PUDSEA Network

11th Newsletter September 2004

Special Topic: Peri-Urban Development in Yogyakarta and SE-Asia

Page

Editorial 2
Sven Theml: 3rd regional PUDSEA seminar 2004
in Yogyakarta/ Indonesia 2
Peri-Urban development in
South-East Asia has to be
1. Interviews 3
considered an interdisciplinary
research question that can be 1.1 Mr. Bayudono
Head of the Regional Planning Agency in the
observed from various
Special Province of Yogyakarta 3
perspectives with a wide range
of methodological approaches. 1.2 Mr. Wisnu
Leader of a community-based resource-recovery
In many developing countries initiative in Minomartani (Kabupaten Sleman) 7
rural migration to towns and
urban growth are creating 1.3 Romo Utomo
Headman of an organic farming project in
enormous conurbations where Ganjuran (Kabupaten Bantul) 12
the achievement of adequate
1.4 Mr. Iswanto
employment levels and decent
Initiator of an environmentally friendly waste-
living conditions presents a disposal scheme in Sukunan village
challenge not only for the city (Kabupaten Sleman) 17
governments but for planning
and societal organizations too. 2. Online information & literature 21
These population shifts also
2.1 Peri-Urban Development 21
lead to new food consumption
patterns, create market 2.2 Miscellaneous 29
opportunities and place new
demands on agriculture. While
3. Websites 39
new settlements can be a
burden on surrounding rural
areas they are also a source of 4. Books 44
investment.
 Editorial

Dear Readers,
our vision of ‘Linking Communities and Researchers for Establishing an Innovative Platform
for Sustainable Development of Peri-Urban Areas in SE-Asia’ (Link CoRe) has successively
taken shape during the year 2004. This vision shall now get realized and put into practice
through the implementation of local projects. Therefore, PUDSEA will organize the 3rd
regional seminar this year in Yogyakarta/ Indonesia with the working title: “Sustainable
Development of Periurban Areas – Management of Socio-economic and Environmental
Problems” in order to discuss about our ideas for future projects and synchronize activities
between partner countries.

The main focus of this newsletter is thus set on information about peri-urban development in
Yogyakarta as well as SE-Asia in general in order to meet the intention and orientation of our
seminar and to emphasise the relevance and importance of this upcoming event.

The newsletter is divided into 2 parts. The first part offers specific information about peri-
urban development in the local context of Yogyakarta. By including interviews with
representatives from local initiatives and authorities we want to describe specific conditions
and demonstrate promising ways and approaches to develop peri-urban areas in Yogyakarta.
It is mainly considered to inspire people seeking solutions for practicable ways to improve the
living conditions for local communities and their environment. The second part of the
newsletter offers relevant internet links, websites and books focusing on peri-urban
development in the spatial context of SE-Asia, supplemented with information about related
thematic issues to inform you about new trends, approaches and activities in the broadest
sense of the subject peri-urban development in SE-Asia.

Best regards,

Sven Theml
PUDSEA Network Coordinator
Contact: stheml73@yahoo.com

2
1. Interviews
1.1 Interview with Mr. Bayudono
Mr. Bayudono is the head of the Regional Development Planning Agency (BAPEDA) in the
Special Province of Yogyakarta (DIY)

The interview took place in Yogyakarta on 10th of August 2004.

Question: For what exactly BAPEDA is in charge of?

Mr. Bayudono: BAPEDA is responsible for planning

and preparing macro programs for the governmental
development program in the Province of Yogyakarta.
Previously BAPEDA were concerning only physic
development, but now we are talking about the overall
program for the government, that means that we have to
prepare everything including parts of the financial plan.
Our responsibility has thus become bigger.

Question: Does BAPEDA already has an overall

program for the governmental development plan?

Mr. Bayudono: Yes, the main program is to achieve our vision. Our vision for the next 5-
year period from 2004 – 2008 is to be a catalytic government. That means we come back to
our basic duties, that is to facilitate, to serve and to regulate in order to enhance and promote
the competitiveness of communities without interfering so far. To regulate does not mean that
we have to regulate everything, but we are making regulations or rules in such a way that at
least we minimize collisions of interest or conflicts among the people. And also we have to
facilitate what the people need. They need a bridge, ok we try to build a bridge. They need
roads, ok we try to provide them with roads.

3
Question: From where you get your information about their needs? Is there a kind of need
assessment? How do you communicate and interact with communities?

Mr. Bayudono: Actually it is difficult. We try to set our procedure or our mechanism to
absorb the inspiration, the aspiration of the community by what we call RAKORBANG1. This
mechanism has not been popular in previous times, but now we always invite and try to
include representatives of NGO’s and the private sector. Right now, for example, we are
establishing the system for the transportation in Yogyakarta. The members of the team consist
of people from BAPEDA, people from Public Works and representatives from ORGANDA2.
We also invite PUSTRA3. It is the way we try to keep contact with the communities. Beside
this there is a column in the newspaper KR4 every Friday. We answer questions from the
people, from everybody. They asked me about anything, about the broken bridge, about the
development of a mall in Yogyakarta, everything. Then we try to explain them what we are
going to do.

Question: Is BAPEDA divided in divisions? Or do you rather form working groups according
to special interests and needs of the communities?

Mr. Bayudono: Previously, in the old organization of BAPEDA, it was divided into 5
divisions, according to the sections under the divisions. But now we have changed the system,
not again to be such a sectored entity, but most towards a functional entity. Previously we talk
about, for example, the division for ‘Physic and Infrastructure’, now we call it division for
‘Regional Planning’, means that this division is responsible for macro planning. Through this
structural change we want to be more flexible in our work. The problem is that we changed,
but people outside did not. People from the legislative, for example, they are always talking
about sectors. We are not longer talking about sectors, we talk about function.

Question: What are your tools to implement any changes in order to improve the situation for
local communities?

Mr. Bayudono: We have no direct link to the people. Because according to the law number
22 about decentralization and autonomy, there are 11 sectors or authorities that now belongs

1
RAKORBANG (Rapat koordinasi pembangunan): Development Coordination Meeting
2
ORGANDA (Organisasi Pengusaha National Angkutan Bermotor di Jalan Raya): Organization of land
transportation owners
3
PUSTRA (Pusat Studi Transportasi): ’Centre for Transportation and Logistic Study’ at Gadjah Mada
University
4
KR (Kedaulatan Rakyat): Local newspaper in Yogyakarta

4
to the Kabupaten5. For example if we talk about the education, it is the responsibility of the
Kabupaten, not again the responsibility of the provincial government. That is the problem.
But we set a macro planning program that might be followed by the Kabupaten. So if the
people have a specific problem, first they have to go to the Kabupaten government. But if the
Kabupaten government fail to solve the problem, then they will ask the assistant from the
provincial government.

Question: Talking about Agenda 21, the governmental vision is to develop a sustainable
tourism sector in Yogyakarta. What does it mean?

Mr. Bayudono: We apply Agenda 21 in a sectored issue, that is a sustainable tourism

development in Yogyakarta. It means that the tourism in Yogyakarta will be developed in
such way that will not destroy the environment. So if we have such a sustainable tourism
development program, first is to evaluate how far the program will influence the sustainability
of the environment.

Question: What is your concept to implement sustainable tourism development in

Yogyakarta?

Mr. Bayudono: You know that the concept of the Agenda 21, sustainable tourism
development in Yogyakarta, is such a kind of macro-concept. And we have to follow this up
with other programs. So we divided this program in at least 12 other programs, like
revitalization of Malioboro, revitalization of Taman Sari, ecological forestry tourism in
Gunung Kidul, city forestry and others.

Question: PUDSEA will have a seminar in Yogyakarta next October. In what way do you
think the visions of PUDSEA could be interesting for the programs of BAPEDA?

Mr. Bayudono: Well, actually I think there should be a good collaboration between
PUDSEA and BAPEDA, especially in developing the peri-urban area in Yogyakarta. In
Yogyakarta it is the area close to the Ring Road. How to develop this area to be a centre of
activities? So that the people won’t be crowded in the centre of the city anymore, like in
Malioboro. If we can formulate a program together with PUDSEA for this case, it will be
good for BAPEDA.

5
Kabupaten: District

5
Question: BAPEDA and PUDSEA have a common vision in community development. How
could we synchronize activities?

Mr. Bayudono: I was interested by the ideas of Mr. Koesparmadi6, it was very interesting.

....his main work approach in community development is active participation using Action
Research methods...

Mr. Bayudono: The problem will be to spread these ideas to a wider scale. If he could
demonstrate this idea to BAPENAS7, it would be very good. Also, if PUDSEA could start
such a program in Kecamatan8 level in Yogyakarta, it will be very helpful. Because many
years ago we established the program ‘Kecamatan sebagai pusat pertumbuhan’9, but it did
not work. Therefore I would like to see that BAPEDA will further be represented in the
National Steering Committee of PUDSEA in order to share ideas and synchronize activities.

Interview by: Sven Theml

6
See also:
- PUDSEA Newsletter No.9: ‘Agenda for Peri-Urban Jakarta and its Surrounding Area’
- PUDSEA publications: ‘How partnership built – Stories from the Field’
7
BAPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Nasional): National Development Planning Agency
8
Kecamatan: Sub-district
9
“Kecamatan as the centre of growth”

6
1.2 Interview with Mr. Wisnu
Mr. Wisnu leads a community-based resource recovery initiative in Minomartani, Kabupaten
Sleman. They have recently also started with integrated organic farming activities.

The interview took place in Yogyakarta on 25th of August 2004.

Question: Why are you interested in waste management? Where is the idea coming from?

Mr. Wisnu: We do this business to fulfil our daily

needs. We get income from waste. Besides selling the
recyclable material, we also get other potencies. We
make compost which produces micro-bacteria to feed
fish in my fishpond, and my chicken. And we get social
status. Previously, we didn’t have a job, but now we do.
The idea of making compost came from what is called ‘a
miracle’. I was amazed by the dumped garbage, because
it produced some smoke but it was not stinky. Then I
learnt from my friend that it was the composting process.
From the book, I learned more about the composting
process, and then I made it for myself.

Question: When did you start this kind of waste management business?

Mr. Wisnu: I have been involved in waste management since 1990 as a garbage collector, but
I started this composting project in 1996.

Question: How did you start this business?

Mr. Wisnu: I built a network to realize my idea. This network consists of garbage collectors
in this area. It was not easy to open their minds, because composting needs time to make
money, there is no immediate income. From 13 garbage collectors in this area, only 6 joined
that time. In the beginning in 1996 we rented land from the government10 to start with our
composting activities. At the beginning we produced 3 quintals compost per month. This
business ran well until 1999. We can survive and are not influenced by any economic crisis,
because garbage is produced everyday.

10
Called “tanah bengkok”: Land provided from the government free of charge for community leaders

7
Question: Can you briefly describe the composting process?

Mr. Wisnu: Our base material for making

compost is household waste. First we sort
garbage into non-organic (recyclable) and
organic waste. Then organic waste is sorted
into slow-degradable (e.g. coconut shell)
and fast-degradable (e.g. leaves). This fast-
degradable organic waste is the material
for the compost. Then we pile up the
organic material. A pile has the size of
approximately 2m x 2m x 1,75m, its weight is about 3,5 tons. It takes 3 days at most to make
one pile, so after 3 days we can start with another pile. Previously it took 48 days for the
whole composting process, but after I made a innovation it takes only 35 days.

Question: Can you tell us about this innovation?

Mr. Wisnu: This innovation is still natural. We treat bacteria as we would treat ourselves, so
those bacteria can become very productive. It means we try to give the best conditions for the
bacteria, e.g. optimal temperature.
Soil already consists of high protein (bacteria), the key is how to produce glucose by giving
proper treatment for the bacteria, so these bacteria can be more productive. I don’t agree to
apply inoculants, e.g. EM411 for accelerate the composting process. Our compost must fulfil
standards for healthy humans, soils, and plants.

Question: Have these activities got attention from local government, NGO12s, other
institutions or even foreign countries?

Mr. Wisnu: Actually, it is not a kind of attention as I expected, but I got some recognition:
1. Government from different levels visited this place, such us BPPT13 who learned about
composting
2. Some NGO’s made friendship with us, but it was only friendship, because I had traumas
about partnership with NGO’s

11
EM4 (Abbreviation for: Effective Microorganisms): An additive to accelerate decomposition of bio-
degradable material
12
NGO: Non-governmental organization
13
BPPT (Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi): Agency for the Assessment and Application of
Technology

8
 3. I got a certificate from Sleman’s government as “Second Citizen”
4. Some television stations reported about our activities
5. I often get invited as a speaker in seminars
6. I got a Silver Medal as ‘Environmental Manager’ from some foreign NGO’s
7. I got a certificate as ‘Social Entrepreneur’ (all in all only 103 persons in Indonesia)
8. “Trubus” magazine helped me to export compost to Abu Dhabi, but then we stopped it
because it was not profitable. But we are proud of it
9. We got recognition from a minister called Karta Rajasa. Mr. Karta Rajasa said if
anyone wants to learn about waste management, learn it in Sleman. We are called as
‘Environmental Preserve Community’

Question: What are the difficulties with your approach of waste management business?

Mr. Wisnu: In the beginning it was difficult to open the mind of garbage collectors about
compost. Besides we got some opposition from government and society. But we did fight it
back and we proved by research that this activity does not pollute the environment. And we
also had some bad experiences in making partnership with NGO’s. One NGO stole my idea.
The NGO wrote “Produced by that NGO“ on the compost bags. It should be “Packed &
Marketed by that NGO”. Now we just practice friendship with NGO’s. If NGO’s need
programs, we can give them programs. I do the consulting and monitoring, but the activity is
funded by a NGO.
Previously there were 8 composting places, but because of the above reasons I reduced this
business and in 2000 start focusing on this place as a ‘Centre of Learning by Doing’ about
composting.
Currently, we have some problems in marketing, because we run the business using a social
concept.

Question: What’s the main need of this activity?

Mr. Wisnu: We have enough human resources, what we need is financial support. We need it
to develop this ‘Centre of Learning by Doing’. Right now, I am also developing a
‘Community Development Management’ system, which I already presented in June 2004 in
Korea.

9
Question: How is the marketing system?

Mr. Wisnu: We do passive marketing, because the production is limited now. It means to
attack markets, but wait. The marketing network was created by friends who have learned
composting from this place. It is quite profitable, which is proven by the fact that our compost
is now available in supermarkets. Now we package our compost by ourselves, which are
averagely 10 packs per day containing 2 kilograms each.

Question: Why is it so difficult to sell compost to farmers as an organic fertilizer?

Mr. Wisnu: Theoretically farmers should not use chemical fertilizer, but logically farmers
use it, because it is not possible to cultivate their fields only by using pure organic fertilizer.
Most soil bodies are eroded and not very fertile anymore. But it is not only a matter what kind
of fertilizer the farmers choose, but it is about changing their habit. We can not just say the
price for compost is only 500 Rupiah14 per kg, and the price for chemical fertilizer is 2000-
2500 Rupiah per kg, and we can also not also say that the price for organic rice is 6000-8000
Rupiah per kg on the market, while the price for inorganic rice is only 2000-2500 Rupiah per
kg.
The amount of labour is in fact much higher using organic fertilizer. For one time fertilizing
the fields, farmers have to use 5 tons of compost for one hectare. That means higher
transportation costs and more labour for farmers, unlike using chemical fertilizers where
much smaller amounts (in weight) are sufficient. Farmers also recognize that chemical
fertilizer will make plants grow faster and give higher production because chemical fertilizer
directly supplement plants need for nutrients, while compost is providing nutrient indirectly
by getting stored in the soil first. So plants will grow slower, and the production is generally
lower using compost as fertilizer. There is also just a small demand for organic products on
local markets.
So, although using chemical fertilizer is dangerous for environment and destroying life, for
large field units it is basically not wrong using chemical fertilizer, but it must be in controlled
amounts. There should also be a monitoring system by government.

14
US$ 1 => Rp. 9.040,- as of September 21st 2004

10
Question: What is your future plan?

Mr. Wisnu: I will try to make pure organic integrated farming on a smaller scale, using the
compost we make from the household garbage from our community.

Interview and translation by: Alia Fajarwati

11
1.3 Interview with Romo Utomo
Romo Utomo is a priest in Ganjuran/ Kabupaten Bantul since 1988. He spearheads an
organic farming initiative operating throughout Indonesia.

The interview took place in Yogyakarta on September, the 7th 2004.

Question: When did the organic farming project in Ganjuran15 start? What has been the
motivation?

Romo Utomo: We started with a seminar among Asian

farmers in Ganjuran that took place at October 16th in
1990, on the celebration of the ‘World Food Day’. At that
time we made a declaration that we called “Ganjuran
Declaration”, namely building sustainable agriculture and
sustainable rural development that is friendly to the
environment and to the nature, economically viable,
rooted in local culture and socially just. These are the 4
points of “Ganjuran Declaration”.
The output of this seminar was the creation of a new
movement of farmers and fishermen. Because at that time,
no farmers or fishermen organization was allowed except of those built from the government,
namely HKTI16 and HNSI17. These are the only organizations accepted or allowed by the
government to fulfil the programme of the government. At that time the government
programme is practicing the principles of the ‘Green Revolution’. During the period of the
‘Green Revolution’, since end of the 60’s, there is a process of farmers became stupid,
because they have no right to rationalize. They grow rice or any kind of crops according to the
instructions, they use chemical fertilizer and pesticides according to packages. Now we have
so many instant farmers, they like to produce instant food.
So our programme is in opposition to the government programme. But the government would
not ban our programme because we are a FAO movement. That is the advantage of our
movement.

15
Ganjuran is located in Kabupaten Bantul, around 10km south of Yogyakarta
16
HKTI (Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Indonesia): Farmer Solidarity Association in Indonesia
17
HNSI (Himpunan Nelayan Seluruh Indonesia): Fishermen Association in Indonesia

12
Question: Do you try to implement this programme also in other places?

Romo Utomo: Yes. Every year there is the celebration of the ‘World Food Day’. We
celebrate the ‘World Food Day’ always in other places. The first time it was here in Ganjuran,
then in Boyolali, and then in Central Java and so on. So during these celebrations we start a
local dialogue in villages, also a kind of awareness programme for local communities. We
invite outstanding farmers already practising organic farming, but we also invite the
newcomers, people who are not yet practising organic farming. That is our way to disseminate
and spread our idea to other places and other farmers tried to implement the “Ganjuran
Declaration”. The networking is very important for an exchange on farmer level, to share
experiences, to do training programmes and so on. This movement is just like a oil-dot-
system, always widening the base. That is why we have not only one block, one area of
movement. But we have the same forum, the national forum, what we call the ‘World Food
Day’, for farmers and fishermen. Locally the groups have their own name, only for the
national forum we come together.

Question: What is your function in the organic farming programme?

Romo Utomo: I am just a moderator. So our secretary is one group among other groups. We
are not something like central government, each group everywhere is autonomic. We try to
serve them as equally, as equal partners.

Question: What are the principles and the focus of your organic farming movement?

Romo Utomo: We have to focus first of all on the seeds. We have to go back to farmers
seeds, not industrial seeds. Because during the ‘Green Revolution’ farmers seeds has been
wiped out. In the national seed bank they are 8000 rice varieties kept. Now we have to do our
seed programme for our self, the farmers themselves. Who control seeds control life. That is
important, though just very few are aware of this. We have to go back to these principles,
away from the principles of the ‘Green Revolution’. We call it food sovereignty, because we
start the sovereignty of our seeds. We also try to disseminate them again, to multiply again
our local seeds. Sometimes we exchange seeds from on island to the other island, nationally
or even Asia-wide with our friends in the Philippines or in Thailand.
And secondly we focus on rural youth. So with rural youth we hope that we grow and develop
partnerships between adults and children. We start already at elementary school with very
simple projects. Like a kind of small gardening project done by children and helped by the

13
adults. The profit is for the youth and they also get recognized by the adults, that makes them
happy. Very small, very simple projects. That is among others our simple programme, the
partnerships between adult and youth. And recognition of children and youth ownership.

Question: What are the main reasons for farmers to follow this programme? They do it
because of idealistic reasons or do they also have an economic advantage?

Romo Utomo: Of course, there should be an economic advantage also, but they feel proud of
the good morality. Like organic farmers worldwide, they feel proud, not only because of the
economic benefits. They feel proud that they are different than others, they feel that they are
on the right side. So we have the vision and mission. That is important. Not just going to work
because they have to work. They work because of the vision and mission. Sometimes, of
course, there is a gap between economic and moral aspects. For instance, in terms of
biodiversity we have to do many kind of varieties. Sometimes they grow only what is proper
to economical aspects. Actually in a village sometimes they only grow 2 or 3 varieties that are
economically profitable. But they forget in terms of biodiversity they have to do more.

Question: Where do you get your organic fertilizers from?

Romo Utomo: From the villages. They make it for themselves. Nowadays there are also
many companies producing organic fertilizer and organic pesticides. But that means, it creates
a new dependency for farmers. Farmers have to be autonomous to be self-reliant. They have
to do it for themselves. They will see what kind of compost is best, what are the components
for good compost, they will grow into a good knowledge of compost making.
We try to help them to become more intelligent farmers, but sometimes we have to even dig
up against our system, our lifestyle. We try to support them doing the development of organic
farming that has been lost during the Green Revolution.

Question: Do you get any kind of support from the government?

Romo Utomo: Well, maybe nowadays farmers get contacted already. But in former times not
at all, because the practise of ‘Green Revolution’ is quite different from our movement. They
started with all the IR seeds, IR high-yield varieties, and we started with local seeds.
For instance, sometimes fellows come to us and ask if we can help with cultivating corn,
high-yield corn. But high-yield corn is a high-energy crop. Farmers become very dependable
on others, on the industry, if they can not make the seeds themselves. They apply more Urea

14
again, because high-yield corn demand more Urea, more nitrogen, which will kill the soil,
poisoning the environment, harming our bodies, because environment is not only soil, plants
and animals but also the people themselves, the consumers. If we apply more Urea plants also
become very vulnerable to insects, because the wall of the cell will become very thin. That is
why the insects become very happy.

Question: Do you support farmers to market the products?

Romo Utomo: Yes, we are in the process of certification, especially for cash crops. We try to
have an organic certification so that the products have a good access to the world market in
terms of organic market. Everywhere they are looking for organic crops. So we try to have a
certification.

Question: Who is doing this certification?

Romo Utomo: Some institutions have to do the certifications. The certifier is not our self.
The certifier is any international institution or international certifier, so that our products get
recognized internationally. And then we have to do the internal control-system for organic
production. We have to go to the farmers, then we need a map, we need a history of the farm
and the land, at least the last years, how long they refuse to use chemical fertilizer and
chemical pesticides.

Question: Are products mainly for self consumption, for local markets or international
markets?

Romo Utomo: Food crops are mainly for own consumption. But cash crops can be for world
market, it is a good opportunity for that. For organic rice and organic vegetables a local
market has not yet developed for local consumption. For other products, like cash crops it is
better to have an access to the world market. The problem is that cash crops are mainly grown
outside Java.

Question: So what could be a good perspective for Javanese farmers?

Romo Utomo: That is difficult because farmers outside Java have a kind of a back-up system.
Beside the food crops they have cash crops that can be sent to the world market. While here in
Java farmers are mostly food farmers producing food crops. That is why they are very
vulnerable. Farmers in Java must also have other resources for their survival to supplement

15
income, like home industry or herbs or medicine, to produce for cosmetic and medical needs.
But we have to do awareness programme also.
A week ago I was in Jakarta to see a big industry for medicine and cosmetics. I proposed them
to have a community-based production of products for natural health care. Farmers can do
that. The big industries in Jakarta do not need to have their own area of land to grow all the
herbs and medical plants but the farmers could do this for themselves. Only industry could
help them in post-harvest treatment, how to dry it, how to cut it and so on. That could be a
good solution for the farmers here in Java.

Interview by: Sven Theml

16
1.4 Interview with Mr. Iswanto
Mr. Iswanto is a lecturer at the health academy ‘Poltekes’ in Yogyakarta. He initiated an
environmentally friendly waste-disposal scheme in Sukunan Village, Sleman.

The interview took place in Sukunan on 14th of September 2004.

Question: When did you have the idea to improve the waste disposal scheme in your village?

Mr. Iswanto: It was in the year 2000

when the farmers were complaining
about plastic garbage that enters their rice
fields, causing their land to be infertile.
At that time, people in Sukunan Village
were not used to throw garbage in its
proper place yet. Then I established a
practical system for households to make
organic garbage become compost. My
wife also found methods to organize the daily plastic garbage. And then, the waste disposal
scheme was getting completed with the idea of sorting the garbage. That idea came after I met
Lea Jillenek, the resident director of the ‘Australian Consortium for In Country Indonesian
Studies’ (ACICIS). I saw a good garbage management at her house. I thought that it might be
applicable in my village too. Previously the idea was only to face the garbage problems.

Question: Starting from the idea to face the garbage problems of the farmers, you’ve
developed a precise scheme. How did you make the scheme concept mature?

Mr. Iswanto: In the year of 2002 my friends and I have made a proposal to the Health
Agency in Yogyakarta Province. Unfortunately the proposal was rejected. But the rejection
made me even more enthusiastic to find a way to implement it.
After I met Lea Jillenek, in order to make the scheme concept mature, several feasibility
studies were conducted. We went to several composting places and had interviews with
several garbage picker in Yogyakarta. Then we came into the conclusion that the garbage
could be sold.

17
Question: What have been your tools to implement the waste disposal scheme to people in
your village?

Mr. Iswanto: Before having a donator, socialization programs have been brought to the
people. Informally I started to deliver this idea to the local prominent figures, like ‘chief of
neighbours’ (Ketua RT) and ‘chief of people’ (Ketua RW). I explained that actually garbage
should be managed in such a way to avoid, that the toxic substances (e.g. dioxin from the
burned plastic) harm the people’s health. I also highlighted that people doesn’t have to pay a
garbage picker to collect their daily waste anymore if they treat the waste according to the
new waste disposal scheme. Several people agreed with this idea, but some others were also
pessimistic.
A short story, Lea successfully got the donators for our scheme. They are Ella and Alan
Finkel from Australia. In January 2004, for the 1st time in a formal occasion, the scheme was
presented in front of local prominent figures, namely representatives from the Banyuraden
Village Agency, a mosque’s board, and local youths. Since that, more continuous meetings
have been held to improve the scheme. Local people developed a waste-management team,
chaired by Mr. Suharto and helped by 5 other board member. That team was responsible to
socialize the scheme into all society layers. So far that team has worked effectively.

Question: Talking about the waste disposal scheme, actually how does it work exactly?

Mr. Iswanto: The essence of the waste

disposal scheme is that every family in
the village sort their household litter into
3 categories: plastic, paper, and iron/
glass. Families can dispose their
separated waste in different bins, one for
plastic, one for paper and one for iron/
glass. There are currently 18 locations
where these sets of 3 garbage bins are
provided in our village. The garbage bins
are large drums colored with paintings. Therefore we invited Apotik Komik, a local artist
group, who helped us making the drums visually attractive. When those garbage bins are full,
the private sector (scavengers) picks them up and sell our garbage to middlemen. The money
from garbage sales is saved as village fund. This scheme make residents in Sukunan
village doesn’t have to pay for garbage pickers to collect their daily waste.

18
 Each family also should prepare another
2 clay containers with a volume of
around 100 litres for making compost.
They supposed to fill the clay container
with their organic home garbage by turns.
From my experiences it usually takes 2-3
months for a 4-member family to fill one
container. Then, when the first container
is already full, they should close it and
start filling the second container. During
the time people filling the second container, the organic waste in the first container is bio-
degrading to compost.
My wife has also initiated a small-scale business with the plastic and aluminium-foil garbage,
such as coffee/milk wrapper and detergent packer. With the help of unemployed youth, she
transforms the garbage into handbags. Her idea gets response from the local youth alliance.
Now, this business has been considered more seriously because from the economic
calculation, making handbags would bring much more benefit instead of selling the raw
material (plastics, aluminium foil, etc.).

Question: Could this advanced waste management scheme get implemented successfully in
the whole village since its launching?

Mr. Iswanto: Approximately two weeks after its launching, the Sukunan village waste-
management team found that the garbage bins are already full. Then the private sector bought
the garbage from Sukunan village. The money from the garbage sale is getting collected for
the village’s cash. Beside that there is also income from the handbags sale. Until August
2004, the income from our waste management scheme has been 500.000 Rupiah. Villagers
also have saved the garbage fee, which is usually paid every month, as much as 3.000 Rupiah
x 180 houses x 8 months = 4.320.000 Rupiah.18
We know from monitoring that 80% of the families in Sukunan village has sort their garbage
and 90% of the families has implemented the scheme in the right way. The garbage bins are
used for 100%, but there are still mistakes done, e.g. placing the organic waste into the wrong
garbage bins (approximately 12%).

18
US$ 1 => Rp. 9.040,- as of September 21st 2004

19
Question: It is a very big progress. Do you have any future plan related to the waste
disposal scheme that has been successfully applied in your village?

Mr. Iswanto: Actually since the scheme roll on, many communities outside of Sukunan
Village have shown interest to adopt the waste disposal scheme according to our approach in
Sukunan. More than 10 communities from other villages already came to Sukunan to learn
about our scheme. Beside that, we are also getting visited by academician (including students
and lecturers), government officials (DKKP19, Bapedalda20, Dinkes21), and non-government
institutions (study centre) as well as hotels.
For the period 2004-2005, the Sukunan village waste-management team has been accepted
again to receive financial support from donors. We want to use the money for transferring the
program to other villages. The target is that another 5 villages implement this scheme by the
end of 2004.

Interview and translation by: Poppy Nelly

19
DKKP: Dinas Kebersihan, Keindahan dan Pemakaman (Sanitation, Aesthetics and Cemetery Department)
20
Bapedalda: Badan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (Regional Environment Management Agency)
21
Dinkes: Dinas Kesehatan (Healthy Agency)

20
2. Online Information & Literature
2.1 Peri-urban development

To Benefit Periurban Communities: 'Mainstream Planning' or 'Local

Legitimacy Planning'? - A case study of the waste management system in
Periurban Tangerang, Indonesia
by Sutandyo-Buchholz, Adiyanti & Drescher, Axel W. & Iaquinta, David L.; 2004

Abstract:
As cities in developing countries expand to modern metropolitan agglomerations, periurban
areas develop through myriad rural-urban linkages amalgamating characteristics, traditional
and modern. Government control of detailed spatial planning in periurban regions is unclear,
overlapping, inconsistent, incomplete and often nonexistent.
The case study focuses on the waste management system in Tangerang, 40 km west of
Jakarta, Indonesia. This area is doubly burdened. On the one hand, periurban Tangerang has
become a dumpsite for both Jakarta and Tangerang city itself. Whatever value and value
added by the refuse material, it represents a significant hazard to both health and environment.
On the other hand, villages and squatter settlements in Tangerang and the surrounding
periurban have no waste disposal system of their own yet. The question remains: What benefit
shall this low-income periurban community derive from all this? More importantly, how can
the needs of the local community be met while still addressing the larger needs of the
metropolitan area?
http://www.isocarp.org/projects/case_studies/cases/cs_info_no.asp?ID=488

Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Metro Manila: Resources and

Opportunities for Food Production
Authors: Mubarik Ali (Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre, Taiwan) & Fe
Porciuncula (Central Luzon State University, Philippines)

Abstract:
Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Metro Manila: Resources and Opportunities for Food
Production analyzes agricultural resources and activities in Metro Manila and their impacts on
the environment and economy. Guidelines are provided for planning agricultural activities to
assist urban poor in other major cities of developing countries.
http://www.avrdc.org/pdf/TB26.pdf

Year-round production of safe vegetables for Manila from peri-urban areas

Authors: J. R. Burleigh and L. L. Black

Abstract:
Food supplies flowing to Manila are inadequate to feed its burgeoning population. Supplies
from urban sites are grossly inadequate and can be augmented only by the introduction of

21
technologies that increase productivity as it is unlikely that vacant land can be reserved for
agriculture. Current consumption patterns by Manila residents do not provide adequate
nutrition, particularly among the poor.
Meeting the nutritional demands of Manila’s millions therefore, can best be achieved through
increased supplies of vegetables year-round. New technologies that 1) enhance sustainable
vegetable production while reducing simultaneously use of pesticides and inorganic
fertilizers, 2) partially substitute organic for inorganic fertilizers, and 3) foster hot, wet season
production of vegetables at reduced risk of economic failure would help alleviate
micronutrient deficiencies among the urban poor in Metro Manila (44% of urban poor suffer
from malnutrition), strengthen the rationale for recycling of solid wastes and reverse trends
toward irreversible environmental and societal catastrophe. To these ends, AVRDC in
collaboration with Central Luzon State University-Philippines, the Bureau of Plant Industry-
Philippines, and the Technical University of Munich-Germany is addressing these problems
through a project entitled “Development of peri-urban vegetable production systems for
sustainable year-round supplies to tropical Asian cities”, funded by ‘Bundesministerium für
Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung’.
http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/agsm/sada/asia/DOCS/DOC/Burleigh1.doc

Urban and Periurban Vegetable Production Systems: Are they dependable

alternatives for supporting food security programs?
Author: Witono Adiyoga
Research Institute for Vegetables, Bandung/ Indonesia

Abstract:
Food security is not only emphasizing on food availability, but also on food accessibility. It
also explicitly incorporates the need for a healthy diet, complete with necessary vitamins and
proteins, rather than simply sufficient calories. In this case, vegetables play a major role as the
source of most micro-nutrients and the only practical and sustainable way to ensure their
supply. Vegetables can provide widely accessible sources of essentials vitamins and
minerals, as well as supplementary protein and calories. Despite the existing constraints and
challenges, there should be a concerted effort to promote large potentialities and advantages
of the urban and peri-urban production systems in enhancing vegetable supply. This effort
may lead to a strong commitment, both at the policy and operational levels, to further develop
urban and peri-urban sustainable vegetable production systems. Integrating urban and peri-
urban vegetable/ horticulture into the regional/urban planning process and regional/urban
resources management is the only mechanism that may determine significant impacts of those
production systems on household food security and nutrition programs.
http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/agsm/sada/asia/DOCS/DOC/Adiyoga1.doc

Environmental problems and opportunities of the peri-urban interface and

their impact upon the poor
Authors: Adriana Allen, Nilvo A. da Silva and Enrico Corubolo
Development Planning Unit, University College London (dpu) – Peri-Urban Interface Programme

Abstract:

22
The peri-urban interface (PUI) is subject to a wide range of transformations and flows which
originate within and outside its domain. Most of such changes are driven by the proximity of
urban areas (land conversion processes, market opportunities, migration patterns, waste
disposal issues, etc.); however, they can also be inscribed in the wider context of the linkages
urban areas maintain with their rural hinterland and the natural resource base in the territory
which surrounds them.
Urban-rural interactions are affected by and impact upon both urban and rural patterns of
production, consumption, mobility, on environmental conditions in wide regions and on the
livelihood strategies of an increasing number of people in the developing world.
This paper argues that peri-urban interfaces face two main interconnected challenges: that of
the sustainability of their natural resource base and that of the quality of life and livelihood
strategies of the poor. Based on the findings from a number of case studies, the document
provides an overview of the problems and opportunities of the PUI with regard to the broader
concerns of environmental sustainability and poverty, and proposes a series of considerations
for environmental planning and management to the benefit of the poor.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/DPU_PUI_Allen_Corubol
o_daSilva_Environmental.pdf

Living between Urban and Rural Areas: Guidelines for strategic

environmental planning and management of the peri-urban interface -
three volumes
Authors: Allen, Adriana et al.; 2000
Development Planning Unit, Universtiy College London
Volume 1: ISBN 1-874502-05-6
Volume 2: ISBN 1-874502-10-2
Volume 3: ISBN 1-874502-15-3

Abstract:
These guidelines comprise three short volumes, a flyer, and a poster. They seek to provide a
basic understanding of the processes involved in the environmental planning and management
of the PUI, as well as a clear appreciation of the principles and components required within
these processes.
The guidelines present a range of 'ingredients' aimed at improving the practice of planning
and management in a range of localities.

Volume 1:
'Understanding change in the peri-urban interface' presents a contextual analysis of the PUI,
the processes of change arising from the interaction of rural and urban areas and the
problems and opportunities arising form this interaction.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/EPMvol1.pdf

Volume 2:
'Developing an environmental planning and management process for the peri-urban
interface: Guiding and Working principles' presents the key guiding principles to lead the
environmental planning and management process of the PUI as well as the working principles

23
and components that must be applied to benefit the poor and enhance the sustainability of the
natural resource base.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/EPMvol2.pdf

Volume 3:
'Environmental planning and management initiatives for the peri-urban interface: Learning
from experience' illustrates the above with an overview of initiatives undertaken in a range of
countries.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/EPMvol3.pdf

Institutional structures and processes for environmental planning and

management of the peri-urban interface
Author: Michael Mattingly
Development Planning Unit, University College London (dpu) – Peri-Urban Interface Programme

Abstract:
Recently, a new interest in urban and rural links has arisen. At the peri-urban interface where
these links meet, environmental conditions are often at their most unacceptable. As compared
to MDCs, the interface in LDCs is more often the location of the poor. The poor tend to suffer
disproportionately the effects of adverse environmental conditions, and this is one of the
reasons. In LDCs, activities at the location of this interface are generally overwhelmed by the
changes precipitated by advancing urban growth.
Strategies are needed which deal not only with urban impacts but also with the transitional
nature of activities in the zone, once urban impacts are felt. And there are strategies for rural
activities to exploit their proximity to towns and cities. Yet these strategies must be matched
to the limited capacities of the institutions available for formulating and implementing them if
they are to be effective. Alternatively, institutions can be given new capacities or new
relationships.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/DPU_PUI_Mattingly_STR
UCTURES_PROCESSES.pdf

Understanding the opportunities and constraints for low-income groups in

the peri-urban interface: the contribution of livelihood frameworks
Author: Cecilia Tacoli
IIED

Abstract:
The increasingly common use of the term "peri-urban" reflects also the recognition that the
management of natural resources in the region surrounding an urban centre is often of great
importance to the livelihoods of many groups (for example farmers and fishing communities)
and is equally crucial for the sustainable provision of these resources (for example freshwater
and foodstuff) to the whole region, including its urban residents. The dynamic processes of
socio-economic and environmental change which are usually a major element of the peri-
urban interface are likely to have an impact on the opportunities and constraints faced by
different groups in their access to assets and the construction of livelihood strategies.
24
This paper examines the relevance of different livelihood frameworks to the construction of
livelihoods in the peri-urban interface (PUI) and suggests ways in which elements of the
different frameworks can be usefully combined to improve their use as tools for research and
policy-making in the context of the PUI.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/DPU_PUI_Takodi_opport
unities.pdf

Overview of initiatives regarding the management of the peri-urban

interface
by Jessica Budds and Alicia Minaya
Development Planning Unit, University College London (dpu) – Peri-Urban Interface Programme

Abstract:
This paper provides an overview of the initiatives that are being taken with respect to the
management of the peri-urban interface by development agencies, NGOs, research institutes
and government authorities, both at programme and project level. The overview of
programmes will consider bilateral and multilateral programmes with relevance to peri-urban
areas, and will describe the agencies¦ and programmes¦ conceptualisation of peri-urban areas,
areas of intervention and policies and strategies being applied to such areas. The overview at
the project level will also examine the conceptualisation of the peri-urban interface,
highlighting dominant themes and actual strategies for planning and management in specific
cases, and will consider recommendations for policy and evaluations of good practice. The
report concludes with a summary of projects covered in table form in order to provide more
comprehensive and detailed information about existing interventions.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/DPU_PUI_Budds_Minaya
_OVERVIEW.pdf

A review of policies and strategies affecting the peri-urban interface

Authors: Julio D Davila with Jessica Budds and Alicia Minaya
Development Planning Unit, University College London (dpu) – Peri-Urban Interface Programme

Abstract:
As discussed in other papers presented in this web site, whilst there is no accepted definition
of what precisely constitutes the (peri-urban interface¦, the PUI has been conventionally
conceptualised by emphasising three different sets of variables: physical attributes, such as
proximity to the city and poor infrastructure; socio-economic variables; or urban-rural flows
(of people, energy, goods).
However, most interventions that might be regarded as explicitly focused on the PUI take as
their starting point a physical definition, such as the ¦urban periphery¦, the ¦green belt¦ and so
on. Also, peri-urban interventions are usually inscribed in planning and management efforts
for metropolitan areas, but institutions with an overall responsibility for the environment with
a remit that cuts across administrative boundaries are very rare.
The aim of this paper is to present an overview of current government policies and strategies
that have a direct or indirect impact on the peri-urban interface, giving particular attention to
sustainability and poverty issues. Two kinds of policies are distinguished: those with an
explicit spatial dimension which directly or indirectly affect developments in the PUI. And

25
those policies of a sectoral nature generally lacking an explicit spatial dimension but whose
application has (intended or unintended) effects on the environment of the peri-urban
interface.
Policies are also examined in view of three further features: the problems to which they are
intended to respond, their institutional context and the tools available to policy-makers.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/davila.htm

Urban-rural change, boundary problems and environmental burdens

Authors: Gordon McGranahan, David Satterthwaite and Cecilia Tacoli
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)

Abstract:
This paper provides a policy-oriented review of those environmental burdens in low and
middle-income countries that cross urban-rural boundaries, but are not national or global in
scale. Many of the most intense pollution and resource pressures originate in urban centres,
and have their major impacts on the surrounding regions. Peri-urban zones are often far more
environmentally unstable than either urban or rural settings. Urban-rural burdens can be
especially difficult to accommodate within existing administrative systems/boundaries,
particularly in countries where public authorities face severe financial difficulties.
http://www.livelihoods.org/hot_topics/docs/UR_environment.pdf

Seeking an understanding of poverty that recognizes rural-urban

differences and rural-urban linkages
Author: David Satterthwaite
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)

Abstract:
This paper seeks to:
1. Stress the importance of agriculture for the economy of many urban centres (and for the
livelihoods of many urban dwellers);
2. Highlight the differences in rural and urban contexts of relevance to poverty reduction,
while recognizing the limitations of the distinction, in part because urban boundaries do
not neatly divide rural and non-rural production patterns, in part because of the extent of
rural-urban interconnections, in part because of the diversity of contexts within rural areas
and within urban areas;
3. Consider areas of commonality between rural and urban areas in terms of exposure to
environmental hazards and livelihoods frameworks, with a particular interest in locations
that are the inter-face between rural and urban areas; and
4. Consider how governments and international agencies can respond more effectively to
rural-urban differences and rural-urban linkages.
http://www.livelihoods.org/hot_topics/docs/UR_Satterthwaite.doc

26
Rural-Urban Linkages and Interactions: Policy Implications for
Development Planning and Poverty Reduction
A Joint Urban and Rural Development Strategy and Policy Initiative
The World Bank Group: Urban Development

Abstract:
There is growing awareness across the development community and within the Bank of the
need for greater understanding of, and attention to, the spatial dimension of planning,
including the linkages between rural and urban development.
The objectives of work on this topic are: to raise awareness of policy makers, World Bank
staff and other donors concerning key issues, synergies and opportunities for enhancing
programs and projects through better understanding of urban-rural linkages and the role of
small urban centres; to debate emerging policy issues; and to initiate a follow-up action
planning process of pilot country initiatives, capacity building and research.
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/External/Urban/UrbanDev.nsf/Urban%2BRual%2BLinkages/
D02D4131298EF6A68525688D0052B27B?OpenDocument

Integration of Peri-Urban Food Production into Solid Waste Management

Programs: A case study from the Philippines
Authors: Robert J. Holmer, Anselmo B. Mercado, Wilfried H. Schnitzler
Prepared for the conference "Rural-Urban Encounters: Managing the Environment of the Peri-Urban
Interface", Development Planning Unit, University College London, 9-10 November 2001

Abstract:
Different survey data pertaining to vegetable production and solid waste management in
Cagayan de Oro are presented. Special emphasis is given to the potential of integrating peri-
urban food production into improved solid waste management programs and its contribution
to food security. Business opportunities for micro- and small-sized enterprise development in
urban farming in connection with sustainable waste management strategies as well as issues
and actions to further enhance urban and periurban agriculture in the Philippines are
formulated.
http://www.puvep.com/dpu-paper1.pdf

The Links between Urban and Rural Development

Author: Cecilia Tacoli; 2003
From: ‘Environment and Urbanization’; Vol. 15, No 1.- IIED

Abstract:
This is the second issue of Environment and Urbanization focusing on rural–urban linkages.
The first, which came out in 1998, described the reliance of many low-income households on
both rural-based and urban-based resources in constructing their livelihoods. But the majority
of the papers also underlined the fact that this straddling of the rural–urban divide is usually
ignored by policy makers, and that the rigid division between “rural” and “urban” on the part
of sectoral strategies actually makes life more difficult for low-income groups.

27
 The papers in this issue show many reasons why it has become even less realistic for
development specialists to separate into rural and urban camps. The notion of a “divide” has
become a misleading metaphor, one that oversimplifies and even distorts the realities. As
these papers demonstrate, the linkages and interactions have become an ever more intensive
and important component of livelihoods and production systems in many areas – forming not
so much a bridge over a divide as a complex web of connections in a landscape where much
is neither “urban” nor “rural”, but has features of both, especially in the areas around urban
centres or along the roads out of such centres (what can be termed the peri-urban interface).
http://www.iied.org/docs/urban/eandu15editorial.pdf

Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture

Abstract:
This paper explores the major issues arising from urban and peri-urban agriculture which are
central to FAO’s mandate in member countries. They are how to:
provide adequate access to nutritious food for the growing urban populations of the
developing world;

efficiently integrate urban and peri-urban agriculture with rural agriculture (in general
they are not substitutes for each other);
develop land and water policies that account for agricultural production in urban and peri-
urban areas; and
guide dynamic agricultural practices within and outside cities towards sustainability goals
(economic, social, and environmental)
http://www.fao.org/unfao/bodies/coag/coag15/docs/x0076e.doc

Theories and models of the peri-urban interface

Author: Germán Adell
Development Planning Unit, University College London (dpu) – Peri-Urban Interface Programme

Abstract:
The aim of this literature review is to examine the complexity of the theoretical discussion on
concepts and models of regional development, where the PUI finds a theoretical place within
the broader literature on rural-urban interactions and linkages. The validity of a rather old
concept (first discussions date from the 1950s) will be assessed, and its evolution when
confronted with new theoretical contexts such as globalisation will be examined.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui/research/previous/epm/pdf%20EPM/DPU_PUI_Adell_THEOR
IES_MODELS.pdf

28
2.2 Miscellaneous

Small-Scale Farmers for Knowledge-Based Agriculture

AVRDC Strategy 2010
ISBN: 92-9058-123-9

Abstract:
In the emerging global economy, the management and utilization of knowledge will
increasingly drive agricultural development. Small-scale farmers in the tropics must become
prepared for this new knowledge-based economy. In addition to increasing productivity, they
will need to continuously adjust their farming systems to improve their resource-use
efficiency and to produce market-oriented products that increase profits, thereby remaining
competitive. The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) is focused on
serving the needs of small-scale farmers in the tropics. Its work contributes to higher
productivity, better nutrition for the poor, sustainable practices that promote food safety, and
capacity building of our partners.
http://www.avrdc.org/pdf/strategy2010.pdf

The Javanese Homegarden

Authors: Otto Soemarwoto (Institute of Geology, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia) &
G.R. Conway (Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College of Science and Technology,
London); 1992
From: Journal for Farming Systems Research-Extension 2 (3): 95-118

Abstract:
On of the oldest forms of agro-ecosystems, the home garden is present throughout the world.
It is most highly developed on the island of Java, in Indonesia, where it typically has a very
high diversity of useful plants and animals per unit area. This diversity and the intensive
household care that is given to the home garden result in a unique combination of high levels
of productivity, stability, sustainability, and equitability. Compared with rice fields on Java,
the home garden has a greater diversity of production and frequently produces a higher net
income. The harvest is more stable over time, the system is buffered against pests and
diseases, and the effects of erosion are less severe. Also, the products of the home garden are
more equitably shared among members of the household and village. In the future, the home
garden will be a viable alternative to mono-cropped field agriculture. It also is a highly
valuable source of genetic diversity.
http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-194/004-194.html

Grafting Tomatoes for Production in the Hot-Wet Season

Authors: L.L. Black, D.L. Wu, J.F. Wang, T. Kalb, D. Abbass and J.H. Chen

Abstract:
Tomatoes are difficult to grow during the hot-wet season. Flooding, waterlogged soils,
diseases, and high temperatures can significantly reduce yields. Grafting tomato scions onto

29
selected rootstocks of eggplant and tomato can minimize problems caused by flooding and
soil-borne diseases. Sometimes the use of grafted tomato plants can be the difference between
harvesting a good crop and harvesting no crop at all.
http://www.avrdc.org/LC/tomato/grafting.pdf

Traditional Rice Fish Systems and Globally Indigenous Agricultural

Heritage Systems (GIAHS)
Presentation for FAO Rice Conference in Rome, February 2004
Authors: Parviz Koohafkan & José Furtado; 2004
FAO - Land and Plant Nutrition Management Service

Abstract:
This paper is prepared for the FAO Rice Conference on Sustainable Rice-based Production
Systems: Challenges and Opportunities. It describes the traditional rice fish systems as
globally important ingenious agricultural heritage of the man kind in view of its outstanding
contribution to food and livelihood security, its importance in term of biological diversity and
genetic resources, landscape diversity, aesthetic beauty and cultural values and other
ecosystem goods and services as well as the indigenous knowledge of land and water
management developed to address harsh biophysical and socio-economical constraints. Rice-
fish systems provide grain, protein (animal but also vegetable); biodiversity; efficient water
use and nutrient cycling and retention; flood control and adaptive management practices to
mitigate local climate variation and climate changes. They are also important to address
global environmental issues such as climate change (emission of greenhouse gas in rice field
is determined by farming practices, plant metabolism and soil properties; rain fed systems
tend to contributed less emissions than irrigated systems), shared waters (retaining flood
waters in shared catchments and river basins) and biodiversity (both rice ecotypes and fish
species). Rice-fish systems are globally distributed with the expansion of rice production.
However, they have been developed mainly in Asia and historical data reports their existence
in Southeast Asia for over 6,000 years ago (Ruddle 1982).
http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/pdf/koohafkan.pdf

Food Security and the Millennium Development Goal on Hunger in Asia

Working Paper 231
Authors: Gerard J. Gill, John Farrington, Edward Anderson, Cecilia Luttrell, Tim Conway, N.C.
Saxena and Rachel Slater; 2003
Overseas Development Institute, UK
ISBN: 0 85003 693 3

Abstract:
This paper provides an overview of food security issues in relation to the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, China, Indonesia, Cambodia and
Vietnam.
It identifies the key issues relating to food security in Asia, setting out progress and the
prospects for achieving the MDG on hunger and analysing how these issues are likely to
develop in 10 to 25 years time, in particular their effects on vulnerable groups. It also analyses
current policies for targeting extremely poor and vulnerable people and the issues that need to

30
be taken into account to improve this targeting as a means towards improving prospects of
meeting the MDG on hunger.
http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/working_papers/wp231/wp231_web.pdf

Urban Forestry
Authors: Kuchelmeister, G. & Braatz, S.
The Overstory #87

Abstract:
Although trees have been an important part of human settlements throughout history, only
recently has their full value to urban dwellers been recognized. Trees and green spaces play
an important role in improving city living conditions. In the past, urban forestry in developed
countries was considered almost exclusively on the basis of its aesthetic merits. Now, a closer
look is being given to the environmental services and quantifiable economic benefits they
provide. This article discusses the role of trees in and around densely populated areas.
http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory87.html

Human Health and Agroecosystems

Author: Peden, D.G.
The Overstory #46

Abstract:
During the past century, both the agricultural and health sciences have become
compartmentalized, making great technical advances in relatively specialized technologies.
These advances generated significant increases in food production and reductions in human
diseases. Although the primary purpose of agriculture is to maintain human health and human
health depends on agriculture, there have been few efforts to integrate the two.
At a time when both health and agricultural workers are questioning the sustainability of their
achievements, the concept is emerging that effective agroecosystem management may provide
a cost-effective strategy to improve human health.
This edition of The Overstory is an extract from the new publication Environmental Health: A
Sourcebook of Materials, published by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
(IIRR), Cavite, Philippines.
http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory46.html

Perspectives on ASEAN Cooperation in Vegetable Research and

Development
Proceedings of the Forum on the ASEAN-AVRDC Regional Network on Vegetable
Research and Development (AARNET)
Edited by: G. Kuo, 2003

Abstract:
This proceedings offers insights into several important areas of vegetable production in the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries.

31
http://www.avrdc.org/aarnet_proceedings.html

International Agricultural Research

List of BMZ Funded Projects
Published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

Abstract:
Germany supports to the funding of International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs),
especially those backed by the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research
(CGIAR), by providing unrestricted and targeted contributions. One of the aims of targeted
funding is to strengthen the co-operation between German and international research
institutions.
This brochure contains a list of research projects at IARCs funded by BMZ (= targeted
contribution). There is a description of each project, providing a list of objectives and a
summary of results obtained thus far. Relevant addresses, including German research
partners, are also given. The list is designed merely as guide to ongoing projects. For more
detailed information, contact either the IARCs directly or the German Partner Institutes.
Moreover, at the back of the brochure, you will find a list of relevant publications from those
projects described.
http://www.beaf.de/dnload/AVRDC_Katalog.pdf

Tingloy EcoSan Pilot Project

Final project report
UWEP Plus Programme

Abstract:
The Center for Advanced Philippine Studies (CAPS) is facilitating an Integrated Sustainable
Waste Management (ISWM) program in the Municipality of Tingloy Island, Batangas
province under the global Urban Waste Management Expertise Program (UWEP),
coordinated and financed by WASTE (Advisors on Urban Environment and Development), a
Dutch NGO. The latest extension of this program is called UWEP+. Initially, the Tingloy
EcoSan Pilot Project started off as part of the UWEP+ program under a Carbon/Nitrogen
pathway research titled “Local research on the environmental aspect of good waste
management practice in four municipalities in Southern countries”. However, during the
course of project development and implementation the Tingloy EcoSan Pilot Project got a
status of its own and the main objectives became to introduce the ecological sanitation
approach and technology (urine diverting toilets) in the ISWM project area in the Philippines
and to demonstrate it can be an attractive alternative sanitation technology for the situation in
Tingloy. Overall the project can be seen as an effort in advocacy for the Ecological Sanitation
approach in the Philippines.
http://www.waste.nl/docpdf/CS_es_phi.pdf

32
Community Participation in Solid Waste Management
Factors Favouring the Sustainability of Community Participation, A Literature Review
UWEP Occasional Paper
Author: Laura Moningka; 2000

Abstract:
Most cities in developing countries face urban environmental problems and these are partly
caused by inadequate provision of basic services such as water supply, sanitation facilities,
transport infrastructure and waste collection. Due to a lack of financial, human and technical
resources, municipalities are not able (or willing) to provide basic services to all
neighbourhoods within their city. Especially the poor neighbourhoods are deprived of basic
services. Many projects have been set up to deliver basic services to these low-income areas
and other areas that do not have services. In order for these projects to succeed and have a
lasting impact, community participation is essential. Community participation is a process in
which community members are involved at different stages and degrees of intensity in the
project cycle with the objective to build the capacity of the community to maintain services
created during the project after the facilitating organisations have left.
http://www.waste.nl/docpdf/OP_cp_lit.pdf

Technical and financial evaluation of composting programmes in the

Philippines, India and Nepal
Authors: Inge Lardinois & Rogier Marchand; 1999
WASTE Advisers on Urban Environment and Development

Abstract:
This paper discusses some results of a research on the technical and financial performance of
several composting programmes that are integrated into waste management at project sites in
the Philippines, India and Nepal. The research included different scales of composting
programmes and aimed at analysing the performance of these programmes. Technical aspects
(i.e. process of composting, quality of compost), the type of management, the marketing
strategies used and their financial performance (i.e. financial feasibility and marketing) were
studied in detail. Institutional aspects (i.e. government policies and regulations, stakeholder
cooperation) and environmental health aspects were also looked into. Data on the total raw
material input, the amount of compost produced as well as other products from each site is
given in the table below.
Success factors as well as existing problems and constraints were analysed. When comparing
total annual sales with total annual costs (excluding hidden costs), the three medium-scale
programmes from the five studied are feasible in a strictly financial sense. The small-scale
programmes lack the necessary technical and financial expertise to achieve a similar
performance level.
http://www.ias.unu.edu/proceedings/icibs/ic-mfa/lardinois/paper.html

33
Urban Solid Waste Management in Low-Income Countries of Asia - How to
Cope with the Garbage Crisis?
Presented for: Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) Urban Solid
Waste Management Review Session, Durban, South Africa, November 2002
Author: Christian Zurbruegg; SANDEC

Abstract:
Throughout the cities it is the urban poor that suffer most from the life-threatening conditions
deriving from deficient SWM (Kungskulniti, 1990; Lohani, 1984), as municipal authorities
tend to allocate their limited financial resources to the richer areas of higher tax yields where
citizens with more political power reside. Usually, wealthy residents use part of their income
to avoid direct exposure to the environmental problems close to home, and the problems are
shifted away from their neighbourhood to elsewhere. Thus, although environmental problems
at the household or neighbourhood level may recede in higher income areas, citywide and
regional environmental degradation, due to a deficient SWM, remains or increases.
http://www.sandec.ch/SolidWaste/Documents/04-SW-Management/USWM-Asia.pdf

Supporting Community Management: a manual for training in community

management in the water and sanitation sector
Author: Marc P. Lammerink and Eveline Bolt;2002

Abstract:
This manual provides background on key concepts and skill, and innovative tools to help
improve the training of field staff related to community management of water and sanitation
services.
This manual is divided in two parts. Part I covers the theory of concepts and approaches.
Issues addressed are: approaches to learning, useful concepts for field staff supporting
community management, discovery learning and community management, facilitation and
preparing for a training session. Part II has 37 tools meant to help internalise and learn how to
use the theory. The relate to issues such as getting to know each other, setting the scene,
creating a learning atmosphere, participants' experiences and perception (diagnosis),
preparing for training and monitoring and evaluation.
http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/2626/27751/file/op34e.pdf

Issues and Results of Community Participation in Urban Environment

Comparative analysis of nine projects on waste management
ENDA/WASTE.- UWEP Working Document 11
Author: Sylvaine Bulle; 1999

Abstract:
This working document analyses nine projects in solid waste management, conducted in West
Africa and Asia, with the participation of residents of some underprivileged neighbourhoods
where public utilities were totally lacking.
These case studies show the variety and complexity of forms of participation by local
residents, as well as the difficulty of sociologically defining participation in a sociological

34
sense. The borderline between giving a sense of responsibility, awareness-raising and
management is not always easy to draw. Though participation is to be understood as a
collective or individual commitment to improve the environment, it often conceals informal
contents, or indeed invisible ones, as residents are not necessarily associated with service
management.
Local religious, social and political leaders, including women, are key actors in a project at a
neighbourhoods level. Likewise, the formalisation of a project for waste or environmental
management may, according to the residents, be broader related to urban issues, more
particularly the regulation of land-ownership.
http://www.waste.nl/docpdf/WD11eng.pdf

The Rise of Philippine NGOs in Managing Development Assistance

Author: Consuelo Katrina A. Lopa
The Global Philanthropy & Foundation Building.- The Synergos Institute.

Abstract:
In recent years, official development assistance (ODA) agencies have been increasingly
exploring avenues for supporting community development initiatives more directly. The result
has been the creation of a diversity of new funding channels, many of them involving NGOs,
both in the host and donor countries. Little analysis has been conducted, however, of what has
been working, including the how and why, and few attempts have been made to share
examples more widely. This paper seeks to address this gap by looking at the case of the
Philippines in detail and follows on the general overview of ODA-NGO collaboration.

http://www.synergos.org/globalphilanthropy/04/asiafinancingphilippines.htm

Impact of the Integrated Pest Management Program on the Indonesian

Economy
Author: Budy P. Resosudarmo; 2001
EEPSEA Publication

Abstract:
The excessive use of pesticides in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s caused serious
environmental problems, such as acute and chronic human pesticide poisoning, animal
poisoning, the contamination of agricultural products, the destruction of both beneficial
natural parasites and pest predators, and pesticide resistance in pests. To overcome these
environmental problems, the Indonesian government implemented an integrated pest
management (IPM) program from 1991 to 1999. During that time, the program was able to
help farmers reduce the use of pesticides by approximately 56% and increase yields by
approximately 10%. However, economic literature that analyses the impact of the IPM
program on household incomes and national economic performance is very limited. The
general objective of this research is to analyse the impact of the IPM program in food crops
on the Indonesian economy and household incomes for different socio-economic groups.
http://web.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/10301047540pestmanagementindonesia.doc

35
Indonesia Environment Monitor 2003
Special Focus: Reducing Pollution
World Bank.- Indonesia Office

Abstract:
The Indonesian Environment Monitor on Pollution is part of the East Asian Environment
Monitor series, which was initiated in 2000 to provide information on environmental trends in
East Asian and Pacific countries. It presents an overview of ambient conditions in air, water
and soil, and the main pollution sources and related threats to health and natural resources.
Recognizing that environmental changes occur over time, this Monitor will be a starting point
for periodic updates on trends and conditions in Indonesia.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/03-
Publication/indo_monitor.pdf

An Approach Towards Decreasing Environmental Health Problems

Author: Uhmar Fahmi
Communicable Disease Control and Environmental Health, Government of Indonesia

Abstract:
Like many developing countries, Indonesia is facing the double burden of both traditional and
non-traditional health hazards due to environmental deterioration. Traditional hazards are
related to population density, poverty and insufficient development such as, lack of access to
safe drinking water, inadequate basic sanitation, food and soil contamination, indoor air
pollution, inadequate solid waste disposal, occupational hazards, natural disasters such as
floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, disease vectors, mainly insects and rodents.
Non-traditional or in other words, modern hazards of recent origin are related to rapid
development that lacks health-and-environment safeguards and to unsustainable consumption
of natural resources. These include: water pollution, ambient air pollution, solid and
hazardous waste accumulation, chemical and radiation hazards, emerging and re-emerging
infectious diseases, deforestation, land degradation and other ecological changes including
climate change, ozone depletion and haze problems. Indonesia confronts most of the above-
mentioned major issues related to health and environment. A few of them are discussed in this
paper.
http://www.sadl.uleth.ca/nz/cgi-bin/library?e=d-000-00---0cdl--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4----stt-
-0-1l--1-en-50---20-about-Indonesia--00031-001-1-0utfZz-8-
00&a=d&c=cdl&cl=search&d=HASH011de0d254a56081257658a1.4

Public-private partnerships in agricultural research: An analysis of

challenges facing industry and the Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research
EPTD Discussion Paper No. 113
Authors: Spielman, D. J.; von Grebmer, K.; 2004
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); Environment and Production Technology
Division

36
Abstract:
This paper asks why it is that, whilst public-private partnerships offer potentially important
opportunities for pro-poor agricultural research in developing countries, few examples of
successful public-private partnerships have come to light.
The study hypothesises that the willingness and ability of public agencies and private firms to
enter into partnerships are constrained by:
fundamentally different incentive structures
insufficient minimization of the costs and risks of collaboration
an inability to overcome mutually negative perceptions
limited use of creative organizational mechanisms that reduce competition over key assets
and resources
insufficient access to information on successful partnership models

Tentative findings suggest that while incentives and perceptions do differ between sectors,
sufficient common space exists or can be created through incentive structuring to facilitate
greater partnership. However, both public and private sector partners inadequately account for
and minimize the costs and risks of partnership. Similarly, partners discount the need for
brokers and third-party actors to manage research collaborations and reduce competition
between sectors. Finally, partners are operating without sufficient information on existing
partnership experiences, lessons, and models, potentially contributing to a persistent or
widening gap between sectors.
http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp113.pdf

Sustainability of External Development Financing to Developing Countries

Policy Briefs No .9
Author: Matthew Odedokun; 2004
UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)
ISSN 1455-9609
ISBN 92-9190-576-3 (printed version)
ISBN 92-9190-577-1 (internet version)

Abstract:
External development finance consists of those foreign sources of funds that promote or at
least have the potential to promote development in the destination countries if delivered in the
appropriate form. This rather broad definition qualifies all forms of external finance, and the
quality and quantity of their inflows to developing countries are thus covered in the studies
that form the background to this Policy Brief. These include official bilateral and multilateral,
private commercial, and private noncommercial flows. A common characteristic is that all
these types of flows are inadequate or becoming inadequate on the one hand and that their
distribution is lopsided geographically and/or temporally, on the other.
http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/pb9.pdf

37
Addressing the Challenge of Youth Employment in Indonesia
International Labour Organization

Abstract:
The Youth Employment Programme in Indonesia is part of global youth employment
programme initiated by the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, the ILO Director General Juan
Somavia, and the World Bank President James Wolfenson. The programme will support the
Government of Indonesia in establishing the Indonesia Youth Employment Network (I-YEN)
and in developing a National Youth Employment Action Plan. The programme aims to
improve coordination between policy makers and service providers for promoting youth
employment, including raising their knowledge on youth-related matters.
The programme will be implemented in five provinces: East Java, Central Java (including the
Special Province of Yogyakarta), West Java, the Greater Areas of Jakarta, and East Nusa
Tenggara.
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/yen/download/indones.doc

Resistance to Change.- Why Poverty Reduction Programmes Did Not Work

Author: Hans U. Luther; 2002
Inwent. D+C Development and Cooperation No. 3, p. 22-23

Abstract:
Poverty reduction as an overall objective of the global development industry is not new. The
only problem is that so far it has not really worked. Despite several decades of economic
growth and huge development aid disbursements, the number of countries the United Nations
calls "least developed" (those with a per capita income of less than 900 USD a year) has in
fact nearly doubled since 1971, from 25 to 49. In the last decade (1990 - 2000) - and despite
all development efforts - not even one country was able to graduate from this group to a
higher income level, maybe with the exception of Botswana.
Meanwhile, poverty reduction has generated its own history. This programme has covered a
wide range of approaches starting from the World Bank's small-farmers-strategies in the
1970's via the costly structural adjustment policies of the 1980's to the recent poverty
reduction strategies of the 1990's. Once more, the next development decade (2000 - 2010) has
written "Attacking Poverty" on its banner.
It seems that something must have gone wrong along the way. What (bitter?) lessons have
been learnt from previous experience? Have they been factored into the new set of policies?
Were there possibly some fundamental flaws which were overlooked, and can better results
be expected during the next period? Or do the many failures and disappointments demonstrate
that there is some systemic "resistance to change" by those in power in the least developed
countries and perhaps also by the poor themselves?
http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/1997-2002/de302-9.htm

38
3. Websites

The FAO Programme on Urban and Peri-Urban Forestry

The FAO Forestry programme, which until recently focused almost exclusively on rural
forestry issues, launched a programme in urban and peri-urban forestry in 1993. The
programme aims to document and disseminate information and to provide technical guidance
to member countries in this field. Initially the efforts have been concentrated initially on
examining the potential role of urban forestry in developing countries, on increasing
awareness of the issue, and on improving documentation and accessibility of information on
the subject. An issue of Unasylva, FAO's forestry journal, was published on the topic in early
1993, and the document, The Potential of Urban Forestry in Developing Countries: A Concept
Paper, was released in early 1994. A number of case studies on urban and peri-urban forestry
currently are being written to document experiences and approaches in the various regions of
the world. An annotated bibliography on urban and peri-urban forestry was published in hard
copy in 1995 and an updated www-database on urban and peri-urban forestry is nearing
completion.
http://www.fao.org/forestry/for/forc/urbfor/urbfor-e.stm

IPGRI - Regional Co-operation in Southeast Asia (RECSEA-PGR)

RECSEA-PGR is the Regional Co-operation in Southeast Asia for Plant Genetic Resources
set up in December 1993. Membership in the RECSEA-PGR is open to countries in Southeast
Asia. Current members are Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea,
Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam.
The vision is to set up a an effective network to protect and harness the Plant Genetic
Resources diversity in SEA for food, nutrition and health securities, poverty reduction and
sustainable environment protection.
http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/regions/apo/recsea-pgr.html

EEPSEA: Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia

EEPSEA was established in May 1993 to support research and training in environmental and
resource economics. Its objective is to enhance local capacity to undertake the economic
analysis of environmental problems and policies. It uses a networking approach, involving
courses, meetings, technical support, access to literature and opportunities for comparative
research. Member countries are Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam,
Cambodia, Lao PDR, China, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka.
EEPSEA is supported by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC); the Danish
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DANIDA); the Swedish International Development Cooperation
Agency (SIDA); the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands; the Canadian International
Development Agency (CIDA); the MacArthur Foundation; and the Norwegian Agency for
Development Cooperation (NORAD).
http://www.eepsea.org/en/ev-7199-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

39
IWMI – International Water Management Institute
The International Water Management Institute is a non-profit scientific research organization
specializing in water use in agriculture and integrated management of water and land
resources. IWMI works with partners in the South to develop tools and methods to help these
countries eradicate poverty and ensure food security through more effective management of
their water and land resources.
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/index.htm

IWMI in Southeast Asia

In mid-2001 IWMI opened a regional office for Southeast Asia in Bangkok, Thailand. The
office is responsible for coordinating IWMI research in Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, the Philippines, Pacific Islands, and Vietnam, as well as Thailand.
The offices field an internationally diverse team of support and research staff composed of
economists, agronomists, hydrologists, sociologists, health specialists, and environmental
scientists.
The institute’s research outputs and tools are freely available to Southeast Asian countries to
support them in their fight against poverty.
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/southeastasia/index.asp

International Centre for Tropical Agriculture – CIAT

Solutions that cross frontiers

The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) is a non-profit organisation that
conducts socially and environmentally progressive research aimed at reducing hunger and
poverty and preserving natural resources in developing countries. CIAT refer to the products
of this research as “solutions that cross frontiers” because they transcend national boundaries
and other borders as well.
http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/

CIAT in Asia
This website highlights the major research activities and products of CIAT in Asia. These
activities and outputs were only possible because of the strong working relationships
developed with national partner organisations in each of the countries where CIAT is active.
CIAT's current expertise in the region includes Agroenterprise Development, Cassava
Production Systems, Forage and Livestock Systems, Natural Resource Management and
Soils, Participatory Research and Gender Analysis and Spatial Analysis.
http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/asia/index.htm

40
International Plant Genetic Resource Institute (IPGRI)
IPGRI is an international research institute with a mandate to advance the conservation and
use of genetic diversity for the well-being of present and future generations. It is a Centre of
the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/system/page.asp?frame=regions/apo/reg_network.htm

IPGRI - Regional Co-operation in Southeast Asia (RECSEA-PGR)

RECSEA-PGR is the Regional Co-operation in Southeast Asia for Plant Genetic Resources
set up in December 1993. Membership in the RECSEA-PGR is open to countries in Southeast
Asia. Current members are Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea,
Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam.
The vision is to set up a An effective network to protect and harness the Plant Genetic
Resources diversity in SEA for food, nutrition and health securities, poverty reduction and
sustainable environment protection
http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/regions/apo/recsea-pgr.html

Global Water Partnership

Southeast Asia Technical Advisory Committee

GWP-SEATAC tries to bring together all water-users - governments, research and academic
organizations, communities, agricultural and business groups, NGOs, and other interest
groups - to join forces to share and understand water information and solve problems, in the
spirit of integrated water resources management (IWRM). Through this website, GWP-
SEATAC hopes to link with these sectors, by providing information on the status of water
resources in the region, and the on-going actions that aim to address water issues in Southeast
Asia.

http://www.gwpseatac.ait.ac.th/gwp.htm

WorldFish Centre
The WorldFish Centre is committed to contributing to food security and poverty eradication
in developing countries. We achieve this through research, partnership, capacity building and
policy support, on living aquatic resources.
We aim for:
poverty eradication;
a healthier, better nourished human family;
reduced pressure on fragile natural resources; and
people-centered policies for sustainable development

We undertake research to improve productivity; protect the environment; save biodiversity;

improve policies; and strengthen national programs.
http://www.worldfishcenter.org/

41
WorldFish Centre: Fish Supply and Demand in Asia – Prospects for Poor
Households
A regional collaborative effort of The WorldFish Center, ADB and partner institutions in
Bangladesh, PR China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and
Vietnam in developing appropriate strategies and options for increasing and sustaining
fisheries and aquaculture production, targeting the poor producers and consumers in Asia.
http://www.worldfishcenter.org/demandsupply/

The Regional Community Forestry Training Center for Asia and the
Pacific (RECOFTC)
RECOFTC's vision, mission and objectives are guided by the potential of community forestry
management regimes to contribute both to sustainable forest management and to the needs of
more than a billion rural people in Asia who depend on forest resources for their livelihoods.
Training and capacity development, though crucial, are just two of the many elements
required to enable rural people to effectively manage their local forest resources.
We seek to do this by working in close collaboration with partners to actively support CF
development in the region.
http://www.recoftc.org/

Development Outreach – Unknown Cities

World Bank Institute

"Unknown Cities" is the theme of the November 2003 issue of "Development Outreach," the
World Bank's online magazine devoted to major development themes. This issue includes
articles related to urban planning by both World Bank authors and noted experts outside the
Bank. World Bank president James Wolfensohn writes on “Cities and Citizens”, with
additional articles on: “Urban Air Pollution Management”, “Unknown Cities: Metropolis,
Identity and Governance in a Global World”, “The New Urban Planning”, “Urban
Development needs Creativity: How Creative Industries can Affect Urban Areas”, “Our city,
ourselves: Place as a factor in Urban Economic Development”, “Learning from the Poor:
Housing and Urban Land Markets”, “Decentralizing City Management: A successful
experiment”, etc.
All articles are clickable on this website.
http://www1.worldbank.org/devoutreach/nov03/

42
Upgrading Urban Communities.- A Resource for Practitioners

This website offers an interactive format with choices, tradeoffs, tools, and 'hints' targeted to
administrators and practitioners.

The objectives are:

To promote awareness of the critical problem of providing basic services to the rapidly
increasing urban poor
To capture and evaluate the growing experience from upgrading projects and programs
To structure the increasing wealth of documentation for increased accessibility
To provide a resource for practitioners as well as for administrators
http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/index.html

GIAHS - Globally Important Ingenious Agricultural Heritage Systems

FAO Land and Water Development Division

Globally Important Ingenious Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) and their associated
landscapes have been created, shaped, maintained and passed on by generations of farmers,
herders, forest dwellers and fish folk. Based on diverse species and their interactions and
using locally adapted distinctive and often ingenious combinations of management practices
and techniques they have contributed and continue to contribute tremendously to the
agricultural biodiversity and the natural and cultural heritage of the world.
The GIAHS project aims to establish the basis for the global recognition, dynamic
conservation and sustainable management of these systems in the face of economic and
cultural globalisation, environmental variability and inappropriate policy, incentive and
regulatory environments. It will do so by implementing participatory action plans in 5-10 pilot
systems in 5-10 countries around the world. It will strengthen the capacity of farmers and
farming communities to conserve and sustainably manage these systems and enhance the
benefits they produce, whilst allowing the evolutionary adaptation to ever changing socio-
economic and environmental circumstances. It will provide a platform for sharing knowledge
and experiences with in situ conservation of agricultural biodiversity and the development of
policy and regulatory environments conducive to the sustainability and viability of
agricultural heritage systems. Ultimately the project aims to establish a long-term project to
safeguard up to 100-150 GIAHS worldwide.
http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/giahs/default.stm

Center For Agricultural Library And Technology Dissemination

(PUSTAKA)

PUSTAKA is the oldest library in the field of agriculture and biology in Indonesia. The
website contains a collection of information and library services, huge databases and a list of
electronic journals concerning agricultural issues in the broadest sense.
http://pustaka.bogor.net/e-web03-fr2.php

43
4. Books

A review of the use of urban waste in peri-urban interface production

systems
Authors: Allison M., P.J.C. Harris, A.H. Hofny-Collins and W. Stephens; 1998
HDRA (Henry Doubleday Research Association)
ISBN 0 9053432 39

This project reviewed existing literature on current waste availability and use. It also offers
advice on potential use of organic wastes in agricultural systems.
A desk study was carried out to critically review the existing use of urban waste inperi-urban
agricultural systems and provide recommendations for further priority research. It focused on
the potential farming demand for urban wastes and how their use might be integrated into
farming systems.
A report summarising this work is available free of charge to ACP countries and at £3 to all
others.
Contact: Katel Cadoret, International Research Coordinator, research@hdra.org.uk
http://www.hdra.org.uk/international_programme/ip_soil_peri_urban.htm

Involving the Community: A Guide to Participatory Development

Communication
Author: Guy Bessette
Southbound in association with IDRC
ISBN 983-9054-41-4

This guide is intended for people working in research and development. It introduces
participatory development communication concepts, discusses the use of effective two-way
communication approaches, and presents a methodology to plan, develop and evaluate
communication strategies to address the following questions:
How can researchers and practitioners improve communication with local communities
and other stakeholders?
How can two-way communication enhance community participation in research and
development initiatives and improve the capacity of communities to participate in the
management of their natural resources?
How can researchers, community members and development practitioners improve their
ability to effectively reach policy makers and promote change?

Community-Based Tourism for Conservation and Development

Authors: Nandita Jain and Ronnakorn Triraganon; 2003
RECOFTC

The concept of Community-based Tourism (CBT) has been increasingly recognized by

government, business, non-government, and private and community sectors as an effective

44
tool to link conservation and community development. To ensure that sustainable programs
are developed that provide maximum benefits to stake holders, there is a real need for those
who are working on CBT development to understand the issues involved and be able to help
communities incorporate these issues into their planning process. However, there is a
noticeable shortage of CBT workers who are able to facilitate and help communities in the
planning process.
The main purpose of this manual is to provide training or facilitation guidelines for
individuals, organizations or institutions that have an interest in building knowledge, skills,
and experience of field workers either by using CBT Development or the Appreciative
Participatory Planning and Action (APPA) approach. The training activities contained in this
manual are designed to help participants develop the understanding and basic skills necessary
in order to apply the concepts of community-based tourism development effectively and
efficiently.
Ordering information:
http://www.recoftc.org/03region/materials/new_materials/CBT/CBT_Manual.html

People, Power and Resources in Everyday Life: Critical essays on the

politics of environment in the Philippines
Authors: Babette P. Resurreccion & Edsel E. Sajor; 1998
The Institute for Popular Democracy
ISBN: 971-884-03-3

‘People, Power and Resources in Everyday Life’ cautions against sweeping generalities and
top-down, formulaic approaches in policy and development intervention. The four essays in
this collection explore how power is enmeshed in society-nature relations in actual
Philippines settings.

The Art of Building Facilitation Capacities

Author: Lydia Braakman and Karen Edwards; 2002
RECOFTC (email:info@recoftc.org)
ISBN: 974-90746-2-9

The Regional Community Forestry Training Center for Asia and the Pacific (RECOFTC) has
developed a range of training materials to catalogue the documents of RECOFTC and its
partners. The training materials series includes manuals, guidelines, case studies and other
materials for training purposes in the context of community forestry development.

ANGOC - Resource Book Series Sustainable Agriculture in Asia:

Assessment of Community Initiatives on Alternative Agriculture System
Published by: Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development; 1997
ISBN: 971-8632-30-1

ANGOC's Resource Book Series on Sustainable Agriculture in Asia is intended to provide

continuing forum for exchange of ideas and information to all development practitioners and
advocates involved in agriculture and rural development.

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ANGOC Resource Book Series Sustainable Agriculture in Asia 2: Directory
of organizations in Asia
Published by: Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development; 1997
ISBN: 971-8632-31-X

A directory of 151 organizations in 13 countries, which have ongoing programmes in

Sustainable Agriculture.

Mind The Gap: Mainstreaming Gender and Participation in development

Author: Sarojeni V. Rengam; 1998
Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Asia and the Pacific

Women hold a vast amount of responsibility for, and knowledge of, sustainable agriculture
systems and play a key role in preserving and utilizing biodiversity. More significantly, to
rural women, agriculture is not merely a source of food but also a source of identity and skills
which has enriched their social and cultural life.
Ordering information:
e-mail : panap@panap.po.my;
Homepage : http://www.poptel.org.uk/panap/

PUDSEA Contact:
Institute for Agricultural Policy and Market Research
Senckenbergstraße 3
35390 Gießen / Germany
Tel.: +49-(0)641-99-37033
Fax: +49-(0)641-99-37029
e-mail: Periurban.group@agrar.uni-giessen.de

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