INTERNSHIP REPORT

PREPARED BY ABDUL REHMAN REGISTRATION NUMBER IS/BE/S09/AUT/92029 FROM 22-06-2012 TO 04-08-2012

FEDERAL URDU UNIVERRSITY OF ARTS, SCIENCE, AND TECHNALOGY, ISLAMABAD

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.1Dedication....3 1.2Acknowledgement...4 Chapter01....5 1.1.1 switching 15 1.1.2 Battery Banks5 1.1.3 Transformer...5 1.2.1 Switching 2.....6 1.2.2 EWSD Exchange..6 1.2.3 DLU..7 1.2.4 Switch Network ..7 Chapter 02....8 2.1WLL(wireless local loop)...8 2.1.1 RIM..8 2.1.2 RIM Structure......8 2.1.3 BSSB....9 2.1.4 BTS.10 Chapter 03....11 IGE(international gateway exchange) .....11 3.1.1 NGN12 3.1.2 TISPAN Architechture....13 3.1.3 IMS..13 CHAPTER 04..14 OFS(optical fibre system).....15 4.1.1 Hardware OSN350016 4.1.2 Subrack...17 CHAPTER 05..18 Transmission.18 5.1.1 DPLC..19 5.1.2 PDH20 5.1.3 SDH21 5.1.4 SDH Multiplexing..22 Appendix-1...22 References

Dedicated to our beloved parents and teachers..

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First, I would like to express my acknowledgement and gratitude to my supervisors,s for the guidance and co-operation that been given throughout the progress and to complete this internship in PTCL. I also deeply thank to my family whose have giving me chance to continue my study and support me to enhance the practical knowledge in PTCL. Thanks for their encourgagement, support ,and love,ALHAMDULILLAH

CHAPTER 01

1.1.1 1.1.2

Switching 01 Battery Banks

Gel valve regulated sealed battery

In electricity, a battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniell cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth.

There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries come in many sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data center. 1.1.3 TRANSFORMER A transformer is a power converter that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called inductive coupling. If a load is connected to the secondary winding, current will flow in this winding, and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp) and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus enables an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less than Np. The windings are coils wound around a ferromagnetic core, air-core transformers being a notable exception. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in power stations, or to interconnect portions of power grids. All operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically practical.

SWITCHING 02 2..1.1 Switching 02 consist of EWSD exchange modules. 1.DLU(digital line unit) 2.LTG(line trunk unit ) 3.PLA 4.DIUD 5.BDGC 6.RGMG 6 7.SN 8.CP 9.CCNC

2.2.2 DLU(Digital Line unit) User hit on the DLU.Different DLU cards ferform different functions. Type. SIMACOS card is used for domestic numbers. CLMACMPL card is used forcommercial numbers like PCO etc. RGMR module control the ringing of the numbers. DLUC control the DLU functions. DLUD is used for channel providers. 927/120 (user/channel)

2.2.3 SWITCH NETWORK A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects network segments or network devices. The term commonly refers to a multi-port network bridge that processes and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3) and above are often referred to as layer-3 switches or multilayer switches. DP(DISTRIBUTIO POINT)

1DP= 10 users

CHAPTER O2 WLL(WIRLESS LOCAL LOOP) Wireless local loop (WLL), is a term for the use of a wireless communications link as the "last mile / first mile" connection for delivering plain old telephone service (POTS) and/or broadband Internet to telecommunications customers. Various types of WLL systems and technologies exist. Other terms for this type of access include Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), Radio In The Loop (RITL), Fixed-Radio Access (FRA) and Fixed Wireless Access (FWA). 2.1.1 RIM (Radio Frequency Interface Module) Interface between the BDS subsystem and the RFS subsystem. The forward channel add up the forward baseband data from the CHM by sectors, and sends the service data, HDLC signaling, PP2S from the GCM to the RMM after multiplexing.

The reverse channel demultiplexes the signals received from RMM, sending service data to the CHM boards for processing and HDLC signaling to the CCM Providing 1 local port for local RFS and 6 optical ports for remote RFS.

2.1.2 BSSB Call Flow

2.1.3 BTS(base transceiver station)

Base transceiver station

A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece of equipment that facilitates wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network. UEs are devices like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with wireless internet connectivity, WiFi and WiMAX devices and others. The network can be that of any of the wireless communication technologies like GSM, CDMA, Wireless local loop, WAN, WiFi, WiMAX, etc. A BTS in general has the following parts:
1. Transceiver (TRX)

Quite widely referred to as the driver receiver (DRX), DRX are either in the form of single (sTRU), double(dTRU) or a composite double radio unit (DRU). It basically does transmission and reception of signals. It also does sending and reception of signals to and from higher network entities (like the base station controller in mobile telephony).
2. Power amplifier (PA)

Amplifies the signal from DRX for transmission through antenna; may be integrated with DRX.
3. Combiner

Combines feeds from several DRXs so that they could be sent out through a single antenna. Allows for a reduction in the number of antenna used.
4. Antenna

This is the structure that lies underneath the BTS; it can be installed as it is or disguised in some way (Concealed cell sites).
5. Baseband receiver unit (BBxx)

Frequency hopping, signal DSP, etc

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CHAPTER 03 IGE (INTERNATIONAL GATEWAY EXCHANGE) 3.1.1 NGN TECHNLOGY

Voice over IP (VoIP, or voice over Internet Protocol) commonly refers to the communication protocols, technologies, methodologies, and transmission techniques involved in the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, IP communications, and broadband phone. Internet telephony refers to communications services voice, fax, SMS, and/or voicemessaging applications that are transported via the Internet, rather than the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The steps involved in originating a VoIP telephone call are signaling and media channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signal, encoding, packetization, and transmission as Internet Protocol (IP) packets over a packet-switched network. On the receiving side, similar steps (usually in the reverse order) such as reception of the IP packets, decoding of the packets and digital-to-analog conversion reproduce the original voice stream.[1] Even though IP Telephony and VoIP are terms that are used interchangeably, they are actually different; IP telephony has to do with digital telephony systems that use IP protocols for voice communication, while VoIP is actually a subset of IP Telephony. VoIP is a technology used by IP telephony as a means of transporting phone calls. A Next Generation Networks (NGN) is a packet-based network able to provide Telecommunication Services to users and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoSenabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent of the underlying transport-related technologies. It enables unfettered access for users to networks and to competing service providers and services of their choice. It supports generalised mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users. [ITU-T Recommendation Y.2001 (12/2004) - General overview of NGN] The NGN is characterised by the following fundamental aspects:

Packet-based transfer Separation of control functions among bearer capabilities, call/session, and application/service Decoupling of service provision from transport, and provision of open interfaces Support for a wide range of services, applications and mechanisms based on service building blocks (including real time/streaming/non-real time services and multi-media) Broadband capabilities with end-to-end QoS and transparency Interworking with legacy networks via open interfaces

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Generalised mobility Unfettered access by users to different service providers A variety of identification schemes which can be resolved to IP addresses for the purposes of routing in IP networks Unified service characteristics for the same service as perceived by the user Converged services between Fixed and Mobile networks Independence of service-related functions from underlying transport technologies Support of multiple last mile technologies Compliant with all Regulatory requirements, for example concerning emergency communications and security/privacy, etc.

3.1.2 TISPAN Architecture

3.1.2 FGNGN Release 1

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3.1.3 IMS
The IMS is a set of core network functional entities and interfaces used by a network service provider to offer SIP-basedservice to subscribers. The IMS provides a complete and robust multimedia system with specific profiles and enhancements that support operator control, charging, billingand security. The IMS provides users an improved experience with generalized mobility, managed QoS, single-sign-on security, and customer support.

CHAPTER04
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OFS(OPTICAL FIBRE SYSTEMS)

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed world. The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.

4.1.1 Hardware (OSN 3500)

OSN 3500 Intelligent Features

Servicelevelagreement(SLA

Topologyautomaticdiscoveryfunction

Automaticend-to-endserviceconfiguration

Supportmeshnetworkingandprotection

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Trafficengineering

SupportsRPR

4.1.2
4

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4.1.3

Supportsbandwidthauto-sensing
SupportsMPLS SupportsLCAS SupportsPortbasedflowcontrol SupportsreceivingandtransmittingEthernettestingframe SupportsinloopatEthernetportandinloopandoutloopatVC3level SupportsportlevelEthernetperformancemonitoring SupportsEPL/EPLAN/EVPL/EVPLANservicesandQoS

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CHAPTER 05 Transmission
5.1.1 Domestic Private Leased Circuit (DPLC) PTCL provides leased line solutions to all key customers throughout the country and its focus is to be the carrier of choice for high quality transmission services to other operators. PTCLs transmission platform on which leased lines are delivered consists primarily of optical fibre equipped with high-capacity DWDM equipment deployed in fully redundant, self-healing rings. PTCLs main fibre route extends to over 4000 kms. In addition, spur and short haul fiber network spans another 8000 kms providing the most extensive coverage across the country. Uses of PTCL leased line services to other service providers & corporate customers include interconnecting offices, mobile switches and all telecom switching & distribution equipments all over Pakistan. 5.1.2 International Private Leased Circuit (IPLC) PTCL also provides point to point international private leased lines through SMW3 & SMW4 submarine cables as well as terrestrial cable system. PTCL is able to offer half circuit as well as full circuit to various destinations worldwide. Full circuit IPLCs are provided for USA, Europe, Singapore, HongKong and other destinations. PTCL has One Stop Shop(OSS) agreements with renowned international telecom operators such as BT, SingTel, Telecom Italia, Etisalat, OTE-Greece, Batelco for delivery of end-to-end services. 5.1.3 PTCL DSL -Broadband Pakistan (Unlimited) PTCL Broadband is the largest and the fastest growing Broadband service in Pakistan. In less than three years of it launch, PTCL has acquired approximately 370,000 Broadband customers in over 280 cities and towns across Pakistan, leading the proliferation and awareness of Broadband services across Experience the Internet at its fastest with high-speed access from Broadband Pakistan, simultaneously, enjoy Voice service over the same telephone line without any extra cabling connections! Broadband Pakistan offers DSL service with unmatched reliability, affordability and connectivity. Features

Cost effective Always On Internet access High speed data download Unlimited download Free Modem Free Installation Convenient ordering on phone and web

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5.1.3 Limitation of PDH

INTERFACES:ElectricalinterfacesThereareonlyregionalstandards,insteadofuniversalstandards OpticalinterfacesNounifiedstandardsforopticallineequipments,manufacturersdevelopequipmen taccordingtotheirownstandards

SDH Definition SynchronousDigitalHierarchy(SDH)isastandardwhichisdevelopedbytheInternationalTeleco mmunicationUnion(ITU) ItisdocumentedinstandardG.707anditsextensionG.708 ItwasdevelopedtoreplacethePlesiochronousDigitalHierarchy(PDH)systemfortransportinglarge amountsoftelephoneanddatatrafficandtoallowforinteroperabilitybetweenequipmentfromdiffer entvendors Advantages of SDH over PDH ElectricalinterfacesSDHprovidesasetofstandardratelevels----STM-N. (N=4n=1,4,16,64).LinecodingofSDHsignalsinvolvesscrambling,insteadofinsertingredund ancycodes. 5.1.4 SDH FRAME STRUCTURE For thec onvenience of signalanalysis,the frame structures of the signals are often illustrated as block frame structures The frame structure of PDH signals,ATM signals and data packets of IP network are also block frames The frame of E1 signals is a block frame of 1Rowsx32 Columns consisting of 32 Bytes.

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Payloadarea for services transmission in STM-N 2M,34M,and140M signals are packed and carried in the pay load of STM-N frameover SDH network PathOverhead(POH)after packing low rate signals,POH is a dded forOAM of every frame. 5.1.5 SDH Multiplexing
SDH Multiplexing includes:Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 STM-N) PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M STM-N Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (ATM STM-N)

Mapping, Aligning and Multiplexing

Low-ratetributariesaremultiplexedintoSTM-Nsignalsthroughthreeprocedures:Mapping
Aligning Multiplexing. MAPPINGSDHmappingisaprocedurebywhichtributariesareadaptedintovirtualcontainersatthe boundaryofanSDHnetwork,forexample,E1intoVC-12,E3intoVC-3,E4intoVC-4. ALIGNINGSDHaligningisaprocedurebywhichtheframeoffsetinformationisincorporatedintothetributaryunit,byaddingapointer ThepointervalueconstantlylocatesthestartpointoftheVCframewithinthepayload,sothatthereceivi ngendcancorrectlyseparatethecorrespondingVC

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MULTIPLEXINGSDHmultiplexingistheprocedurebywhichmultiplelowerorderpathlayersignals
areadaptedintoahigherorderpath

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APPENDIX-1 References
[1] Wikipedia.com [2] Elecctronicstutorial.com [3] Circuitstoday.com [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_network [7] http://www.pulsewan.com/data101/sdh_basics.htm [8] http://ptucse.loremate.com/cn/node/3 [9]http://www.gordonschools.aberdeenshire.sch.uk/Departments/Computing/StandardGrade/ NetworksWeb/7TransmissionMedia.htm

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