Ccna1 Mod9 TCPIP

1
Module 9 TCP/IP Suite and IP Addressing

CCNA 1 version 3.1
Hc vin mng Cisco Bch Khoa - Website: www.ciscobachkhoa.com
Contents
9.1 Introduction to TCP/IP
9.2 Internet Addresses
9.3 Obtaining an IP Address
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In this module, we learn...
TCP/IP introduction;
The four-layer model;
Comparing with OSI model;
IPv4 and its addressing;
Subnet concept;
Private and public addresses;
IPv6 introduction;
Dynamic and static IP addresses;
ARP.
Overview
IP
TCP UDP
Ethernet PPP HDLC ...
HTTP SMTP SNMP ...
The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP reference model. It
wanted a network that could survive any conditions.
TCP/IP also adopts layer model similar to OSI. There are four layers: Network
Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Access.
1981: IPv4. It is mostly used today.
1992: IPv6 (or IPng). It is not popular yet, however it is supported by most of
networking vendors.
Students needs to master the comparision between TCP/IP and OSI.
History in brief
LAN and WAN technology.
Best path determination and
packet switching.
Transport services from the
end to end.
High-level protocols, issues of
representation, encoding, and
dialog control.
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IPv4 Addresses
IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, written in dotted
decimal, and separated by periods.
IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, written in hexadecimal, and separated by colons. Colons
separate 16-bit fields. Leading zeros can be omitted in each field.
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The application layer of the TCP/IP model handles high-level protocols, issues
of representation, encoding, and dialog control. The TCP/IP protocol suite
combines all application related issues into one layer.
Application Layer
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a reliable, connection-oriented service that uses TCP to
transfer files. It supports bi-directional binary file and ASCII file transfers.
Tri vial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a connectionless service that uses the UDP.
Example: TFTP is used on the router to transfer configuration files and IOS images.
Network File System (NFS) is a distributed file system protocol suite developed by Sun
Microsystems that allows file access to a remote storage device.
Application Layer
IP
TCP UDP
FTP ... TFTP NFS
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IP
TCP UDP
SMTP Telnet ... ...
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) administers the transmission of e-
mail over networks. It does not provide support for transmission of data
other than plaintext.
Terminal emulation (Telnet) provides the capability to remotely access
another computer. It enables a user to log in to an Internet host and execute
commands.
Application Layer
IP
TCP UDP
... ... DNS SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a protocol that provides a
way to monitor and control network devices, and to manage configurations,
statistics collection, performance, and security.
Domain Name System (DNS) is a system used on the Internet for translating
names of domains and their publicly advertised network nodes into IP addresses.
Application Layer
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Transport protocols segment and reassemble upper-layer applications
into the same data stream between endpoints. The transport layer data
stream provides end-to-end transport services.
There are two protocols in this layer:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), and
UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
Transport Layer
The transport layer constitutes:
A logical connection between the endpoints;
The sending host, and
The receiving host.
The Internet is often represented by a cloud. The transport layer sends data
packets from the sending source to the receiving destination through the
cloud.
There are varieties of techniques: silding windows, sequencing numbers and
acknowledgments, etc.
Transport Layer
sending
host
receiving
host
logical
connection
Internet
cloud
TCP and UDP provide end-to-
end communications between
host applications over the
cloud of IP packets.
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TCP and UDP:
Segmenting upper-layer application data;
Sending segments from end to end.
TCP only:
Establishing end-to-end operations (connection oriented);
Flow control (end-to-end control) provided by sliding windows;
Reliability provided by sequence numbers and acknowledgments.
Transport Layer
That cloud of IP packets deal with the
issues such as Which of several paths is
the best path for a given route?
The purpose of the Internet layer is to select the best path through the
network for packets to travel. The main protocol that functions at this layer is
the Internet Protocol (IP). Best path determination and packet switching occur
at this layer.
IP performs the following operations:
Defines a packet and an addressing scheme;
Transfers data between the Internet layer and network access layers;
Routes packets to remote hosts.
Internet Layer Protocols
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Internet Protocol (IP) provides connectionless, best-effort delivery routing of packets. IP
is not concerned with the content of the packets but looks for a path to the destination.
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) provides control and messaging capabilities.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) determines the data link layer address, MAC address,
for known IP addresses.
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) determines IP addresses when the MAC
address is known.
Internet Layer Protocols
IP
TCP UDP
Ethernet, PPP, HDLC, ...
ARP/RARP
ICMP
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t

L
a
y
e
r
In a reliable
protocol, the
receiver
confirms (ACK)
the packet
its received.
Example: TCP.
In a best
effort or
non-reliable
protocol,
the receiver
keeps silent
instead.
Example: IP, UDP.
Reliable vs. Best-effort Protocols
Receiver:
I confirm that
Ive received
the packet #n.
Sender:
Ive sent the
packet #n.
Protocol:
I have the mechanism to know
if the packet is received.
Receiver:
I keep silence
upon receiving
packets.
Sender:
Ive sent the
packet #n.
Protocol:
I do not have the mechanism to
know if the packet is received.
This is a classification of networking protocols. Non-reliable does not mean inaccurately data delivery.
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Path Determination
The purpose of the Internet layer is to select the best path through the
network for packets to travel.
sender
receiver
The network access layer is also called the host-to-network layer. It includes
the LAN and WAN technologies. Examples:
Ethernet familly;
SLIP and PPP;
HDLC;
ARP and RARP.
In computers, we see them as system NIC drivers.
Network Access Protocols
ARP and RARP work at both Internet layer
and Network Access layer.
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Comparing TCP/IP and OSI
The Internet is developed by the standards of the TCP/IP protocols. The TCP/IP model gains
credibility because of its protocols. In contrast, networks typically are not built on the OSI
protocol. The OSI model is used as a guide for understanding the communication process.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
OSI
OSI
The OSI model & the TCP/IP model
Similarities of the OSI and TCP/IP models:
Both have layers;
Both have application layers, though they include very different
services;
Both have comparable transport and network layers;
Packet-switched, not circuit-switched, technology is assumed;
Networking professionals need to know both models.
Differences of the OSI and TCP/IP models:
TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer; into its
application layer;
TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one
layer;
TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers;
TCP/IP transport layer using UDP does not always guarantee
reliable delivery of packets as the transport layer in the OSI model
does.
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The Internet Introduction
Interconnection between two LANs with a router
Interconnection between three LANs with two routers
The Internet Introduction
The Internet provide connections among a good number of users (300 million). Yet it appears
practically simple enough so that users view it as cloud where the reliable connection
sevice is provided between any two hosts, regardless to the hosts platforms. However, with
its bulky size (over 90 thousand routers), Internet is truelly complex, with a lot of standards,
protocols, ... getting involved.
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For any two systems to communicate, they must be able to identify and locate
each other. We call it addressing.
The hosts are grouped into networks. In the illustration, we use the A or B
to identify the network and the number sequence to identify the individual
host.
The combination of letter (network address) and the number (host address)
create a unique address for each device on the network.
Addressing
An address generally represents the connection to the network. A device that
have two connection points may need two addresses beloging to two
networks.
Each connection points (espcially in LAN technologies) also has its ID
(example: MAC address) which is called physical address. There is also the
need to map between physical adresses (layer 2) and logical addresses
(layer 3).
Addressing
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IP address is 32-bit long.
It is often writen in dotted decimal format.
CCNA is supposed to master the BIN-DEC conversion. Remember: practice
makes perfect.
IP Address (IPv4)
Every IP address has two parts. One part identifies the network where the
system is connected, and a second part identifies that particular system on the
network.
Two different networks must have different network address (net-id), and two
different hosts in the same network must have different host address (host-
id). Of cause, hosts in the same network have the same network address.
Addressing Rule
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A router forwards packets from the originating network to the destination
network using the IP protocol. The packets must include an identifier for both
the source and destination networks. Using the IP address of destination
network, a router can deliver a packet to the correct network. When the
packet arrives at a router connected to the destination network, the router
uses the IP address to locate the particular computer connected to that
network.
Routing Introduction
ROUTER:
I has routing table
inside and I know how to
forward packets so that
they will reach the
destination.
ROUTER:
I has routing table
inside and I know how to
forward packets so that
they will reach the
destination.
Classes of IP Addresses
As a hierachical addressing
scheme, IP addresses are
divided into classes.
Class A addresses are
assigned to larger networks.
Class B addresses are
used for medium-sized
networks, and
Class C for small networks.
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When all host-bits are zeros, we have a number that represents network
address. This address is reserved, namely it cannot be assigned to any host.
Network Address
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When host-bits are all one, we have a number that represents broadcast
address. This address is also reserved, namely it cannot be assigned to any
host.
Example where Broadcast addresses are used: a host need to locate a specific
service.
Broadcast Address
Unicast and Broadcast Transmission
Unicast transmission Broadcast transmission
The concept of unicast and broadcast transmission exist in both layer 2
and layer 3 protocols. There are refelections in the addressing scheme.
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Certain host addresses are reserved and cannot be assigned to devices on a
network. These reserved host addresses include the following:
Host-bits = all zeros (network address);
Host-bits = all ones (broadcast address);
Network-bits = all ones;
Network-bits = all zeros;
127.x.x.x (loopback address = 127.0.0.1).
Reserved IP Address
The stability of the Internet depends directly on the uniqueness of publicly
used network addresses.
In the figure, there is an IP conflict issue.
A procedure was needed to make sure that addresses were in fact unique.
Originally, an organization known as the Internet Network Information Center
(InterNIC) handled this procedure. InterNIC no longer exists and has been
succeeded by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
Required Unique Address
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Public IP addresses are unique. No two machines that connect to a public network can have the
same IP address.
Public IP addresses must be obtained from an Internet service provider (ISP) or a registry at some
expense.
With the rapid growth of the Internet, public IP addresses were beginning to run out (IP address
depletion).
New addressing schemes, such as classless interdomain routing (CIDR) and IPv6 were developed to
help solve the problem. Private IP addresses are another solution.
Public IP Addresses
RFC 1918 sets aside three blocks of IP addresses for private, internal use.
These three blocks consist of one Class A, a range of Class B addresses,
and a range of Class C addresses.
Addresses that fall within these ranges are not routed on the Internet
backbone. Internet routers immediately discard private addresses.
Private IP Addresses
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When addressing a nonpublic intranet, a test lab, or a home network, we
normally use private addresses instead of globally unique addresses.
Private addresses can be used to address point-to-point serial links without
wasting real IP addresses.
Connecting a network using private addresses to the Internet requires
translation of the private addresses to public addresses. This translation
process is referred to as Network Address Translation (NAT).
Using Private Addresses
Subnetting is another method of managing IP addresses. This method of di viding full
network address classes into smaller pieces has prevented complete IP address
exhaustion.
The network is no longer limited to the default Class A, B, or C network masks and
there is more flexibility in the network design.
Analogy: telephone.
Subnet addresses include the network portion, plus a subnet field and a host field.
To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows bits from the host field
and designates them as the subnet field.
Introduction to Subnetting
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When TCP/IP was adopted in the 1980s (IPv4), it relied on a two-level
addressing scheme.
The Class A and B addresses make up 75% of the address space, however
fewer than 17,000 organizations can be assigned a Class A or B network
number.
Class C network addresses are far more numerous than Class A and Class
B addresses, although they account for only 12.5% percent of the possible
four billion IP addresses. Unfortunately, Class C addresses are limited to 254
usable hosts.
IP Address Depletion
Class A & B: virtually exhausted
Class C: nearly exhausted, too
IPv4 and IPv6 Addresses
IPv4
32-bit
IPv6
128-bit
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After years of planning and development, IPv6 is slowly being implemented in
select networks. Eventually, IPv6 may replace IPv4 as the dominant Internet
protocol.
IPv4 and IPv6
4.3 e 9 IP addresses
3.4 e 38 IP addresses
Obtaining IP Addresses
Devices come with MAC addresses (layer-2). However, IP addresses (layer-3) require proper
configuration. There are basically two ways to obtain IP addresses: static and dynamic.
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Static assignment works best on
small, infrequently changing
networks. The system administrator
manuall y assigns and tracks IP
addresses for each computer,
printer, or server on the intranet.
Good recordkeeping is critical to
prevent problems which occur with
duplicate IP addresses.
Static assignment works best on
small, infrequently changing
networks. The system administrator
manuall y assigns and tracks IP
addresses for each computer,
printer, or server on the intranet.
Good recordkeeping is critical to
prevent problems which occur with
duplicate IP addresses.
RARP
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) associates a known MAC addresses
with an IP addresses. This association allows network devices to encapsulate data
before sending the data out on the network. A network device, such as a diskless
workstation, might know its MAC address but not its IP address. RARP allows the
device to make a request to learn its IP address.
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RARP
Operation:
1: ARP request
2: ARP response
3: RARP request
4: RARP response
5: Dynamic RARP request
6: Dynamic RARP response
7: Dynamic RARP error
8: InARP request
9: InARP response
ARP and RARP share the
same packet format,
which is encapsulated on
layer-2 frames. They
differentiate themselves by
the operation field.
RARP
Hardware Type specifies a hardware interface type for which the
sender requires a response (ie. ~layer 2).
Protocol Type specifies the type of high level protocol address the
sender has supplied (ie. ~layer 3).
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RARP
HLen: Hardware address length.
PLen: Protocol address length.
RARP
Sender Hardware Address: Hardware address of the sender.
Sender Protocol Address: Protocol address of the sender.
Target Hardware Address: Hardware address of the targer.
Target Protocol Address: Protocol address of the target.
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RARP
The workstation boots, and then generates an RARP request.
It broadcasts the request to all hosts (using layer-2 broadcast address).
All other host discard the request, except the RARP server, who accepts it.
I needs
an IP
address!
RARP
The RARP server generates the RARP response which contain its answer.
It broadcasts the response to all the hosts.
The workstation receives the answer and set its IP address.
Thanks. From
now on, I am
192.168.10.36
Here it is:
192.168.10.36!
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BOOTP
The bootstrap protocol (BOOTP) operates in a client-server environment and only requires a
single packet exchange to obtain IP information. However, unlike RARP, BOOTP packets can
include the IP address, as well as the address of a router, the address of a server, and vendor-
specific information, etc. BOOTP is encapsulated on UDP datagram.
BOOTP
Op: Message operation code; can be BOOTREQUEST or BOOTREPLY.
Htype: Hardware address type.
HLen: Hardware address length.
Hops: Clients place zero, this field is used by BOOTP server to send request to another network.
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BOOTP
Xid: Transaction ID
Seconds: Seconds elapsed since the client began the address acquisition or renewal process.
BOOTP
Ciadder: Client IP address.
Yiadder: Your (client) IP address.
Siadder: IP address of the next server
to use in bootstrap.
Giadder: Relay agent IP address used in
booting via a relay agent.
Chadder: Client hardware address.
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BOOTP
Server Host Name: Specifies
particular server to get BOOTP
information from.
Boot File Name:Alow multiple boot files
(example: for different OSes).
Vendor Specific Area: Optional vendor
information that can be passed to the host.
BOOTP
The workstation boots, and then generates an BOOTP request.
It broadcasts the request to all hosts (IP source address = unknown).
All other host discard the request, except the BOOTP server, who accepts it.
I needs
an IP
address!
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BOOTP
The BOOTP server generates the BOOTP reply which contain its answer.
The workstation receives the answer and set its IP address.
Thanks. From
now on, I am
192.168.10.36
Here it is:
192.168.10.36!
I keep a profile
for each clients:
IP=..., MAC=...
IP=..., MAC=...
IP=..., MAC=...
DHCP
Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) is the successor to BOOTP. Unlike BOOTP, DHCP
allows a host to obtain an IP address dynamically without indi vidual profile that the network
administrator having to set up for each device. All that is required when using DHCP is a defined
range of IP addresses on a DHCP server. The major advantage that DHCP has over BOOTP is
that it allows users to be mobile. DHCP offers a one to many ratio of IP addresses and that an
address is available to anyone who connects to the network.
client server
request
re
s
p
o
n
s
e
client server
request
re
p
ly
client server
request
o
ffe
r
request
a
c
k
RARP BOOTP DHCP
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DHCP
DHCP uses the same message structure of BOOTP, with
some extentions (subnet masks, etc.) The idea is that the
entire network configuration of a computer can be
obtained in one message.
DHCP
The laptop boots, and then generates an DHCP request.
It broadcasts the request to all hosts (to discover who is the server).
All other host discard the request, except the DHCP servers, who accept it.
I needs
an IP
address!
Both of us are
supposed to
receive DHCP
messages.
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DHCP
The DHCP servers generates the DHCP offers which contain its answer.
The laptop receives the answers, select one of them (the first one).
OK, I accept
one offer of
yours.
My offer is:
192.168.10.35!
My offer is:
blah blah!
DHCP
The laptop sends DCHPREQUEST addressed to the specific DHCP server
that has sent the accepted offer.
Heres my
DHCPREQUEST,
specifically for
you.
Good,
got it!
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DHCP
The DHCP server sends the DHCPACK
And the laptop sets the IP address accordingly.
Thanks! From
now on I am
192.168.10.35!
Here is
the ACK
ARP
The issue of address mapping between level-2 and level-3 addresses are quite
relevent. In TCP/IP communication, a host needs to know both IP address and MAC
address of the destination host in order to send packet to it. So there comes Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP) which helps hosts in the same LAN segments to find each
other MAC addresses.
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Proxy ARP
Communications among LAN segments have an additional task. TCP/IP has a variation
on ARP called Proxy ARP that will provide the MAC address of an intermediate device
(example router) for transmission outside the LAN to another network segment.
Some devices keep the IP-MAC
mapping in a so-called ARP table
which is stored in RAM.
Example: arp -a, arp -d *.
When a devices needs to send data
to a host --whose IP is known but
MAC is unknown-- it send an ARP
request as a broadcast frame. Then
the destination reply with ARP reply.
Another way to build ARP table is to
monitor the traffic.
Router generally do not forward such
the broadcast. If this feature is turned
on, a router performs a Proxy ARP.
However, in reality, we apply the
default gateway feature. When the
destination host is of the different
network, then the IP packet is sent to
the default gateway (MAC) while IP
address is set to the final destination.
If there is neither default gateway
nor Proxy ARP, no traffic can leave
the local network.
ARP
Please remember that both ARP and
RARP use the same message structure.
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Summary
Why the Internet was developed and how TCP/IP fits the design of the Internet
The 4-layers of the TCP/IP model; the functions of each layer of the TCP/IP model
The comparision between the OSI model and the TCP/IP model
IP addressing gives each device on the Internet a unique identifier
IP address classes are logical divisions of the address space used to meet the needs of
various sizes of networks
Subnetting is used to divide a network into smaller networks
Reserved addresses fulfill a special role in IPaddressing and cannot be used for any
other purpose
Private addresses cannot be routed on the public Internet.
The function of a subnet mask is to map the parts of an IP address that are the network
and the host
Someday IPV4 will be completely obsolete and IPV6 will be the commonly used version
A computer must have an IP address to communicate on the Internet
An IP address may be configured statically or dynamically,
Dynamically IP addressing can be achived by using RARP,BOOTP or DHCP
DHCP supplies more information to a client than BOOTP, DHCP allows computers to be
mobile
ARP and Proxy ARP can be used to solve address resolution problems

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Module 9 TCP/IP Suite and IP Addressing

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