Purpose of DFD -show analyst and user 1. How information enter and leave system 2.

What changes the information in the system 3. Where the information is stored in the system Use of DFD -clear definition of system boundary -method for checking analysis is complete -basis from which program specification will be produced

Advantages of DFD -user friendly -graphical -communicate existing info between user and system -detailed representation of system -describe boundaries of system

Disadvantages of DFD -physical considerations left out -takes long time to create -confusing -different DFD method different symbol User Interface Design User familiarity Interface should be designed from the experience of the people Use of metaphors Use simple words/terms

Consistency Interface should be consistent Use of same style (MS word XP and MS word 2010(menu) Software performing steps are same

Eg. Menu bar on every page

Minimal Surprise User should never be surprised by behavior of system Show progress (progress bar) Warnings for wrong perform Confirmations

Recoverability Interface should allow user to recover from errors Eg. Undo

User Guidance Produce meaningful feedback when error occur Tops Warnings Help functions Online help

User Diversity Provide appropriate interaction facilities of different user Multiple option to perform task Different level Different age of user Input.output Visual, audio Remote user ATM

User Characterestics Direct manipulation Directly control object on screen Touchscreen, touchpad,mouse

Menu Selection Commands listed in menu User dont need to remember command Involve many option Eg.start menu bar

Form Fill in User fill in field in form Use to gather info Allow user input for feedback, comments and opinion

Command Language Similar to command line input User enter command Eg.programming language

Natural Language Similar to command language But this is more general and understandabl Use of English AI,Verbot

Guideline s for user interface design Presenting information Text vs graphic Display error message Use colour

Human Computer Interface HCI Study on how to design a good computer interface Design, evaluation and implementation of interaction computing systems for human use with the study of major phenomena surrounding them Eg. Icon of recycle bin is like thrash can in reality

Why HCI? Age Child Teen Adult Elderly To satisfy all range of customer /user

Literacy Category Novice Intermediate Expert

Physical Category Blind Deaf Colour blind

Normal

Professionalism Student Businessman VIP Professional

User Characteristics Metaphors conceptual model that has been developed to be similar in the same way to the aspects of a physical entity eg. Recycle bin and thrash can dragging document in desktip is similar to picking up a paper and moving it in reality

Benefits of metaphors easy to learn simple user friendly short cut to complete concepts

Disadvantages of metaphors SDLC Planning prelimary investigatiobn conflicts with design principle not able to understand the system function beyond the metaphor

Analysis Design Build Test test of prototype coding logical and physical feasibility studies

Display Review feedbacks system change training file conversion

Maintenance further upgrade, enchance, problem solving

RAD Programming system that enable programmer to quickly build working programs Users modern, powerful developing environment Skips Red-tape(unnecessary process) Minimal planning Fast output Eg.RAD systes for windows are VB and Delphi

Analyze>[Build>refine>demonstrate]>Test>Implement

Prototype Cycles Advantages Flexible and adaptable to changes Uses minimal planning Short development cycles Produces fast outputs Uses tools and experts to complete task fast

Disadvantages Require high investment/cost to implement RAD Not all application compatible with RAD Need both customer and developer co-operation to complete projects

Iterative Act of repeating an action Programmer repeat the developing process over and over again To meet customer requirement Eg.homepage of website constantly repeating when customers want to add in new thing

Incremental Increasing gradually by regular degrees or addition

Increase number of webpage while repeating task Will not slow down the development process Eg.customer wants the homepage to be edited, programmers can edit the homepage and do another page of the website to their the customer

Case tool Computer aided software engineering Tools that provide automated assistance for software development Use of computer in software development process Supporting one at more software engineering activities within a software development process

Advantages Produce system with a larger effective operational life Produce system that can meet user requirement Produce system that need user system support

Disadvantages Expensive (initial system building) High maintenance fee Require more extensive and accurate definition of user needs and requirement Require training for maintenance staff Difficult to customize

Type of CASE tools 1. Code generators; generation of program and database definition code 2. Documentation generators; produce technical and user documentation in standard format 3. Diagramming tools; enable system to process, generate the data structure to be represented graphically Microsoft Project->Non-freeware->Upper case->use for project planning->project management

Requirement Definition Structured English For programmers, instruction for precise coding Use simplify words Eg; READ,WRITE,IFELSE, THEN..ENDF

Eg. IF marks obtained is 80% and above, THEN, the student will be given a Distinction, AND, graded A+ Decision table Decision type of data, where many options of same type Eg.student assignment score