PRESENT SIMPLE Subject + verb + object I do my chores regularly.

rd Subject (3 person sg he, she, it) + verb + s/es + object She does her chores regularly. PRESENT CONTINUOUS Subject + be (am, are, is) + verb + ING + object PRESENT PERFECT Subject + have/has + verb (pp form) + object PAST SIMPLE Subject + verb (ed/pp form) + object PAST CONTINUOUS Subject + was/were + verb + ING + object I was doing my homework, when the doorbell rang. PAST PERFECT Subject + have/has + verb + ed/pp form + object FUTURE SIMPLE Subject + will/shall + verb + object GOING TO FUTURE Subject + am/are/is + going to + verb + object CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 0 If/when + present tense + present tense. If I stay up late, I feel awful the next day. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1 If + present tense + future tense (will) If I pass FCE, I will have a big party. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 2 If + past tense + would/could/might If I won the lottery, I would give all the money to orphans. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 3 It is going to snow tonight. I will prepare some salads for the party. We have lived here for 8 years. He did something wrong. He has done something awful. He is doing his chores regularly.

If + past perfect + would/could/might have + past participle If we had won more money, we would have gone to the States last year. REPORTED SPEECH When direct speech is reported, it becomes indirect speech. There is usually a change of tense, called BACKSHIFT. Present Simple Past Simple I like ice cream. She said she liked ice cream. Present Continuous Past Continuous I am living in London. She said she was living in London. Present Perfect Past Perfect I havent seen Julie. He said he hadnt seen Julie. Past Simple Past Perfect I bought a car. She said she had bought a car. Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous I was walking along the street. She said she had been walking along the street. Past Perfect Past Perfect I had taken English lessons before. She said she had taken English lessons before. Would would I would help. She said she would help. Can could I can speak perfect English. She said she could speak perfect English. Could could I could swim when I was 4. She said she could swim when she was 4. Shall would I shall come later. She said she would come later. Should should I should call my mother. She said she should call her mother. Might might I might be late. She said she might be late. Must must I must study at weekend. She said she must study at weekend. Future (will) Conditional (would) Ill see you later. She said she would see me later.

Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense): Direct speech: The sky is blue Reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue Pronouns, Time and Space expressions today that day now then yesterday the day before days ago days before last week the week before next year the following year tomorrow the next day / the following day here there this that these those Different reporting verbs: Most common ones are SAID AND TOLD.
verb object infinitive advise encourage invite remind warn verb infinitive verb (that) verb gerund verb object preposition gerund deny accuse recommend blame suggest congratulate verb preposition gerund apologize insist

admit agree decide deny explain insist promise recommend suggest Examples:Jack Examples:She Examples:Tom encouraged me offered to give admitted (that) to look for a him a lift to he had tried to new job. work. leave early. They invited all My brother She agreed their friends to refused to take (that) we attend the no for an needed to presentation. answer. reconsider our plans.

agree decide offer promise refuse threaten

Examples:He Examples:They denied having accused the anything to do boys of cheating with her. on the exam. Ken suggested She blamed her studying early husband for in the missing the morning. train.

Examples:He apologized for being late. She insisted on doing the washing up.