Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes 1.

. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison: (1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review Henry Clay: influential Whig senator from Kentucky who supported the 1816 Second National Bank, helped pass the Missouri Compromise through the House of Representatives in 1820, candidate in the 1824 election in which he supported the American System, supported the American Colonization Society, and lost to Polk in the 1844 election Essex Junto: The Essex Junto was a name given to the extreme nationalist wing, led by Timothy Pickering, Senator George Cabot, Theophilus Parsons, and several of the Lowell family of merchants and industrialists in New England. It opposed the Embargo act and the War of 1812. Burr Conspiracy: After Burr is accused of joining the Essex Junto by Hamilton, he and Hamilton have a duel in which Hamilton dies. When Jefferson discovers his plans with the Essex Junto, he has Burr arrested for treason, however John Marshall says that In order for an action to be considered treason, it must be a direct attack on the United States and be witnessed by two individuals Impressment: act of forcing men to serve in the navy. The people who were "pressed" to join the navy were usually young men. They would be attacked by naval officers and forced onto warships where they were made to work. It was a normal practice in the Royal Navy during the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries. Many people said that it should be stopped, but the Navy said it was a good way to get sailors who were needed to defend their country. British used it to capture American sailors. Chesapeake/Leopard Incident: naval engagement in 1807 between the British warship HMS Leopard and American frigate USS Chesapeake, when the crew of the Leopard pursued, attacked and boarded the American frigate looking for deserters from the Royal Navy. The Chesapeake was unprepared and after a short battle, her commander, James Barron, surrendered to the British after firing only one shot. Four crew members were removed from the American vessel and tried for desertion, one of whom was hanged. The Chesapeake was allowed to return home where James Barron was court martialed and suspended from command. It created

uproar among Americans and strident calls for war with Great Britain, but these quickly subsided. President Thomas Jefferson tried to diplomatically threaten the British government into settling the matter. The United States Congress backed away from armed conflict when British envoys showed no contrition for the Chesapeake affair and delivered proclamations reaffirming impressment. Jefferson's political failure to coerce Great Britain led to economic warfare: the Embargo of 1807 Non-intercourse Act: after the failed Embargo Act, Congress issued this act to reopen trade with all countries other than Britain and France Macons Bill No. 2: luring offer with britain and france, said if either nation repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping the US would halt trade with the other, didn't work William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe: 1811, Harrisson decided to attack Prophetstown, on the Tippecanoe River, Tecumseh's people fled the area, William burns the village and claims "victory" War Hawks: A group of militants in Madisons Democratic -Republican party, who wanted more aggressive policies toward the hostile British and French. Thus creating a war spirit by several young congressmen elected in 1810. This group in the House of Representatives, led by Henry Clay preferred war to the "ignominious peace." Battle of Horseshoe bend: fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War. Hartford Convention: The Hartford Convention of 1814 damaged the Federalists with its resolutions to the idea of secession, leaving an idea of disloyalty to use against them. The convention on December 14, 1814 was to oppose the war, which was hurting American industries and commerce. The recommendation of the convention was to have an amendment to the Constitution that would grant taxation and representation in each state, and prohibit congress from the embargo. Treaty of Ghent: This was an agreement between the United States and Great Britain, in Belgium, on December 24, 1814. This treaty ended the War of 1812, and provided that all territory captured would be returned to the rightful owner. Great controversy occurred over fishing rights and the Northwest Boundary, between England and America. Treaty of Greenville 1795: The Treaty of Greenville, 1795 is a peace treaty between the US and various Indian Tribes. Included are the Wyandots, Delaware, Miamis, Eel Rivers Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias. The Treaty of Greenville that was signed in 1795 was used to place a boundary between the lands for white settlement and the Indian lands. It was signed by General Anthony Wayne and the leaders of the Indians. Battle of New Orleans: Jackson, during the War of 1812, captured New Orleans with a small army against the British army, which was composed mainly of veterans. This victory on January 8, 1815 occurred after the peace treaty that ended the war. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: 1. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800?

In the election of 1800, the Federalists had a host of enemies stemming from the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Federalists had been most damaged by John Adams' not declaring war against France. They had raised a bunch of taxes and built a good navy, and then had not gotten any reason to justify such spending, making them seem fraudulent as they had also swelled the public debt. John Adams became known as "the Father of the American Navy." Federalists also launched attacks on Jefferson, saying that he had robbed a widow and her children of a trust fund, fathered numerous children with his slaves (which turned out to be true), called him an atheist (he was a Deist), and used other inflammatory remarks. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: 2. Aaron Burr Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain.

It was because it was the "Revolution of 1800". This means there was a peaceful transaction of power and the Federalist stepped down from office without a fight. Republicans became more of the "people's party" compared to Federalists. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain.

The Federalist Party was the first American political party, from the early 1790s-1816, the era of the First Party System, with remnants lasting into the 1820s. The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801. The party was formed by Alexander Hamilton, whose Federalist financial plans were later used by Jefferson and other Republicans. Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: 4. Pell-mell How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?"

It was not revolutionary in the sense that there was a great big conflict but it restored the original spirit of Revolution. Also, it proved that a two-party system could work and remain peaceful. Historically, power was never just given up without a fight, but the Revolution of 1800 showed that America could survive something as drastic as a power shift and not spill any blood or go through any conflict. Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin

5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. Although Jefferson had created the Republican Party and its ideals, once he became president, he found that the Federalist methods were actually more efficient. He had to set aside personal beliefs and do what he thought was best for the country. He kept most of Hamiltons financial policies, except for the excise tax. He supported the national bank, and even increased tariffs and set the Embargo Act. Also, he had to give up strict construction beliefs because America needed the Louisiana Purchase, even though it was not in the constitution. The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary

Know:

Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase

6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? Did Marbury have a right to the commission? Do the laws of the country give Marbury a legal remedy? Is asking the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus the correct legal remedy? Marshall considered these questions for ten days before arriving at a solution that would give partial victories to both parties, while increasing the influence of the Supreme Court. In a unanimous decision, the Court declared Marbury was legally entitled to his commission, but that the court lacked jurisdictional authority to issue the mandamus. He also delivered a scathing criticism of Congress designed to assert the Court's authority over questions of constitutional law. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: 7. Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States?

In 1801, the pasha of Tripoli demanded that the U.S. increase its tribute after they released crew members of two recently captured American ships. Jefferson refused and instead, ordered a naval expedition to the Mediterranean, which resulted in the First Barbary War (1801-1805) with Morocco and Tripoli. The battles were mostly naval, but it was on land that the U.S. won the war. Through military action and diplomacy, as well as using tactics similar to those of the Green Berets today, Tripoli was forced into a treaty that ended the war in 1805. The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture

8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. All the states west of the Appalachians would have seceded to form their own country. New Orleans was a critical port for the early United States because all the agricultural trade west of the Appalachians had to travel down the Mississippi to New Orleans to be shipped to the East Coast markets. The French were threatening to prevent American farmers from using the Mississippi and New Orleans as a trade route, and if that happened, those farmers would be cut off from American trade. The states west of the Appalachians were seriously considering secession before the Louisiana Purchase. Also, European imperialism and colonization would have covered the rest of the American continent before American expansion. The United States as it exists today would never have come into being: the Spanish and English from Canada would have claimed the West Coast, and the French would exploit the Midwest for trapping and the fur trade. The Louisiana Purchase allowed American expansion further west, and opened the possibility of a country united across the continent. Louisiana in the Long View Know: 9. Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase?

The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the United States, and was the first step in establishing the country as a great power. This promoted American dominance of the continent, so the only ones left to contend with were the Spanish, Russians, and Canadians. It also led to westward expansion, and gave more land and economic opportunities to disgruntled farmers cramped in the other states. America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: 10. Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States?

America wanted to trade with everybody. However, England did not want America trading with France. When one American ship tried to, England took over the ship and held American citizens as hostages. America demanded the release of them as America was a neutral and sovereign nation. When England didn't, and America was tired of having British forts on American soil, the Americans attacked Canada and the forts, leading to the War of 1812. Napoleon sold the United States Louisiana in 1803, which doubled the U.S. size greatly, and he hoped that we would soon become a rival of Great Britain. The Hated Embargo Know: 11. Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act Who opposed the embargo and why?

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. Madisons Gamble Know: 12. James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy?

Napoleon took advantage of America's neutrality. He used United States economic policies to his advantage to increase commerce and circulation of produce and manufactured goods. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: 13. War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain?

The War Hawks supported going to war with Great Britain for a variety of reasons, mostly because of the British interference with American shipping. The War Hawks also believed that the British were causing American Indians on the frontier to attack American settlements. They also wished to invade Canada and make it part of the United States. "Mr. Madison's War"

Know: 14.

War of 1812 How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812?

The Federalists opposed the war for several specific reasons. For one thing, they saw it as a party war designed to further the interests of Republicans and to silence the opposition. In a view that was reinforced by the Baltimore Riots in 1812 and the refusal of the administration to accept Federalists into the Cabinet in 1814. The Federalists also feared that the war would throw the nation into the arms of Napoleon. The initial protests against the war, particularly in New England, often expressed greater fear of a French alliance than of the war itself. Even after the danger of a French alliance had receded, Federalists continued to oppose the war because they considered it an "offensive" war aimed at Canada. Although willing to support a war to protect American commerce or to defend the nation's frontiers, they refused to sanction the conquest of Canada. Even if the invasion of Canada had succeeded, Federalists were convinced that the war would do more harm than good.

Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement: an agreement that limited navel power on the Great lakes for both the United States and British Canada. Second Bank of the United States: As a Republican, Jefferson opposed the National Bank. The Second Bank of the U.S. was established in 1816 and was given more authority than the First Bank of the U.S. Bank loans were used to finance the American industrial revolution in the period after the War of 1812. Francis Cabot Lowell: American businessman, a member of the gifted Lowell family of Massachusetts and the principal founder of what is said to have been the worlds first textile mill in which were performed all operations converting raw cotton into finished cloth. Era of Good Feelings: A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party (Democratic-Republicans) and no partisan conflicts. Adams-Onis Treaty: an 1819 agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida to the United States

Panic of 1819: A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank. Tallmadge Amendment: This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. Missouri Compromise: Admitted Missouri as a slave state and at the same time admitted Maine as a free state. Declared that all territory north of the 3630" latitude would become free states, and all territory south of that latitude would become slave states. John Marshall: fourth Chief Justice of the United States. His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams Latin American Revolution: resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America that became free of Spanish rule. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. Monroe Doctrine: A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere., President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization and declarrd that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: 1. Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada .

After many failed invasions on land, the US navy became the successful power. The Americans initially did better at sea than anticipated. The victories also helped cover the return of American merchantmen. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: 2. Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain.

No, they did not fight effectively because the United States suffered many costly defeats at the hands of British, Canadian and Native American troops over the course of the War of 1812, including the capture and burning of the nation's capital, Washington, D.C., in August 1814. Nonetheless, American troops were able to repulse British invasions in New York, Baltimore and New Orleans, boosting national confidence and fostering a new spirit of patriotism. The ratification of the Treaty of Ghent on February 17, 1815, ended the war but left many of the most contentious questions unresolved.

The Treaty of Ghent Know: 3. Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain.

The Treaty of Ghent was not advantageous to anyone. It mainly just ended the war. All seized lands were returned, so neither side gained or lost. Issues like Orders in Council and impressment were completely ignored. It wasnt advantageous, but it did not harm U.S. either. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: 4. Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention What did the Hartford Convention do?

New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. Despite radical outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain, moderates outnumbered them and extreme proposals were not a major focus of the debate. The convention discussed removing the three-fifths compromise which gave slave states more power in Congress and requiring a two-thirds supermajority in Congress for the admission of new states, declarations of war, and laws restricting trade. The Federalists also discussed their grievances with the Louisiana Purchase and the Embargo of 1807. However, weeks after the convention's end, news of Major General Andrew Jackson's overwhelming victory in New Orleans swept over the Northeast, discrediting and disgracing the Federalists, resulting in their elimination as a major national political force. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812?

First, because it involved a necessary ban on British manufactures, the war sheltered New England factory owners. Without having to compete with cheap British goods, American industry jump-started during the war years, accelerating the pace of industrialization in the North, a process that would continue for the next hundred years with few interruptions. Also, at the end of the War of 1812, Henry Clay proposed an "American System," including the building of a national railroad network. The project of building a national railroad would continue on through the 19th century, transforming the nation in the process.Second, at the end of the war, Federalists upset with the war met at the Hartford Convention. The meeting appeared to the country as unpatriotic at best, and treasonous at worst. As a result, Federalist power declined rapidly, and the Federalists ceased to be players on the national stage. At the same time, the mild Federalist talk of secession at the Convention helped provide a foudnation for theories of States' Rights and secession that exploded in the Civil War. Nascent Nationalism Know: 6. Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812?

Nationalism could be seen in the emergence of American literature, such as in the works of Washington Irving. Also, school textbooks were published by Americans for Americans. American painters painted beautiful

landscapes of the country. Also, the Second National Bank was revived, the capital was rebuilt, and the army and navy were expanded. "The American System" Know: 7. Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years?

Economically, the Second National Bank was revived by Congress in 1816. Politically, the capital was rebuilt and the army expanded. Also, the navy and Decatur defeated the Barbary Pirates. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: 8. James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings?

The young nation was growing and most people agreed upon the same tactics in running the government. Monroe had little opposition. Basically there was just one political party, Republican. After Monroe someone had to become president and thus came the difference of opinions and new political parties and the end of the ERA of good feelings. He did a good job for the time period, and stood his ground on foreign policy, with the Monroe Doctrine, setting the stage for an international nation. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: 9. Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819.

The panic of 1819 was the start of a two-year depression caused by extensive speculation, the loose lending practices of state banks, a decline in European demand for American staple goods, and mismanagement within the second Bank of the United States. The panic of 1819 exacerbated social divisions within the United States and is often called the beginning of the end of the Era of Good Feelings. Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War?

The Homestead Act (1862) 160 acres of public land given to individuals who met certain qualifications and the Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) created to provide support for state colleges; fed. government gave lands to states; states sold land to fund land grant colleges Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: 11 Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive?

Missouri's request for statehood touched off a sectional crisis between the northern, non-slave states and the south, slave holding states. The crisis was whether Missouri and future states in general would become slave

holding states or not. With the large expansion of land from the Louisiana Purchase this crisis was a very contemporary issue. This crisis was solved by having every state north of parallel 3630' that was newly christened into the union would be a free state an any state below that line would be a slave holding state, this was the Missouri Compromise. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night"

12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. The problem was only temporarily solved. They feared that there would come a time when they would only have the option of making a state slave or free, and therefore imbalance the votes. For now, they were happy, but there was lingering worry. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: 13. John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."

His statement meant that let everything be lawful and right and that it may be interpreted constitutionally. He said that the Constitution was based on the consent of the people and it's power is derived from them. Therefore, the government should benefit them. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: 14. Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess.

Marshall's final judgments gave the Supreme Court the power and this greatly strengthened the federal government giving them the power to overrule governments sometimes. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819

15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. Andrew Jackson was the one who went to he Florida border and hung two Indian chiefs. He also executed two British subjects for assisting Indians and seized St. Marks and Pensacola. Jackson helped with removing the Indians. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: 16 George Canning How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America?

The British secretary George Canning, proposed to the American minister the idea of joining forces in acquiring Latin American land. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine

17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? It was because John Quincy Adams knew something wasn't right about this proposal. In actuality, Great Britain feared that the hostile Yankees would seize Spanish territory in the Americas---perhaps Cuba---which would jeopardize Britain's possessions in the Caribbean. Adams knew this alliance was unnecessary and end up affecting American expansion. That's why he made that bold statement knowing the British boats would need to guard South America to protect their merchant trade. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history.

The Monroe Doctrine was concerning the safety of our country. It was never a law or a pledge or even an agreement, it was just to really emphasize the isolationism and it expressed post-1812 U.S. nationalism.