Silver, University of Michigan

• Tracy Thompson, Ottauquechee School
• Judith Zawojewski, Illinois Institute of
• Jean Ward, Bennington Rutland Supervisory Union
• Rebecca Young, Hardwick Schools
Technology
Sources of Evidence and Interactions

Design Committee – school based leaders and teachers, assessment expert, a
mathematician (distillation of hundreds of research articles used as the foundation of
OGAP tools and resources)
2004 Study
2005 Study
National Advisory Board

revisions
revisions
Cognitive
Labs
Sub-studies and
revisions
Exploratory Studies Scale-up in Vermont and Alabama

Purpose: to refine tools, and processes, (Interaction with over 200 educators
OGAP professional development. (over 4000 students) in Vermont and Alabama.
Artifacts and Analyses Artifacts

~ Mentor observations ~ Materials feedback
~ Student work archives (over 30,000 pieces) ~ Samples of student work
~ Teacher logs linked to student work ~ Unit plans (teacher leaders)
~ Post Surveys ~ Teacher action research
~ Interviews ~ Post Surveys
~ Teacher background surveys ~ Teacher background surveys
~ Post focus forum ~ Pilot teacher assessment
~ Student retention study (8 months later) ~ Advisory
~ Follow-up surveys (8 months later)
2
The VMP Ongoing Assessment Project (OGAP)
was developed to respond to two needs:
• To improve student learning in

mathematics for all students as it relates
to state and national learning
expectations.
• To provide quality instructional
information as students are developing
their understanding of concepts so that
interventions for a class as a whole or
for individuals can be made “on time.”
Findings From Classroom Observations

and Interviews (VMP 2003)
• Teachers rarely monitored students’ understanding -
prior to or during instruction.
• Teachers believed that students had adequate prior
knowledge for the lesson - and that if they did not, it
was mostly due to low ability - innate deficiencies.
• Teachers believed that students in the class were
learning what the teacher was intending to teach –
usually based on the responses of a few students.
• Teachers were often surprised and frustrated when
students did poorly on subsequent assessments.
• Teachers attempted to use large scale assessment
information to inform instruction and were quickly
frustrated.
3
Four Principles
that Guided OGAP Thinking,
Work, and Products
Design Principles
• Principle 1: Build on Pre-existing
Knowledge (National Research Council, 2000)
• Principle 2: Learn (and assess) for

Understanding (NRC, 2001)
• Principle 3: Use Frequent Formative

Assessment (NRC, 2003; Black and Wiliam, 1998)
• Principle 4: Build Assessment on Cognitive

Research (NRC, 2003; Black and Wilam, 1998)
4
Principle 3: Use Frequent
Formative Assessment
Examples Non-examples
Features that distinguish formative assessment

from summative assessments
What do researchers say

about formative assessment?
• “Learning gains from systematic attention
to formative assessment are larger than
most of those found for any other
educational intervention.” (NRC, 2003, page 13)
• Many of the studies show that improved
formative assessment helps low achievers
more than others, thereby reducing the
spread of attainment while also raising
achievement overall.
5
Principle 3: Use Frequent
Formative Assessment
• Vermont Mathematics Partnership

Ongoing Assessment Project (OGAP)…
…One Formative Assessment Strategy
OGAP Formative Assessment

Fractions Multiplicative Reasoning Proportionality
•An intentional and systematic approach to

formative assessment that
• involves pre-assessing student knowledge
• provides strategies for analyzing the pre-
assessment
• provides tools (item banks and analysis tools)
that supports a continuous and intentional
probing of students’ developing understanding
6
Principle 4: Build Assessment on
Cognitive Research
Distilled and used to …
… develop short focused

items (and bank of items)
… interpret student
designed to elicit developing
work and inform
understandings, common instruction.
errors, preconceptions, or
misconceptions.
•It is not formative assessment alone OR

knowledge of cognitive research alone…
•…but the marriage of the two that

empowers teachers.
7
Understand Evidence in Student
Work Used to Inform Instruction
Shade 5 of the figure
8
Thomas’s Response Dyson’s Response
Going beyond celebrating …understanding the instructional

different strategies TO… implications and taking action
Evidence of Student Work

Additive Transitional Multiplicative
Strategy Multiplicative Strategy Strategy
One tricycle has Write an equation to Farmer Brown

three wheels. match this picture. donated 7 dozen
How many wheels do eggs to the senior
29 tricycles have? center. How many
eggs did he donate?
8
OGAP PROPORTIONALITY FRAMEWORK (11/2008)
Structures of Problem Students move back and forth
between proportional strategies,
and non-proportional reasoning,
Mathematical Topics Problem Multiplicative Relationships Ratio depending upon the structure of
and Context Types Relationships the problem, the context in
Ratios Ratio Both integral Part: Whole which the problem is situated,
Rates (Density) Rate Both non-integral Part: Part and the strength of their
Rates (D=RT) Comparison Some non-integral proportional reasoning.
Rates (Buy/Consume) Missing value Ratio Referents
Similarity Scale factor Numbers (Cramer, Post & Currier, 1993;
Implied
Scale Qualitative Karplus, Pulos & Stage, 1983;
All integers Explicit
Probability Non-proportional VMP OGAP Pilots, 2006 & 2007)
All non-integers
Percents
Both integer and non-integer Representations
Linear equitations
Linear patterns and Graph
relationships Internal structure Table
Slope Parallel structure Model
Frequency distributions Non-parallel structure
Evidence of Student Work

Proportional Transitional Proportional Non-proportional Underlying Issues,
Strategies Strategies Reasoning Errors, Misconceptions
• Finds and applies unit rate • Builds up/down • Guesses or uses random • Errors in the applications
• Compares simplified • Finds equivalent operations of cross-product
fractions, rates, or ratios fractions/ratios with • Uses additive reasoning • Uses additive strategy in solution
• Applies multiplicative an error • Uses whole-number • Misinterprets meaning of quantities
relationship • Uses models reasoning • Remainders are not treated
• Sets up proportions and uses • Makes a cross-product • Solves non-proportional correctly
cross-products error situations proportionally • Units inconsistent or absent
• Uses y=kx (either symbolic or • Makes an error in • Misinterprets vocabulary • Errors in equation
graphic representations) applying a multiplicative and related concept • Computational error
• Applies the correct ratio relationship • Rounding error
referent in ratio problem • Uses incorrect ratio referent
A derivative OGAP product created for MMSTLC November 2008. Original materials were developed as a part of The Vermont
Mathematics Partnership funded by a grant provided by the US Department of Education (Award Number S366A020002) and the
National Science Foundation (Award Number EHR- 0227057) November 25, 2008 Version
Teachers say...
•that knowledge of research coupled
with tools and resources sensitive to the
research helps them…
• Understand the purposes of activities
in mathematics programs;
• Use evidence in student work to
inform instruction;
• Strengthen and focus initial
instruction;
• Respond to evidence in student work
as instruction proceeds.
OGAP Proportionality Framework

Structures
of Problems
Mathematical Other
Topics And Structures
Contexts
Evidence in Student
Work to Inform Instruction
Proportional Transitional Non-proportional Underlying

Strategies Proportional Reasoning Issues, Errors,
Strategies Misconceptions
9
Graphic Comment Mid-year Student self
organizers only grading exams assessment
Non-graded Non-graded Student
Graded pre-
pre- exit work
assessments
assessment questions analysis
End of Unit Probing Screening
Homework
Projects questions Exams
Sharing
Stanford Algebra
NCLB assessment
Achievement Readiness
Assessments criteria with
Tests Test
students
Teacher Math
Weekly quiz Unit Tests
observation worksheet
Session 1, Formative Assessment

Graphic organizers
Comment only
grading
Session 1, Formative Assessment 1
Non-graded pre-
assessment
Graded pre-
assessments
End of Unit Projects
Homework
NCLB Assessments
Stanford
Achievement Tests
Teacher observation
Weekly quiz
Mid-year exams
Student self
assessment
Non-graded exit
questions
Student work
analysis
Probing questions
Screening Exams
Algebra Readiness
Test
Sharing assessment
criteria with students
Math worksheet
Unit Tests
FORMATIVE
ASSESSMENT
EXAMPLES
NON-EXAMPLES
NOT SURE

Definition/Characteristics: Contexts/mathematical topics in which
proportionality occurs:
Proportionality
Examples of proportional situations: Non-examples of proportional situations:
Difficulties that students might encounter as they solve proportionality

problems:
A derivative OGAP product created for MMSTLC October 2008. Original materials were developed as a part of The
Vermont Mathematics Partnership funded by a grant provided by the US Department of Education (Award Number
S366A020002) and the National Science Foundation (Award Number EHR-0227057)
Warm-up OGAP Proportionality
1) Based on the shape of the graphs below select the graph that
represents a proportional situation.
a) Explain your choice and why the others were not selected.
b) These graphs were intentionally not labeled. Provide three
different situations (contexts) that would fit the graph you
selected. Label the axis given each context (do not put on a
scale).
c) With your table members - select three examples of labeled

graphs and place them on newsprint paper. Be prepared to
describe the situation.
The Vermont Mathematics Partnership is funded by a grant provided by the US Department of Education (Award Number
1) Carrie is packing apples. It takes 3 boxes
to pack 2 bushels of apples. How many
boxes will she need to pack 8 bushels of
apples? Show all your work for this
problem.
2) Paul’s dog eats 20 pounds of food in 30

days. How long will it take Paul’s dog to
eat a 45 pound bag of dog food? Show all
your work for this problem.
3) Bob’s shower uses 18 gallons of water

every 3 minutes. How many gallons of
water does Bob use if he takes a 13 minute
shower? Show all your work for this
problem.
4) The chart below shows the population of raccoons
in two towns. Karl says that Town A has more
raccoons per square mile. Josh says that Town B
has more raccoons per square mile. Who is right?
Justify
Town A Town B your
60 square miles 40 square miles answer.
480 raccoons 380 raccoons
5) Nate’s shower uses 4 gallons of water per minute.

How much water does Nate use when he takes a 15
minute shower?
6) Big Horn Ranch raises 100 horses on 150 acres of

pasture. Jefferson Ranch raises 75 horses on 125
acres of pasture. Which ranch has more acres of
pasture per horse? Explain your answer using
words, pictures, or diagrams.
3.2 - Structures of Proportiojnality Problems Case Study
Case Study
A sixth grade teacher is starting a unit on proportionality and is reviewing the set of the problems at the end of the chapter to get an
idea of what her students should be able to do by the end of the unit. She notices that there is no instruction on using cross products in
the unit, but there is an emphasis on other strategies to solve proportionality problems.
As she looks at the problems, she thinks some of the problems will be more difficult than the other problems. She decides to sort the
problems into piles to help her think about features of problems she needs to think about as the unit progresses.
Step 1: With a partner sort the problems into three categories – 1) Easiest; 2) Moderate difficulty; 3) Most challenging
Step2: Make notes of features of the problems that would make them more or less challenging for students.
Easiest Moderate Most Challenging

List Problems: List Problems: List Problems:
Features of problems: Features of problems: Features of problems:
1 The Vermont Mathematics Partnership is funded by a grant provided by the US Department of Education (Award Number S366A020002) and the National Science Foundation (Award Number
EHR-0227057) Version 2.0 July 16, 2007
3.2 - Structures of Proportiojnality Problems Case Study
Unit Review
1) Carrie is packing apples. It takes 3 boxes to pack 2 bushels of apples. How many boxes will she need to pack 8 bushels of apples?
Show all your work for this problem.
2) Paul’s dog eats 20 pounds of food in 30 days. How long will it take Paul’s dog to eat a 45 pound bag of dog food? Show all your
work for this problem.
3) Bob’s shower uses 18 gallons of water every 3 minutes. How many gallons of water does Bob use if he takes a 13 minute shower?
Show all your work for this problem.
4) The chart below shows the population of raccoons in two towns.
Town A Town B
60 square miles 40 square miles
Karl says that Town A has more raccoons per square mile. Josh says that Town B has more raccoons per square mile. Who is right?
Justify your answer.
5) Nate’s shower uses 4 gallons of water per minute. How much water does Nate use when he takes a 15 minute shower?
6) Big Horn Ranch raises 100 horses on 150 acres of pasture. Jefferson Ranch raises 75 horses on 125 acres of pasture. Which ranch
has more acres of pasture per horse? Explain your answer using words, pictures, or diagrams.
2 The Vermont Mathematics Partnership is funded by a grant provided by the US Department of Education (Award Number S366A020002) and the National Science Foundation (Award Number
EHR-0227057) Version 2.0 July 16, 2007
3A.1 - Multiplicative Relationship Case Study
In this activity you will be reviewing a small sample (n = 6 students) of student

work gathered during an OGAP pilot study conducted in 2006. The pilot was
designed to explore the impact on student solutions of changing the multiplicative
relationship “within” and “between” ratios. As a part of the pilot 150 seventh
grade students solved the three problems below over a one week period. All of the
responses were analyzed.
While the sample doesn’t fully represent all the strategies that were evidenced, it
does provide a lens into the findings that illustrate the impact of changing the
multiplicative relationships as students solved these problems.
[There are two parts to this Case. Part 1 is focused on the problems used in the
study. Part 2 (page 3) is focused on an analysis of student work.]
Part 1:
1) Solve each problem
2) Identify the multiplicative relationship within and between the ratios for
each problem
3) Anticipate difficulties that students might have when solving each problem
Pilot 1
A school is enlarging its playground. The dimensions of the new playground are
proportional to the dimensions of the old playground.
Old Playground New Playground
40 ft. 120 ft.
80 ft.
What is the length of the new playground?
1 The Vermont Mathematics Partnership is funded by a grant provided by the US Department of Education
(Award Number S366A020002) and the National Science Foundation (Award Number EHR-0227057) October 2008 v2
Pilot 2
A school is enlarging its playground. The dimensions of the new playground

are proportional to the dimensions of the old playground.
180 ft.
30 ft.
50 ft.
What is the length of the new playground?
Pilot 3
Susan is enlarging her garden. The dimensions of the new garden are
proportional to the dimensions of the old garden.
Old Garden New Garden
7 ft.
13 ft.
19.5 ft.
What is the length of the new garden?
Part 2: Review student work
With a partner review the sets of student work from the study.
1) Indicate if a multiplicative or additive strategy is evidenced in the

student work by placing an X in the cell that corresponds with your
analysis.
2) Complete discussion questions 1 – 3 below after you have completed
the review of student work.
Student Work Analysis:
Pilot 1 Pilot 2 Pilot 3

Multiplicative Additive Multiplicative Additive Multiplicative Additive
Strategy Strategy Strategy Strategy Strategy Strategy
Student 1
Student 2
Student 3
Student 4
Student 5
Student 6
TOTALS
Discussion Questions;
1) What did you see that you expected?
2) What surprised you?
3) What are potential implications for instruction and assessment?
(Award Number S366A020002) and the National Science Foundation (Award Number EHR-0227057) July 17, 2007
3B - Interpreting the Meaning of Quantities Case Study
Part I: The student work below shows four different ways that a student may not be interpreting the meaning of the quantities in the
problem or in the solution. Review the student work and then answer the questions for each response.
Student Response A 1) What is the evidence that the student may not be interpreting the
meaning of the quantities in the problem?
2) Suggest some questions you might ask each student or activities

you might do to help them understand the meaning of the quantities
in the problem and the solution.
1 version 1.0 June 20, 2008 The Vermont Mathematics Partnership is funded by a grant provided by the US Department of Education
(Award Number S366A020002) and the National Science Foundation (Award Number EHR-0227057)
Student Response B
1) What is the evidence that the student may not be
interpreting the meaning of the quantities in the problem?
2) Suggest some questions you might ask each student or

activities you might do to help them understand the
meaning of the quantities in the problem and the solution.
1) What is the evidence that the student may not be

interpreting the meaning of the quantities in the
problem?
Student Response C
2) Suggest some questions you might ask each

students or activities you might do to help them
understand the meaning of the quantities in the
problem and the solution.
Student Response D 1) What is the evidence that the student may not be
problem?
2) Suggest some questions you might ask each

students or activities you might do to help them
understand the meaning of the quantities in the
problem and the solution.
Part II: What evidence in the student solution below of the student understanding both the meaning of the quantities in the problem
and the solution?
1 These materials were created by the Vermont Mathematics Partnership funded by a grant provided by the US Department of
Education (Award Number S366A020002) and the National Science Foundation (Award Number EHR-0227057)
Structures of Proportionality
Problems
Krisan Stone, VMP

Leslie Ercole, VMP
Marge Petit, Marge Petit Consulting
(MPC)
Modified October
2008
Original materials created as a part of the Vermont Mathematics Partnership Ongoing Assessment
Project (OGAP) funded by NSF (EHR-0227057) and US DOE (S366A020002)

Structures of Problems
Mathematical Topics Other Structures

And Contexts
Evidence in Student Work to Inform Instruction

October 2008 Version 12.0 Vermont Mathematics Partnership (funded by the National 2
Science Foundation EHR-0227057 and the US Department of Education S366A020002)
1
Structure of the problems
that students solve
Structure refers to –
how the problems are
built
Structures of Proportionality Problems
• Multiplicative relationships in a problem (Karplus, Polus, & Stage,

1983; VMP OGAP Pilots, 2006)
• Context (Heller, Post, & Behr, 1985; Karpus, Polus, & Stage, 1983)
• Types of problems (Lamon, 1993)
• Complexity of the numbers (Harel & Behr, 1993)
• Meaning of quantities as defined by the
context and the units (Silver, 2006 Vermont meeting; VMP OGAP Pilots, 2006)
2
A Research Finding
When the multiplicative relationships in a

proportional situation are integral, it is easier for
students to solve than when they are non-integral.
(Cramer, Post, & Currier, 1993; Karplus, Polus, & Stage, 1983; VMP OGAP Pilots, 2006)
Multiplicative Relationships
Carrie is packing apples. It takes 3 boxes to

pack 2 bushels of apples. How many boxes will
she need to pack 8 bushels of apples?
Non-integral Integral
multiplicative multiplicative
relationship
3 boxes x boxes relationship
=
2 bushels 8 bushels
3

pack 2 bushels of apples. How many boxes will
she need to pack 8 bushels of apples?
Non-integral
multiplicative Integral
relationship multiplicative
relationship
3 boxes 2 bushels
=
x boxes 8 bushels
What are the multiplicative

relationships in this
proportional situation?
Carrie is packing apples for an orchard’s mail

order business. It takes 3 boxes to pack 2
bushels of apples. How many boxes will she
need to pack 7 bushels of apples?
4
A Research Finding
When the multiplicative relationships in a

proportional situation are both non-integral then
students have more difficulty and often revert
back to non-proportional reasoning and
strategies. (Cramer, Post, & Currier, 1993; Karplus, Polus, & Stage, 1983; VMP OGAP Pilots, 2006)

Science Foundation EHR-0227057 and the US Department of Education S366A020002) 0
5
Case Study - Multiplicative Relationships
(VMP Pilot Study, Grade 7 Students, n=153)
• Three similar problems administered across a one week period

(Monday, pilot 1; Wednesday, pilot 2; and Friday, pilot 3)
• Main difference between the problems is the multiplicative
relationship within and between figures.
PILOT 1: A school is enlarging its playground. The dimensions of

the new playground are proportional to the dimensions of the old
playground. What is the length of the new playground?
40 ft.
120 ft.
80 ft.
Student Work Analysis

(n=6 students)
Part 1
• Solve each problem.
• Identify the multiplicative relationship within and between
the figures.
• Anticipate difficulties that students might have when solving
each problem.
Part 2
Discussion with a partner:
• Identify the multiplicative or additive relationship evidenced
in the student response (e.g., x 3, between figures; + 6, within figures).
• Place your analysis in the cell that corresponds with the
student number and pilot number in the table on page 3.
• Complete Discussion Questions on page 3.
6
Multiplicative Relationships Study:
Discussion Questions
• What did you see that you expected?
• What surprised you?
• What are the implications for instruction

and assessment?
OGAP Study Findings

(2006 Pilot, n=153)
Multiplicative Relationships Percent of Correct

within and between figures Responses
Pilot 1 Both integral 80%
Pilot 2 One integral, one non-integral 65%
Pilot 3 Both non-integral 35.5%
7

Context Matters
• More familiar contexts tend to be easier for

students than unfamiliar contexts. (Cramer, Post, & Currier, 1993)
• How proportionality shows up in different contexts

impacts difficulty. (Harel, & Behr, 1993)
8
Context Matters
Which contexts might be more familiar to students?
How does proportionality show up in these different contexts?
• The scale factor relating two similar rectangles is 1.5. One side of
the larger rectangle is 18 inches. How long is the corresponding
side of the smaller rectangle?
• Nate’s shower uses 4 gallons of water per minute. How much

water does Nate use when he takes a 15 minute shower?
• A 20-ounce box of Toasty Oats costs $3.00. A 15-ounce box of

Toasty Oats costs $2.10. Which box costs less per ounce?
Explain your reasoning.

9
Types of Problems
• Ratio
• Rate
• Rate and ratio comparisons
• Missing value
• Scale factor
• Qualitative questions
• Non- proportional
Types of Problems
Ratio – is a comparison Rate – A rate is a special

of any two like quantities ratio. Its denominator is
(same unit). always 1.
The ratio of boys to girls is 1:2. $5.00 per hour

The ratio of people with brown $3.00 per pound
eyes to blue eyes is 1:4. 25 horses per acre
10
Types of Problems: Ratio
Relationships - Part : Part or Part : Whole
Referents - Implied or Explicit
Dana and Jamie ran for student council president at Midvale Middle School. The
data below represents the voting results for grade 7.
7th Grade Votes

Jamie Dana
Boys 24 40
Girls 49 20
John says that the ratio of the 7th grade boys who voted for Jamie to the 7th
grade students who voted for Jamie is about 1:2. Mary disagreed. Mary says it is
about 1:3. Who is correct? Explain your answer.
Types of Problems: Ratio Missing Value

Relationships - Part : Part or Part : Whole
Referents - Implied or Explicit
There are red and blue marbles in a bag.

The ratio of red marbles to blue marbles is 1:2.
If there are 10 blue marbles in the bag, how
many red marbles are in the bag?
11
Types of Problems: Rate Missing Value
What are the meanings of the quantities in this problem?

What is the meaning of the answer?
Leslie drove at an average speed of 55 mph for 4 hours.

How far did Leslie drive?
Types of Problems: Rate Comparison
What is the general structure of rate comparison problems?
• A 20-ounce box of Toasty Oats costs $3.00. A 15-ounce box

of Toasty Oats costs $2.10. Which box costs less per ounce?
• Big Horn Ranch raises 100 horses on 150 acres of pasture.

Jefferson Ranch raises 75 horses on 125 acres of pasture.
Which ranch has more acres of pasture per horse? Explain
your answer using words, pictures, or diagrams.
12
Case Study - Meaning of the Quantities
In Part I of this case study, you will analyze 4 student
solutions to Ranch problem. The solutions represent the
kinds of “quantity interpretation” errors that students
make when they solve rate comparison problems.
Big Horn Ranch raises 100 horses on 150 acres of pasture.

Jefferson Ranch raises 75 horses on 125 acres of pasture.
Which ranch has more acres of pasture per horse? Explain
your answer using words, pictures, or diagrams.
In pairs, analyze the student solutions and then respond

to the following.
• What is the evidence that the student may not be
problem?
• Suggest some questions you might ask each student
or activities you might do to help them understand the
meaning of the quantities in the problem and the
solution.
13
What evidence is there of

the student’s understanding
of both the meaning of the
quantities in the problem
and in the solution?
Types of Problems: Missing Value
What is the general structure

of a missing value problem?

pack 2 bushels of apples. How many boxes
will she need to pack 8 bushels of apples?
14
A Research Finding
The location of the missing value may affect performance. (Harel, & Behr,1993)
Carrie is packing apples for an orchard’s mail order business.

It takes 3 boxes to pack 2 bushels of apples.
How many boxes will she need to pack 7 bushels of apples?

It takes 3 boxes to pack 2 bushels of apples. She needs 7
bushels of apples packed. How many boxes will she need?
Internal Structure OGAP Proportionality Framework
Research Applications
Paul’s dog eats 15 pounds of food in

18 days. How long will it take Paul’s
dog to eat 45 pound bag of food?
Explain your thinking.
Change this problem to make it

easier, and then harder.
15
Structures of The Problems
A school is enlarging its playground. The dimensions of the new
playground are proportional to the old playground. What is the
measurement of the missing length of the new playground?
Show your work.
90 ft. 110 ft.
630 ft.
What type of problem is

this similarity problem? OGAP Proportionality Framework
What type of problem is

this similarity problem?
The dimension of 4 rectangles are given

below. Which two rectangles are similar?
• 2” x 8”
• 4” x 10”
• 6” x 12”
• 6” x 15”
16
What is the general structure of
scale factor problems?
Jack built a scale model of the John Hancock Center. His model was
2.25 feet tall. The John Hancock Center in Chicago is 1476 feet tall.
How many feet of the real building does one foot on the scale model
represent? Be sure to show all of your work.
The scale factor relating two similar rectangles is 1.5.

One side of the larger rectangle is 18 inches. How long
is the corresponding side of the smaller rectangle?
The scale factor relating two similar rectangles is

1.5. One side of the larger rectangle is 18 inches.
How long is the corresponding side of the smaller
rectangle?
If a student was unable to solve this

problem successfully, what variables
would you change to make it more
accessible? Why?
17
A Research Finding
Students should interact with

qualitative predictive and comparison
questions as they are developing their
proportional reasoning…. (Lamon,1993)
Types of Problems: Qualitative

Why do you think researchers suggest
these types of problems as important
stepping stones?
• Kim ran more laps than Bob. Kim ran her laps in
less time than Bob ran his laps. Who ran faster?
• If Kim ran fewer laps in more time than she did

yesterday, would her running speed be: A) faster;
B) slower; C) exactly the same; D) not enough
information.
18
A Research Finding
Students need to see examples of

proportional and non-proportional
situations so they can determine when it
is appropriate to use a multiplicative
solution strategy. (Cramer, Post, & Currier, 1993)
Solve these problems

(Cramer, Post, & Currier, 1993)
Sue and Julie were

running equally fast
3 U.S. dollars can be
around a track. Sue
exchanged for 2 British
started first. When she
pounds. How many
had run 9 laps, Julie had
pounds for $21 U.S.
run 3 laps. When Julie
dollars?
completed 15 laps, how
many laps had Sue run?
19
A Research Finding
A Classic Non-proportional Example
(Cramer, Post, & Currier, 1993)
Sue and Julie were running equally

fast around a track. Sue Started first.
When she had run 9 laps, Julie had
run 3 laps. When Julie completed 15
laps, how many laps had Sue run?
22 out of 33 undergraduate students

treated this as a proportional relationship.
A Contrasting Research Finding
Three U.S. dollars can be exchanged for 2 British

pounds. How many pounds for 21 U.S. dollars?
• Same group – 100% solved it correctly

using traditional proportional algorithm.
• No one in the same group could explain
why this is a proportional relationship
while the “running laps” is not.
20
Case Study - Proportional and Non-proportional??
(VMP Pilot Study, ???)
Kim and Bob were running equally fast

around a track. Kim started first. When
she had run 9 laps, Bob had run 3 laps.
When Bob completed 15 laps, how
many laps had Kim run?
Do student work sort!
Vermont Version Grade 6(n= 82)
Kim and Bob were running equally fast around a track. Kim
started first. When she had run 9 laps, Bob had run 3 laps.
When Bob completed 15 laps, how many laps had Kim run?
• 39/82 (48%) solved as a proportion

• 33/82 (40%) solved as an additive situation
• 10/82 (12%) non-starters
What are the instructional implications?
21
Elements of a Proportional Structure
That Affect Performance
• Problem types (comparison, missing value, etc.)

• Mathematical topics/contexts (scaling, similarity, etc.)
• Multiplicative relationships (integral or non-integral)
• Meaning of quantities (ratio relationships and ratio referents)
• Type of numbers used (integer vs. non-integer)
No wonder proportions are

tough to teach and learn.
What Are the Hallmarks of a

Proportional Reasoner?
• Recognizes the nature of proportional relationships,

• Finds an efficient method based on multiplicative reasoning to
solve problems,
• Represents the quantities in the solution with units that reflect
the meaning of the quantities for the problem situation.
Ultimately, a proportional reasoner should not be deterred by

structures, such as context, problem types, the quantities in the
problems. (Cramer, Post, & Currier, 1993; Silver, 2006)
22
Activity: Analyzing Pre-Assessment Tasks
Analyze each of the tasks for:

• Problem types
• Mathematical topics/contexts (scaling, similarity, etc.)
• Multiplicative Relationships (integral or non-integral)
• Ratio Relationships (part:whole or part:part) and referents
(implied or implicit - if applicable)
• Type of numbers used (integer or non-integer)
• Internal Structure (parallel or non-parallel)
General Directions:
Administering the OGAP Pre-assessment
• Administer the pre-assessment and bring a set of 20 to 25 to our

next session
• Calculators are not allowed
• Tips for students
• Time
• Level of teacher assistance
• Do not analyze student work before our next meeting
23
MMSTLC 1
4th GRADE LEVEL Math CONTENT EXPECTATIONS

(Rational) NUMBER AND OPERATIONS
Read, interpret and compare decimal fractions
N.ME.04.15 Read and interpret decimals up to two decimal places; relate to money and place value
decomposition.
N.ME.04.16 Know that terminating decimals represents fractions whose denominators are 10,
10 x 10, 10 x 10 x 10, etc., e.g., powers of 10.
N.ME.04.17 Locate tenths and hundredths on a number line.
N.ME.04.18 Read, write, interpret, and compare decimals up to two decimal places.
N.MR.04.19 Write tenths and hundredths in decimal and fraction forms, and know the decimal
equivalents for halves and fourths.
* revised expectations in italics
Understand fractions
N.ME.04.20 Understand fractions as parts of a set of objects.
N.MR.04.21 Explain why equivalent fractions are equal, using models such as fraction strips or the
number line for fractions with denominators of 12 or less, or equal to 100.
N.MR.04.22 Locate fractions with denominators of 12 or less on the number line; include mixed
numbers.*
N.MR.04.23 Understand the relationships among halves, fourths, and eighths and among thirds, sixths,
and twelfths.
N.ME.04.24 Know that fractions of the form mn where m is greater than n, are greater than 1 and are
called improper fractions; locate improper fractions on the number line.*
N.MR.04.25 Write improper fractions as mixed numbers, and understand that a mixed number represents
the number of “wholes” and the part of a whole remaining, e.g., 5/4 = 1 + ! = 1 !.
N.MR.04.26 Compare and order up to three fractions with denominators 2, 4, and 8, and 3, 6, and 12,
including improper fractions and mixed numbers.
Add and subtract fractions

N.MR.04.27 Add and subtract fractions less than 1 with denominators through 12 and/or 100, in cases
where the denominators are equal or when one denominator is a multiple of the other, e.g.,
1/12 +5/12 = 6/12; 1/6 + 5/12 = 7/12; 3/10 – 23/100 = 7100 . *
N.MR.04.28 Solve contextual problems involving sums and differences for fractions where one
denominator is a multiple of the other (denominators 2 through 12, and 100).*
N.MR.04.29 Find the value of an unknown in equations such 1/8 + x = 5/8 or
! - y = "*.
Multiply fractions by whole numbers

N.MR.04.30 Multiply fractions by whole numbers, using repeated addition and area or array models.
Add and subtract decimal fractions

N.MR.04.31 For problems that use addition and subtraction of decimals through hundredths,
represent with mathematical statements and solve.*
N.FL.04.32 Add and subtract decimals through hundredths.*
Michigan Department of Education www.michigan.gov/mde
Grade 4
MMSTLC 2
Multiply and divide decimal fractions

N.FL.04.33 Multiply and divide decimals up to two decimal places by a one-digit whole number where the
result is a terminating decimal, e.g., 0.42 ÷ 3 = 0.14, but not 5 ÷ 3 = 1.6.
5th GRADE LEVEL Math CONTENT EXPECTATIONS

Understand meaning of decimal fractions and percentages
N.ME.05.08 Understand the relative magnitude of ones, tenths, and hundredths and the relationship of
each place value to the place to its right, e.g., one is 10 tenths, one tenth is 10 hundredths.
N.ME.05.09 Understand percentages as parts out of 100, use % notation, and express a part of a whole
as a percentage.
Understand fractions as division statements; find equivalent fractions

N.ME.05.10 Understand a fraction as a statement of division, e.g., 2 ÷ 3 = 2/3 , using simple fractions and
pictures to represent.
N.ME.05.11 Given two fractions, e.g., and , express them as fractions with a common
denominator, but not necessarily a least common denominator, e.g., !=4/8 and " = 6/8 ; use
denominators less than 12 or factors of 100.*
Multiply and divide fractions

N.ME.05.12 Find the product of two unit fractions with small denominators using an area model.*
N.MR.05.13 Divide a fraction by a whole number and a whole number by a fraction, using simple unit
fractions.*
Add and subtract fractions using common denominators

N.FL.05.14 Add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators through 12 and/or 100, using the
common denominator that is the product of the denominators of the 2 fractions, e.g., 3/8 + 7/10; use 80
as the common denominator.*
Multiply and divide by powers of ten

N.MR.05.15 Multiply a whole number by powers of 10: 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1,000; and identify patterns.
N.FL.05.16 Divide numbers by 10!s, 100!s, 1,000!s using mental strategies.
N.MR.05.17 Multiply one-digit and two-digit whole numbers by decimals up to two decimal places.
Solve applied problems with fractions

N.FL.05.18 Use mathematical statements to represent an applied situation involving addition and
subtraction of fractions.*
N.MR.05.19 Solve contextual problems that involve finding sums and differences of fractions with unlike
denominators using knowledge of equivalent fractions.*
N.FL.05.20 Solve applied problems involving fractions and decimals; include rounding of answers and
checking reasonableness.*
N.MR.05.21 Solve for the unknown in equations such as # + x = 7/12.*

Grade 4
MMSTLC 3
Express, interpret, and use ratios; find equivalences

N.MR.05.22 Express fractions and decimals as percentages and vice versa.
N.ME.05.23 Express ratios in several ways given applied situations, e.g., 3 cups to 5 people, 3 : 5, 3/5 ;
recognize and find equivalent ratios.
Sixth Grade
Work with number is essentially completed by the end of sixth grade, where students’
knowledge of whole numbers and fractions (ratios of whole numbers, with non-zero
denominators) should be introduced to integers and rational numbers. All of the number
emphasis is intended to lay a foundation for the algebra expectations that are included in
grade six. Students should use variables, write simple expressions and equations, and graph
linear relationships. In geometry, students continue to expand their repertoire about shapes
and their properties.
NUMBER AND OPERATIONS
Multiply and divide fractions

N.MR.06.01 Understand division of fractions as the inverse of multiplication, e.g.,
if 4/5 ÷ 2/3 = ! , then 2/3 • = 4/5, so = 4/5 • 3/2 = 12/10. [Core]
N.FL.06.02 Given an applied situation involving dividing fractions, write a mathematical
statement to represent the situation. [Core]
N.MR.06.03 Solve for the unknown in equations such as: 1/4 ÷ = 1, 3/4 ÷ = 1/4, and
1/2 = 1 • . [Fut]
N.FL.06.04 Multiply and divide any two fractions, including mixed numbers, fluently. [Core
– NC]
Represent rational numbers as fractions or decimals

N.ME.06.05 Order rational numbers and place them on the number line. [Ext]
N.ME.06.06 Represent rational numbers as fractions or terminating decimals when
possible, and translate between these representations. [Ext]
N.ME.06.07 Understand that a fraction or a negative fraction is a quotient of two integers,
e.g., - 8/3 is -8 divided by 3. [Fut]
Add and subtract integers and rational numbers

N.MR.06.08 Understand integer subtraction as the inverse of integer addition. Understand
integer division as the inverse of integer multiplication. [Fut]
N.FL.06.09 Add and multiply integers between -10 and 10; subtract and divide integers
using the related facts. Use the number line and chip models for addition and subtraction.
[Fut – NC]
N.FL.06.10 Add, subtract, multiply and divide positive rational numbers fluently.
[Core – NC]
Find equivalent ratios

N.ME.06.11 Find equivalent ratios by scaling up or scaling down. [Core]
Solve decimal, percentage and rational number problems

N.FL.06.12 Calculate part of a number given the percentage and the number. [Ext – NC]
N.MR.06.13 Solve contextual problems involving percentages such as sales taxes and tips.

Grade 4
MMSTLC 4
[Core]
N.FL.06.14 For applied situations, estimate the answers to calculations involving
operations with rational numbers. [Core]
N.FL.06.15 Solve applied problems that use the four operations with appropriate
decimal numbers. [Core]
ALGEBRA
Calculate rates
A.P A.06.01 Solve applied problems involving rates, including speed, e.g., if a car is going
50 mph, how far will it go in 3 1/2 hours? [Core]
Understand the coordinate plane

A.RP.06.02 Plot ordered pairs of integers and use ordered pairs of integers to identify
points in all four quadrants of the coordinate plane. [Core]
Use variables, write expressions and equations, and combine like terms
A.FO.06.03 Use letters, with units, to represent quantities in a variety of contexts, e.g., y
lbs., k minutes, x cookies. [Core]
A.FO.06.04 Distinguish between an algebraic expression and an equation. [Ext]
A.FO.06.05 Use standard conventions for writing algebraic expressions, e.g., 2x + 1
means “two times x, plus 1” and 2(x + 1) means “two times the quantity (x + 1).” [Fut]
A.FO.06.06 Represent information given in words using algebraic expressions and
equations. [Core]
A.FO.06.07 Simplify expressions of the first degree by combining like terms, and evaluate
using specific values. [Fut]
Represent linear functions using tables, equations, and graphs

A.RP.06.08 Understand that relationships between quantities can be suggested by graphs
and tables. [Ext]
A.P A.06.09 Solve problems involving linear functions whose input values are integers;
write the equation; graph the resulting ordered pairs of integers, e.g., given c chairs, the
“leg function” is 4c; if you have 5 chairs, how many legs?; if you have 12 legs, how many
chairs? [Fut]
A.RP.06.10 Represent simple relationships between quantities using verbal descriptions,
formulas or equations, tables, and graphs, e.g., perimeter-side relationship for a square,
distance-time graphs, and conversions such as feet to inches. [Fut]
Solve equations
A.FO.06.11 Relate simple linear equations with integer coefficients, e.g., 3x = 8 or
x + 5 = 10, to particular contexts and solve. [Core]
A.FO.06.12 Understand that adding or subtracting the same number to both sides of an
equation creates a new equation that has the same solution. [Core]
A.FO.06.13 Understand that multiplying or dividing both sides of an equation by the same
non-zero number creates a new equation that has the same solutions. [Core]
A.FO.06.14 Solve equations of the form ax + b = c, e.g., 3x + 8 = 15 by hand for positive
integer coefficients less than 20, use calculators otherwise, and interpret the results. [Fut]

Grade 4
MMSTLC 5
Seventh Grade
The main focus in grade seven is the algebra concept of linear relationships, including ideas
about proportional relationships. Students should understand the relationship of equations
to their graphs, as well as to tables and contextual situation for linear functions. In addition,
work in algebra extends into simplifying and solving simple expressions and equations. The
main concept from geometry in grade seven is similarity of polygons, which also draws on
ideas about proportion. Students apply their understanding of ratio in data-based situations.
NUMBER AND OPERATIONS
Understand derived quantities

N.MR.07.02 Solve problems involving derived quantities such as density, velocity, and
weighted averages. [Fut]
Understand and solve problems involving rates, ratios, and proportions

N.FL.07.03 Calculate rates of change including speed. [Core]
N.MR.07.04 Convert ratio quantities between different systems of units, such as feet per
second to miles per hour. [Core]
N.FL.07.05 Solve proportion problems using such methods as unit rate, scaling, finding
equivalent fractions, and solving the proportion equation a/b = c/d; know how to see
patterns about proportional situations in tables. [Core]
Compute with rational numbers

N.FL.07.07 Solve problems involving operations with integers. [Core]
N.FL.07.08 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide positive and negative rational numbers
fluently. [Core – NC]
N.FL.07.09 Estimate results of computations with rational numbers. [Core – NC]
ALGEBRA
Understand and apply directly proportional relationships and relate to linear

relationships
A.P A.07.01 Recognize when information given in a table, graph, or formula suggests a
directly proportional or linear relationship. [Fut]
A.RP.07.02 Represent directly proportional and linear relationships using verbal
descriptions, tables, graphs, and formulas, and translate among these representations.
[Core]
A.P A.07.03 Given a directly proportional or other linear situation, graph and interpret the
slope and intercept(s) in terms of the original situation; evaluate y = mx + b for specific x
values, e.g., weight vs. volume of water, base cost plus cost per unit. [Fut]
A.P A.07.04 For directly proportional or linear situations, solve applied problems using
graphs and equations, e.g., the heights and volume of a container with uniform cross-
section; height of water in a tank being filled at a constant rate; degrees Celsius and
degrees Fahrenheit; distance and time under constant speed. [Core]
A.P A.07.05 Recognize and use directly proportional relationships of the form y = mx, and
distinguish from linear relationships of the form y = mx + b, b non-zero; understand that in
a directly proportional relationship between two quantities one quantity is a constant
multiple of the other quantity. [Fut]

Grade 4
MMSTLC 6
Understand and represent linear functions

A.P A.07.06 Calculate the slope from the graph of a linear function as the ratio of
“rise/run” for a pair of points on the graph, and express the answer as a fraction and a
decimal; understand that linear functions have slope that is a constant rate of change.
[Fut]
A.P A.07.07 Represent linear functions in the form y = x + b, y = mx, and y = mx + b,
and graph, interpreting slope and y-intercept. [Fut]
A.FO.07.08 Find and interpret the x- and/or y-intercepts of a linear equation or function.
Know that the solution to a linear equation of the form ax + b=0 corresponds to the point at
which the graph of y = ax+ b crosses the x-axis. [Fut]
Understand and solve problems about inversely proportional relationships

A.P A.07.09 Recognize inversely proportional relationships in contextual situations; know
that quantities are inversely proportional if their product is constant, e.g., the length and
width of a rectangle with fixed area, and that an inversely proportional relationship is of the
form y = k/x where k is some non-zero number. [Fut]
A.RP.07.10 Know that the graph of y = k/x is not a line, know its shape, and know that it
crosses neither the x- nor the y-axis. [Fut]
Apply basic properties of real numbers in algebraic contexts

A.P A.07.11 Understand and use basic properties of real numbers: additive and
multiplicative identities, additive and multiplicative inverses, commutativity, associativity,
and the distributive property of multiplication over addition. [Core]
Combine algebraic expressions and solve equations

A.FO.07.12 Add, subtract, and multiply simple algebraic expressions of the first degree,
e.g., (92x + 8y) – 5x + y, or x(x+2) and justify using properties of real numbers. [Core]
A.FO.07.13 From applied situations, generate and solve linear equations of the form ax +
b = c and ax + b = cx + d, and interpret solutions. [Fut]
Solve problems
N.MR.08.07 Understand percent increase and percent decrease in both sum and product form, e.g., 3%
increase of a quantity x is x + .03x = 1.03x.
N.MR.08.08 Solve problems involving percent increases and decreases.
N.FL.08.09 Solve problems involving compounded interest or multiple discounts.
N.MR.08.10 Calculate weighted averages such as course grades, consumer price indices, and sports
ratings.
N.FL.08.11 Solve problems involving ratio units, such as miles per hour, dollars per pound, or persons
per square mile.*
• revised expectations in italics
Understand the concept of non-linear functions using basic examples

A.RP.08.01 Identify and represent linear functions, quadratic functions, and other simple functions
including inversely proportional relationships (y = k/x); cubics (y = ax3); roots (y = !x ); and exponentials
(y = ax , a > 0); using tables, graphs, and equations.*
A.PA.08.02 For basic functions, e.g., simple quadratics, direct and indirect variation, and population
growth, describe how changes in one variable affect the others.
A.PA.08.03 Recognize basic functions in problem context, e.g., area of a circle is "r2, volume of a
sphere is "r3, and represent them using tables, graphs, and formulas.
A.RP.08.04 Use the vertical line test to determine if a graph represents a function in one variable.

Grade 4
MMSTLC 7
Understand and represent quadratic functions

A.RP.08.05 Relate quadratic functions in factored form and vertex form to their graphs, and vice versa;
in particular, note that solutions of a quadratic equation are the x-intercepts of the corresponding
quadratic function.
A.RP.08.06 Graph factorable quadratic functions, finding where the graph intersects the x-axis and the
coordinates of the vertex; use words “parabola” and “roots”; include functions in vertex form and those
with leading coefficient –1, e.g., y = x2 – 36, y = (x – 2)2 – 9; y = – x2; y = – (x – 3)2.
Recognize, represent, and apply common formulas

A.FO.08.07 Recognize and apply the common formulas:
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2 ab + b2
(a – b)2 = a2 – 2 ab + b2
(a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2 ; represent geometrically.
A.FO.08.08 Factor simple quadratic expressions with integer coefficients, e.g., x2 + 6x + 9, x2 + 2x – 3,
and x2 – 4; solve simple quadratic equations, e.g., x2 = 16 or x2 = 5 (by taking square roots);
x2 – x – 6 = 0, x2 – 2x = 15 (by factoring); verify solutions by evaluation.
A.FO.08.09 Solve applied problems involving simple quadratic equations.
Understand solutions and solve equations, simultaneous equations, and linear

inequalities
A.FO.08.10 Understand that to solve the equation f(x) = g(x) means to find all values of x for which the
equation is true, e.g., determine whether a given value, or values from a given set, is a solution of an
equation (0 is a solution of 3x2 + 2 = 4x + 2, but 1 is not a solution).
A.FO.08.11 Solve simultaneous linear equations in two variables by graphing, by substitution, and by
linear combination; estimate solutions using graphs; include examples with no solutions and infinitely
many solutions.
A.FO.08.12 Solve linear inequalities in one and two variables, and graph the solution sets.
A.FO.08.13 Set up and solve applied problems involving simultaneous linear equations and linear
inequalities.
* revised expectations in italics.
Each expectation is labeled [Core], [Ext] (Extended Core), [Fut] (Future Core) or [NASL] (Not
Assessed at the State Level); NC designates a Non-Calculator item

Grade 4
MMSTLC Session 17.5 SVSU 12/04/08
Scan Across a Unit and a Year

Step 1: Review the table of contents of your mathematics program. Highlight the
proportionality topics/contexts on the OGAP Proportionality Framework (use the copy
attached) that are addressed in your mathematics program.
Step 2: Select a MAJOR unit that focuses on developing proportional reasoning. Scan the
unit and then highlight the structures evidenced in the problems across the unit. Indicate
multiple hits on a structure with tic marks.
Particularly look for:
• Mathematical topics and contexts

• Problem types
• Multiplicative relationships
• Internal structures
• For ratio problems – Referents (implied vs. explicit)
• Numbers
• Representations
Step 3: Given the GLECS at your grade level and the OGAP Framework answer the
following questions.
1) What surprised you?
2) In what ways does your program support the GLECS at your grade level? In what
ways does your program support the OGAP Framework Problem Structures?
3) In what ways does the unit (s) you reviewed provide opportunities for students to
solve different types of problems with varying problem structures?
4) What gaps, if any, did you find between your program and the OGAP Framework
Problem Structures?
• A derivative OGAP product created for MMSTLC November 2008. Original materials were developed as a part of The
S366A020002) and the National Science Foundation (Award Number EHR-0227057) November 2008
• Progam Review Task page 1 of 3
STEP 4:
1) Join the other groups at your grade and program and complete the flip chart paper
provided to you. Place your completed chart on the wall with the charts for other
grades and your program.
(Note: We will come back to these analyses after you have analyzed the student work from
the OGAP pre-assessment that you administered to your students. At that point you will
know what strategies your students used to solve the problems and how problem structures
did or did not affect their solution path.)
• A derivative OGAP product created for MMSTLC November 2008. Original materials were developed as a part of The
S366A020002) and the National Science Foundation (Award Number EHR-0227057) November 2008
• Progam Review Task page 2 of 3
Evidence in Student Work
to Inform Instruction
Leslie Ercole, VMP
Susan Ojala, VMI
Amy Johnson, Milton Elementary School
Marge Petit, Marge Petit Consulting (MPC)
Bob Laird, VMP
Krisan Stone, VMP
Ted Marsden, Norwich University

Structures
of Problems
Mathematical Other
Topics And Structures
Contexts
Evidence in Student
Work to Inform Instruction

1
Different Structures Effect
Student’s Reasoning
Pilot 1
Pilot 3
Why is it important to know about

the strategies students use in
proportional situations?
• To support attainment of procedural fluency
• Procedural fluency “refers to the knowledge of procedures,
knowledge of when and how to use them appropriately, and skill in
performing them flexibly, accurately and efficiently.” (Adding It
Up! NRC (2000))
• To inform instruction
• Understanding students’ strategies – as they interact with problems
with different structures - helps teachers move students towards
procedural fluency.
• Ultimately, a proportional reasoner should not be influenced by
context, problem types, the multiplicative relationships, the
quantities in the problems and their associated units, or numerical
complexity (Cramer, Post & Currier, 1993)
2
OGAP Student Work
Disclaimer
• The primary purpose of the student work used
during this training is to help you recognize the
kinds of evidences found in student work when
students solve proportionality problems.
• For these purposes we will take the evidence in
the student work at face value :
• Understanding that an interview with a
student might reveal additional evidences.
• Understanding that the student might not
have shown all their thinking.
Proportional Reasoning
Non-proportional Transitional Proportional

Reasoning Proportional Strategies
Strategies
3
Non-proportional Transitional
Reasoning Proportional
Strategies
• Guesses or uses random application of numbers,

operations, or strategies
• Uses additive reasoning
• Uses whole number reasoning
• Solves a non-proportional situation proportionally
• Misinterprets vocabulary and related concept
(e.g., ratio, similarity)
Non-proportional Reasoning
Bob’s shower uses 14 gallons of water every 3 minutes. How
many gallons of water does Bob use if he takes a 8 minute
shower? Show all your work for this problem.
4
The chart below shows the
population of raccoons in two
towns.
Town A Town B
Karl says that Town A has more

raccoons per square mile. Josh
says that Town B has more
raccoons per square mile. Who is
right? Justify your answer.
It takes 3 boxes to pack 2 bushels of apples. How many
boxes will she need to pack 7 bushes of apples?
5
Kim and Bob were running equally fast around a track. Kim
started first. When she had run 9 laps, Bob had run 3 laps.
When Bob had run 15 laps, how many laps had Kim run?
6
Proportional
Strategies
• Finds and applies unit rate to situation

• Compares simplified fractions, rates, or ratios
• Applies multiplication relationships
• Sets up a proportion and uses cross products
• Uses y = kx (either symbolic or graphic)
• Applies the correct ratio referent when solving a
problem involving ratios
• Other
It takes 3 boxes to pack 2 bushels of apples. How many
boxes will she need to pack 8 bushes of apples?
7
Proportional Strategies
8
There are red and blue marbles in a bag. The ratio of red
marbles to blue marbles in a bag is 1:2. Sue opened the bag
and found 12 red marbles. How many marbles are in the bag
altogether? Explain your thinking.
shower?
9
The dimensions of 4 rectangles are given below. Which 2
rectangles are similar?
The dimensions of 4 rectangles are given below.
Which 2 rectangles are similar?
10
Transitional
Proportional
Strategies
• Builds up/down
• Finds equivalent fractions/ratios with an
error
• Uses models
• Makes a cross product error
• Makes an error in applying a multiplicative
relationship
• Other
Transitional Proportional
Strategies
Bob’s shower uses 14 gallons of water every 3 minutes. How many
gallons of water does Bob use if he takes a 8 minute shower? Show all
your work for this problem.
11
Strategies
Paul’s dog eats 20 pounds of food in 30 days. How long will it take
Paul’s dog to eat a 45 pound bag of dog food? Explain your thinking.
Strategies
The two rectangles are similar. What is the length of Rectangle B?
Rectangle A Rectangle B
4 in.
6 in. 12 in.
• x
12
Strategies
Carrie is packing apples for an orchard’s mail order business. It takes
3 boxes to pack 2 bushels of apples. How many boxes will she need to
pack 7 bushes of apples?
Underlying Issues, Errors,

or Misconceptions
• Error in application of cross products
• Uses additive rather than multiplicative strategies
• Misinterprets the meaning of the quantities
• Remainders are not treated correctly
• Units inconsistent or absent
• Error in equation
• Computational error
• Rounding error
• Uses incorrect ratio referent
13
Underlying Issues and Concerns
The chart below shows the
population of raccoons in two towns.
Town A Town B
Karl says that Town A has more

raccoons per square mile. Josh says
that Town B has more raccoons per
square mile. Who is right? Justify
your answer.

There are red and blue marbles in a bag. The ratio of red marbles
to blue marbles in a bag is 1:2. Sue opened the bag and found 12
marbles. How many marbles are in the bag altogether?
Explain your thinking.
14
Big Horn Ranch raises 100 horses on 150 acres of pasture. Jefferson
Ranch raises 75 horses on 125 acres of pasture. Which ranch has more
acres of pasture per horse? Explain your answer using words, pictures,
or diagrams.

15
Student Work Sort
• Bob’s Shower
• Raccoons
16
Evidence in Student Work to Inform Instruction
In this activity you wlll be using the OGAP Framework to help describe evidence
in over 20 student solutions to problems that you have encountered in previous
OGAP work.
Questions to keep in mind:

• What is the solution strategy that the student used?
• What is the evidence of that strategy?
• What structure (s) in the problem facilitated the use of a proportional
strategy or may have resulted in a student using either a transitional or
non-proportional strategy?
• What might your next instructional/assessment step be given the student
solution? (e.g., what evidence of understanding can be built on? What
else do you need to know to help make decisions about the next
instructional step? What questions can you ask to build on understanding?
What activities or models can be used?)
There are some underlying assumptions when asking about next

instruction steps:
• A student solution usually provides evidence of understanding that can be
built upon;
• One might need to collect additional information about the student
understanding as a part of the next step;
• While you are identifying next instructional steps in response to one
student response in this activity, these evidences are common across
classrooms. So when you answer questions about individual pieces of
student work in this activity think about this being an example of common
errors across groups of students that can be applied to full classrooms of
students.
• Even when a student correctly solves a problem, there are instructional
next steps to consider.
Important Note: The purpose of reviewing this work is NOT to spend time to
reliably agree about the evidences, but to give us a way to describe the evidence
that will inform instruction.
National Science Foundation (Award Number EHR-0227057)
8.4 A Student Work Bob's Shower
Student 1
Student 2
Student 3
Student 4
Student 5
Student 6
Student 7
Student 8
Student 9
Student 10
Student 11
Student 12
Student 13
8.5 A Student Work Raccoons
Student 1
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Student 4
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MMSTLC Session 17.8 OGAP Proportional Reasoning Item Analysis Sheet
Item Background:
Proportional Strategies Transitional Proportional Strategies Non-proportional Strategies
Description of evidence to inform Description of evidence to inform instruction: Description of evidence to inform instruction:
instruction: • Guesses or uses random application of numbers,
• Builds up/down operations, or strategies
• Finds equivalent fractions/ratios with an error • Uses additive reasoning
• Compares simplified fractions, rates, or
ratios • Uses whole number reasoning
• Uses models
• Applies multiplicative relationship • Solves a non-proportional situation proportionally
• Makes a cross product error • Misunderstands vocabulary and related concept (e.g.
• Sets up a proportion and uses cross ratio, similarity)
products
• Makes an error in applying a multiplicative • Not enough information to determine/lacks
• Uses y=mx relationship supporting evidence
• Other • Other • No attempt

For ratio problems:
• Applies the correct ratio referent • Other
Underlying Concerns/Errors
Underlying issues or concerns in student solutions: Underlying issues or concerns in student solutions:
• Error in the application of cross products
• Uses additive strategies rather than multiplicative strategy (e.g., uses
repeated addition instead of multiplication) • Other
• Units inconsistent or absent Computational errors in student solutions:

• Misinterprets the meaning of the quantities • Computational error
• Rounding errors
Instructional Notes:
The Vermont Mathematics Partnership is funded by a grant provided by the US Department of Education (Award Number S366A020002) and the National Science Foundation (Award Number EHR-
0227057) November 21, 2008
Item Background:
• Uses models
products

For ratio problems:

• Rounding errors
0227057) November 21, 2008
The OGAP Student Work Sort Process

There are three steps to the OGAP Student Work Sort Process. For a single
question:
STEP 1: Review and then sort the work for the class into three piles consistent
with the OGAP Proportionality Framework.
Proportional Strategies Transitional Proportional Non-Proportional
STEP 2: Record the evidence on an OGAP Item Analysis Sheet by piles.

We suggest starting with the Proportional Strategy pile of student work first and
then repeat the process for each of the other piles.
A) Record the strategy (you may want to sub sort the work first (e.g., All that
use multiplicative relationships, or unit rate) by placing the students’ #s (in
your case name, initials) that corresponds with the strategy.
B) Record any underlying issues, errors, or misconceptions evidenced
in the work by placing the students’ #s (in your case name, initials) that
corresponds with the error et al.
Student 1
1
Student 1
STEP 3: In the “Instructional notes section or on the back make some quick
notes about trends in the class or instructional ideas that you may have after
reviewing the work.
9.2 Analyzing Pre-assessment Participant Directions
Goals:
• To gather evidence about strategies your students’ use when they solve
proportionality problems to inform instruction and unit planning.
• To gather evidence about any underlying issues, errors, or misconceptions found
in student pre-assessments to inform instruction and unit planning.
Materials Needed:
• 5 OGAP Proportionality Item Analysis Sheets per person stapled together (9.4)
• The Pre-assessment Analysis Directions(9.2)
• Telling the Story (9.3)
• Completed student pre-assessments
Part I: Analyzing student work and collecting evidence on OGAP Item Analysis
Sheets (2.5 hours)
In General: You will analyze each item across all your students, NOT across a student.
As with the practice in the last session you will NOT grade or score the student
responses from the pre-assessment, but will collect descriptive information on the
OGAP Item Analysis Sheet that will be used to inform instruction and unit planning.
Suggested order for analyzing pre-assessments: Please analyze items in the order
suggested below. You can see that we suggest first analyzing the rate/ratio comparison
problems, then the missing value problems, and then other item types.
Order Grade 6 Item Type Grade 7 Item Type
1 Raccoons Rate comparison Big Horn Ranch Rate comparison
2 Car traveled Rate comparison Similarity Ratio comparison
3 Bob’s Shower Missing value Paul’s Dog Missing value
4 Marbles Ratio Bob’s Shower Missing value
5 Sherwood Forest Qualitative Kim and Bob Non-proportional
As you analyze each item we suggest the following:

1) Make notes about the structures of the problem that might influence student
solutions on the fist line of an OGAP Item Analysis Sheet.
1 A derivative OGAP product created for MMSTLC November 2008. Original materials were developed as a part of The
Vermont Mathematics Partnership funded by a grant provided by the US Department of Education (Award Number S366A020002)
9.2 Analyzing Pre-assessment Participant Directions
2) Complete the OGAP Sort and collect evidence in the OGAP Item Analysis Sheet.
IMPORTANT: We suggest that you actually put the students’ initials on the item
analysis sheets. That way you won’t loose important individual student data as
you analyze items across the classroom of students.
3) Write comments on the “Instructional Notes” section of the OGAP Item Analysis
Sheet before moving onto the analysis of the next item.
Complete analysis of all five items in this way.
Part II: Telling the Story
After you complete the analysis of all the items in the pre-assessment address these three
questions on the Telling the Story template (9.3).
1) What are some strategies evidenced in the student work that you can build upon?
2) What are some underlying issues or concerns evidenced in the student work?
3) What are some implications for instruction?
You will use the information from this activity in the next session as you do unit
planning.
Part III: Telling the story across grades
1) Return to your school level team. In a round robin have each teacher “Tell the
Story” for the group of students that they analyzed their pre-assessments (about 5
minutes each).
2) Be prepared to discuss general observations, findings, and implications for your
school.
2 A derivative OGAP product created for MMSTLC November 2008. Original materials were developed as a part of The
Vermont Mathematics Partnership funded by a grant provided by the US Department of Education (Award Number S366A020002)
Item Background:
• Uses models
products

For ratio problems:

• Rounding errors
0227057) November 21, 2008
Item Background:
• Uses models
products

For ratio problems:

• Rounding errors
0227057) November 21, 2008
Session 9.3 Telling the Story – Implications for Instruction
1) What are some proportional strategies evidenced student work across your class?
2) What are some underlying issues or concerns evidenced in student work across
your class?
3) What are some implications for instruction?
1 The Vermont Mathematics Partnership is funded by a grant provided by the US Department of Education (Award Number
S366A020002) and the National Science Foundation (Award Number EHR-0227057) v 1.0 June 13, 2007

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Vermont Mathematics Partnership

Ongoing Assessment Project (OGAP)

Vermont Mathematics Partnership

What we are going

• Engage in an overview of OGAP and its

• Corrie Sweet, Former VMP • Ed Silver, University of Michigan

Sources of Evidence and Interactions

National Advisory Board

Exploratory Studies Scale-up in Vermont and Alabama

Artifacts and Analyses Artifacts

• To improve student learning in

Findings From Classroom Observations

• Principle 2: Learn (and assess) for

• Principle 3: Use Frequent Formative

• Principle 4: Build Assessment on Cognitive

Features that distinguish formative assessment

What do researchers say

• Vermont Mathematics Partnership

…One Formative Assessment Strategy

OGAP Formative Assessment

•An intentional and systematic approach to

Distilled and used to …

… develop short focused

•It is not formative assessment alone OR

•…but the marriage of the two that

Going beyond celebrating …understanding the instructional

Evidence of Student Work

One tricycle has Write an equation to Farmer Brown

Evidence of Student Work

OGAP Proportionality Framework

Proportional Transitional Non-proportional Underlying

Session 1, Formative Assessment

Session 1, Formative Assessment 12

Difficulties that students might encounter as they solve proportionality

c) With your table members - select three examples of labeled

2) Paul’s dog eats 20 pounds of food in 30

3) Bob’s shower uses 18 gallons of water

480 raccoons 380 raccoons

5) Nate’s shower uses 4 gallons of water per minute.

6) Big Horn Ranch raises 100 horses on 150 acres of

Easiest Moderate Most Challenging

Features of problems: Features of problems: Features of problems:

4) The chart below shows the population of raccoons in two towns.

In this activity you will be reviewing a small sample (n = 6 students) of student

Old Playground New Playground

40 ft. 120 ft.

What is the length of the new playground?

A school is enlarging its playground. The dimensions of the new playground

Old Playground New Playground

What is the length of the new playground?

Old Garden New Garden

What is the length of the new garden?

Part 2: Review student work

1) Indicate if a multiplicative or additive strategy is evidenced in the

Student Work Analysis:

Pilot 1 Pilot 2 Pilot 3

1) What did you see that you expected?

2) What surprised you?

3) What are potential implications for instruction and assessment?

2) Suggest some questions you might ask each student or activities

2) Suggest some questions you might ask each student or

1) What is the evidence that the student may not be