Environmental Engineering (Air Pollution)

[Air Pollution]
Er. Harsh Mahajan BE civil ME structure

1
#Environmental Engineering#
Part III: Engineering of Air Pollution
Air pollution means the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants, such as
dust, fumes, gas, mist, order, smoke or vapour in quantities with characteristics and of duration such
as to be injurious to human, plant or to property or which unreasonably interfere with the comfortable
enjoyment of life and property
# Air pollutant:
The atmosphere contains hundreds of air pollutants from natural or from anthropogenic sources. All
such pollutant are called as Primary pollutants.
Important primary pollutant:
1. Sulphur oxides
2. Carbon monoxide
3. Nitrogen oxides
4. Lead
5. Hydrocarbon
6. Allergic agent like pollen and spores
7. Radioactive substances
8. H
2
S, fluorides
The primary pollutant often reacts with each other or with water vapours in presence of sunlight, to
form an entirely new set of pollutant called as Secondary Pollutant.
Important secondary pollutant :
1. Sulphuric acid
2. Ozone
3. Formaldehydes
4. Peroxy-acyl-nitrate (PAN)
Sulphur dioxide :
Irritant gas, when inhaled, affects our MUCOUS MEMBRANEs
Increase breathing rate and causes oxygen deficits in the body, leading to bronchial spasms.
SO
2
may oxidise into sulphur trioxide (SO
3
) which may dissolve in body fluid and forms
sulphuric acid. SO
3
thus cases high and worse irritation, leading to Severe Bronchospasm.
SO
2
is also responsible for causing acidity in fog, smokes and rain (acid rain)
Major source of corrosion of building and metal objects
Originated from: refineries and chemical plants, smelting operation and burning fuels, Open
burning of garbage and municipal incineration plants.
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IS standard limit in ambient air : 80mg/m
3
or 0.03ppm
*[The concentration of suspended particles in air are generally expressed as microgram per
cubic meter.
1g/m
3
=
1ppm X moIccuIu muss o] poIIutunt X 10^3
l
mcl
o] poIIutunt ut gcn tcmpcutuc und pcssuc
]
Carbon monoxide:
CO possesses about 200 times affinity for blood haemoglobin than oxygen. So when inhaled,
CO replaces oxygen from haemoglobin and form Carboxy-haemoglobin.
When about half of the haemoglobin of the blood is used up in forming carboxy-
haemoglobin, leads to death.
Dying person exhibits pink colour carboxy- haemoglobin in their blood.
CO also affects the Central Nervous system, also responsible for heart attack and high
mortality rates.
Originated from: biggest source - Automobile exhaust 80%(due to incomplete combustion of
fuel), incineration, degradation, volcano eruption
Limit Concentration in air: 4mg/m
3
Oxides of nitrogen:
Nitric oxides (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NO
2
) are injurious to human.
Eye and nasal irritation are common problem caused by about 28mg/m
3
of NO
2
,
Respiratory discomfort if concentration rises to 47mg/m
3
.
Sources: natural- lighting and activity of soil bacteria.
Anthropogenic: Automobile exhaust, incineration plants, furnace smoke . caused by
combustion of organic matter.
Limit Concentration in air: 80mg/m
3
Hydrogen sulphide:
Foul smelling gas with typical odour of rotten gas.
Exposure may lead to loss of smell sense, headaches, conjunctivitis, sleeplessness and pain
in eye.
At higher concentration it may block oxygen transfer and damage the nerve tissue.
As it is not exhausted by automobile and it burnt to SO
2
, H
2
S gas in not included in ambient
air quality.
Origin: Oil refinery, rubber, tanneries plant and plant producing sulphur dye.
Also produce from sewage treatment and open burning of municipality and industrial waste.
Methyl and ethyl mercaptans:
Other compound of sulphur having strong odour. This compoundgenerally not found in
atmosphere and not so much harmful to us.
Hydrogen fluoride:
High concentration extremely irritant and corrosive
Low concentration- Causes fluorosis in cattle and plants less harmful to human.
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Origin- emitted from Aluminium plant, phosphate fertilizer plants, burning of coal,
refineries and chemical industries
Found in lower concentration hence not included in ambient air quality standard
Lead:
May cause irritation of Mucous membrane of nose, throat and lungs.
Lead poisoning leads to damage to gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney. Causes
abnormalities in pregnancy and fertility.
Responsible for retarding mental growth in children.
Limit: 1.5mg/m
3
Origin: Exhaust from automobile (patrol vehicle)
Particulates:
Particle pollution (also known as "particulate matter") in the air includes a mixture of
solids and liquid droplets. Some particles are emitted directly; others are formed in the
atmosphere when other pollutants react. Particles come in a wide range of sizes. Those less
than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM10) are so small that they can get into the lungs,
potentially causing serious health problems. Ten micrometers is smaller than the width of a
single human hair.
Particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter are called "fine" particles. These particles are
so small they can be detected only with an electron microscope. Sources of fine particles
include all types of combustion, including motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood
burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and some industrial processes.
Particles between 2.5 and 10 micrometers in diameter are referred to as "coarse." Sources of
coarse particles include crushing or grinding operations, and dust stirred up by vehicles
travelling on roads.
# Dispersion of air pollution into atmosphere:
When the pocket of air pollutant is released into atmosphere from the source then it will
dispersed into the atmosphere in various direction these direction and rate of dispersion depends
on the prevailing wind and temperature condition.
Temperature conditions of the environment are defined by a technical term called as LAPSE
RATE.
Lapse rate:
In the troposphere, the temperature of the ambient air normally decreases with increase in
altitude.
The rate of change of temperature is called as LAPSE RATE.
Rate will differ from place to place and time to time.
The lapse rate at a particular time and at a particular place can be determined by sending balloon
equipped with thermometer and a self recording mechanism, is known as Prevailing lapse rate or
Ambient lapse rate or the environmental lapse rate.(ELR)
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Adiabatic lapse
rate
Dry adiabatic
lapse rate (9.8
0
C
per Km)
Wet adiabatic
lapse rate (6
0
C
per Km)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
ELR
ALR
H
t
.

i
n

m
e
t
e
r
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
ALR
When a parcel of air, which is hotter and lighter than surrounding air, is released it rises up until
it reaches the level at which its own temperature and density becomes equal to the surrounding.
Hence when the artificially heated air (i.e. automobile exhaust or stack gas) is emitted into
environment, it rises up, expands become lighter and get cooled.
The rate at which the temperature decreases with increase in height, internal temperature change
may be differing from ELR of the air though which the smoke parcel moves.
Decrease in temperature of parcel
theoretically assumed to be ADIABATIC (a
process occurring without the addition of
outside heat or loss of its own internal heat)
Means the temperature decrease of air
parcel is due to increase in volume.
Rate of decrease of temperature of hot air
parcel is known as ADIABATIC LAPSE
RATE.
Normally, emitted smokes are neither dry
nor purely saturated, hence the actual adiabatic lapse rate (ALR) will be somewhere between
9.8
0
C and6
0
C.
Comparisonof ELR and ALR line on graphsheet give the stability of environment.
Three major relative position of ELR with respect to ALR:
When the ELR is more than ALR then the environment is said to be UNSTABLE:
Rising parcel will always remains warmer than the surrounding because environment is getting
cooler more quickly as compared to air parcel.
In such condition, the rising parcel of warmer lighter air will contunue to lift up; whereas heavier
cooler will continue to come down.
The parcel of air will continue to
accelerate in the direction of
displacement.
In such circumstances, the
environment is unstable, and the
dispersion of pollutant will be rapid
due to marker vertical mixing of the
air.
The prevailing environmental lapse
rate is known as Super adiabatic lapse
rate.
Reverse condition: environmental is
said to be stable ELR is less than
ALR. The prevailing ELR is said
to be Sub-adiabatic lapse rate.
Neutral Condition : ELR=ALR.
# Negative Lapse rate and
inversion:
When the temperature of the environment increases with altitude, then the lapse rate become
inverted or negative.
Negative lapse rate occurs under conditions (Inversion), a state in which the warmer air lies over
cooler air below. Such temperature inversi
There are two types of inversion:
1. Radiation inversion
2. Subsidence inversion
The radiation inversion is a
phenomenon occurring from the
unequal cooling rate for the earth and
the earth atmosphere. In other
when the earth cools rapidly and more
quickly than the air above it, then
naturally the temperature in the
environment will be less at the earth
and will increases above it. (might be
possible at night)
Radiation inversion helps in formation of fog if
also cause increase in concentration
Normally happens in winter more and
Subsidence inversion is caused by the characteristic sinking or subsiding motion of air is a high
pressure area surrounded by low pressure area
A subsidence inversion develops when a widespread layer of air descends. The layer is
compressed and heated by the resulting increase
lapse rate of temperature is reduced. If the air mass sinks low enough, the air at higher altitudes
becomes warmer than at lower altitudes, producing a temperature inversion. Subsidence
inversions are common over the northern continents in winter and over the subtropical oceans;
these regions generally have subsiding air because they are located under large high
centers.
#Lapse rate and dispersion of air pollutant:
By comparing the two lapse rates,
a source.
The emitted gases being known as PLUME and their source of origin is called as STACK.
The manner in which emitted plume behaves is explained below
a) Looping plume:
Plume has wavy character and occurs in super
adiabatic process.
Produces an unstable atmosphere, because of
rapid mixing.
High concentration near ground may occur due
to turbulence before the dispersion is finally
completed.
Hence areas where super adiabatic environment
is found there great height of stack required to
throw gases away from ground.
When the temperature of the environment increases with altitude, then the lapse rate become
cooler air below. Such temperature inversion represents a highly stable environment.
There are two types of inversion:
1. Radiation inversion
2. Subsidence inversion
The radiation inversion is a
phenomenon occurring from the
unequal cooling rate for the earth and
the earth atmosphere. In other word
when the earth cools rapidly and more
quickly than the air above it, then
naturally the temperature in the
environment will be less at the earth
and will increases above it. (might be
Radiation inversion helps in formation of fog if air is wet and catches gasesand
also cause increase in concentrationof pollutants in close environment.
more andalso in valley region.
caused by the characteristic sinking or subsiding motion of air is a high
pressure area surrounded by low pressure area.
compressed and heated by the resulting increase in atmospheric pressure, and as a result the
er the northern continents in winter and over the subtropical oceans;
these regions generally have subsiding air because they are located under large high
#Lapse rate and dispersion of air pollutant:
By comparing the two lapse rates, we can predict that what will happen to gases emitted from
The manner in which emitted plume behaves is explained below
er and occurs in super
Produces an unstable atmosphere, because of
High concentration near ground may occur due
to turbulence before the dispersion is finally
Hence areas where super adiabatic environment
nd there great height of stack required to
throw gases away from ground.
[Air Pollution]
ME structure
5 When the temperature of the environment increases with altitude, then the lapse rate become
on represents a highly stable environment.
and particulates and
caused by the characteristic sinking or subsiding motion of air is a high
in atmospheric pressure, and as a result the
er the northern continents in winter and over the subtropical oceans;
these regions generally have subsiding air because they are located under large high-pressure
we can predict that what will happen to gases emitted from
b) Neutral plume:
Upward vertical rise of plume from stack.
Occurs when ELR is very near to the ALR.
Upward lifting of plume will be continued till air density becomes equal to plume
c) Coning Plume
The neutral plume is tends to cone when the
wind velocity is greater than 32km/hr and
when cloud over blocks the solar radiation by
day and terrestrial radiation at night.
Occurs under sub-adiabatic condition
Environment is slightly stable and there is
limited vertical mixing, thereby increasing the
probability of air pollution in the area.
d) Fanning Plume:
Under extreme inversion condition,
caused by negative ELR, from
ground to a height greater than the height
of stack then emission will spread only
horizontally as it cannot lift due to
extremely stable environment.
In such a case there will be no vertical
mixing, and the plume will extend
horizontally to a great distance.
In area where radiation inversion is
present, there high stack (ht. higher than inversion height)
inversion it may uneconomical.
Good condition
e) Lofting plume:
Exist in a strong super adiabatic lapse rate
above the surface inversion.
Plume has minimum downward mixing, as
its downward mixing is prevented by
inversion.
The upward mixing will be quite turbulent
and rapid.
No concentration will touch the ground, most ideal condition of dispersion of emission.
f) Fumigating plume:
Occurs when the inversion layer is at a
short distance above the top of the stake
and super adiabatic condition prevails
below the stack.
Upward vertical rise of plume from stack.
Occurs when ELR is very near to the ALR.
Upward lifting of plume will be continued till air density becomes equal to plume
The neutral plume is tends to cone when the
wind velocity is greater than 32km/hr and
when cloud over blocks the solar radiation by
day and terrestrial radiation at night.
adiabatic condition
Environment is slightly stable and there is
limited vertical mixing, thereby increasing the
probability of air pollution in the area.
Under extreme inversion condition,
caused by negative ELR, from the
ground to a height greater than the height
of stack then emission will spread only
horizontally as it cannot lift due to
extremely stable environment.
In such a case there will be no vertical
mixing, and the plume will extend
istance.
In area where radiation inversion is
present, there high stack (ht. higher than inversion height), But in case of subsidence
inversion it may uneconomical.
Exist in a strong super adiabatic lapse rate
Plume has minimum downward mixing, as
its downward mixing is prevented by
The upward mixing will be quite turbulent
Occurs when the inversion layer is at a
short distance above the top of the stake
and super adiabatic condition prevails
[Air Pollution]
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Upward lifting of plume will be continued till air density becomes equal to plume density.
But in case of subsidence
Pollutant cannot escape above the top of stack and will be brought down to ground due to
turbulence.
Bad condition
g) Trapping plume:
Inversion layer exist above the emission
source as well as below the source and super
adiabatic condition in between them
Naturally plume cannot be go up and down it
will confinedin between the inversion layer
Bad condition
# Impact of atmospheric pressure on
dispersion:
High pressure system (anticyclone), which are accompanied by clear skies, light winds and
atmospheric stability, may prove to be bad for dispersion of pollutants.
Low pressure system (Cyclone), which are
conditions, generally lead to good mixing and rapid dispersion of pollutant.
# Effective height of stack:
H=h+h
h=v
s
D [1.5 +2.68e-3 PD (T
u
Where h =rise of
V
s
=Stack gas velocity m/sec
D =Inside exit diameter of stack in m
u =Wind speed m/sec
P =atmospheric pressure in millibar
T
s
=Stack gas temperature in
T
a
=Air temperature in
For unstable condition
For stable condition h =0.8 to 0.9 h
# Air pollution Control:
Air possesses self cleansing properties, which continuously clean and remove the pollutants
from the atmosphere.
When the discharge of pollutant
environment become polluted
Natural self cleansing properties of environment:
1. Dispersion:
Dispersion of pollutant reduces the concentration of pollutants at one place, it only dilute
pollutant not removing it.
Long chimney helps us in diluting the air pollutant near the source.
2. Gravitational settling:
Large particle from the ambient air settle down on building, trees other object.
Particle size greater than 20
Flocculated particles are also form by combi
Inversion layer exist above the emission
source as well as below the source and super
adiabatic condition in between them
Naturally plume cannot be go up and down it
in between the inversion layer.
# Impact of atmospheric pressure on
atmospheric stability, may prove to be bad for dispersion of pollutants.
Low pressure system (Cyclone), which are associated with highly unstable atmospheric
conditions, generally lead to good mixing and rapid dispersion of pollutant.
3 PD (T
s
-T
a
)]
T
a
Where h =rise of plume above the stack in m
=Stack gas velocity m/sec
D =Inside exit diameter of stack in m
u =Wind speed m/sec
P =atmospheric pressure in millibar
=Stack gas temperature in
o
K
=Air temperature in
o
K.
For unstable condition h=1.1 to 1.2 h
calculated
For stable condition h =0.8 to 0.9 h
calculated
self cleansing properties, which continuously clean and remove the pollutants
When the discharge of pollutant exceed the natural capcity of atmosphere then our
environment become polluted.
Natural self cleansing properties of environment:
Long chimney helps us in diluting the air pollutant near the source.
Particle size greater than 20m
Flocculated particles are also form by combining particle of lower size.
[Air Pollution]
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associated with highly unstable atmospheric
self cleansing properties, which continuously clean and remove the pollutants
exceed the natural capcity of atmosphere then our
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3. Absorption:
In natural absorption, gases and particulates pollutant get collected in rain or mist and settle
down.
Absorption takes place below cloud level.
Does not help in removing particles smaller than 1mm in size.
4. Rainout:
Rainout is the process involving precipitation above the cloud level, where submicron
particles present in the atmosphere in the clouds, serves as condensation nuclei, may fall out
as rain.
This phenomenon helps in increased rainfall and fog formation.
5. Adsorption:
In adsorption, the gaseous, liquid or solid pollutants present in ambient air are kept attracted
generally electro-statically by the surface.
Building, trees grass may attract and retain pollutant on its surface.
# Control of Particulate Pollutant in industries:
1. Gravitational settling chamber
2. Centrifugal collectors
3. Wet scrubber
4. Electrostatic precipitation
5. Fabric filter
1. Gravitational Filter:
Minimum particle size that can be
removed >50mm
Efficiency =50%
Simple to design and low pressure
loss
Require larger space and
collection efficiency is low
Working on the principle of
stocks law.
2. Centrifugal collector:
Minimum particle size that can be removed
>5-25mm
Efficiency =50%-90%
Relatively inexpensive, require less floor area,
easy to design and maintain, Low to moderate
pressure loss (2.5 to 20 cm), can handle large volume
of gases
Require much head room, collection efficiency
is low for smaller particles
A cyclone collection is a closed chamber in
which velocity of inlet gas is transferred into spinning
vortex and due to centrifugal force all particulates
sticks to wall and thus collected into hopper bottom
and cleaned.
Efficiency depends on the Mass Of particulate,
[Air Pollution]
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inlet gas velocity and radius of cyclone.
A Dynamic precipitator imparts centrifugal force to gas with the help of rotating vanes.
7times more effective than cyclone collection.
Cyclone collection is used in Cement factories, fertilizer plants, Grain mill, cotton mill.
Dynamic precipitator is used in ceramic, food and pharmaceutical and wood working
industries.

3. Wet scrubber:
Name Minimum particle size Efficiency
Spray tower >10mm <80%
Cyclonic scrubber >2.5mm <80%
Venturi scrubber >0.5mm <99%
Merits: also removes gaseous pollutants, hot
gas can be cool down, corrosive gases can be
recover and neutralize; separate gases through
contact with aqueous chemical may produce.
Demerits: Lot of waste water; maintenance is
high; wet outlet gases cannot raise high from
the stake; poses freezing problem in cold
countries.
In this device, the flue gas is made to
push up against down falling water current.
The particulate matter mixes up with water, falls and removed from plume.
4. Electrostatic precipitators:
Minimum particle size that can be removed
>1mm
Efficiency =95%-99%
Merit: Particle collected may be wet or dry;
small particles can be removed; maintenance
is nominal; Contains few moving part;
Operation temperature is high (300 to
450
0
C)
Demerit: High initial cost; sensitive to
variable dust load; Uses high voltage hence
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operational cost is too high; not very much safe.
Fine gas is made to pass through a highly ionized zone created by plates of high voltage, thus
particle having charges on their surface experience powerful electrostatic force which pull it
out from the flue gases.
Used in thermal power plant, pulp and paper plants, mining and metallurgical industries,
chemical industries.
5. Fabric filters:
Minimum particle size that can be removed >1mm
Efficiency =>99%
Merit: highly efficient;
performance decrease give visible pre-
warning.
Demerit: High temperature gases
need to be cooled down; flue gas must be
dry; fabric is liable to chemical action.
Flue gas is allowed to pass through
a woven or felted fabric, which filters our
particulates and allows gas to pass.
# Control of Gaseous Pollutant in
industries:
1. Absorption unit
2. Adsorption unit
3. Incineration equipment
1. Absorption Unit:
spray tower, venture-scrubber, plate tower
Plate tower and packed tower are also most
effective devices.
Absorption unit works on the principle of transfer
of the pollutant from gas phase to liquid phase by
absorbing it into solvent like water.
Efficiency of this unit depends on the capability of
absorbing solvent towards main emission gases like
H
2
S, SO
2
, NO etc..
2. Adsorption Unit:
Using adsorption like activated carbon, molecular
sieve (dehydrated zeolite or silica gel)
Most of adsorbents are likely to catch water vapor
first so effluent should be free from water.
All the absorbents are not suitable at high
temperature, they get destruction (e.g. Activated
carbon 150
o
C, Silica gel-400
o
C)
3. Incineration equipment:
When the pollutants are oxidized into inert gases
pollutant like hydrocarbons and CO are removed
from gases.
[Air Pollution]
11 # Acid rain:
"Acid rain" is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material)
from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulphuric acids. The
precursors, or chemical forerunners, of acid rain formation result from both natural sources, such
as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-made sources, primarily emissions of sulphur
dioxide (SO
2
) andnitrogen oxides (NO
x
)resulting from fossil fuel combustion. In the United
States, roughly 2/3 of all SO
2
and 1/4 of all NO
x
come from electric power generation that relies
on burning fossil fuels, like coal.
Acid rain occurs when these gases
react in the atmosphere with
water, oxygen, and other
chemicals to form various acidic
compounds. The result is a mild
solution of sulphuric acid and
nitric acid. When sulphur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides are released
from power plants and other
sources, prevailing winds blow
these compounds across state and
national borders, sometimes over
hundreds of miles.
Wet Deposition
Wet depositionrefers to acidic
rain, fog, and snow. If the acid chemicals in the air are blown into areas where the weather is
wet, the acids can fall to the ground in the form of rain, snow, fog, or mist. As this acidic water
flows over and through the ground, it affects a variety of plants and animals. The strength of the
effects depends on several factors, including how acidic the water is; the chemistry andbuffering
capacity of the soils involved; and the types of fish, trees, and other living things that rely on the
water.
Dry Deposition
In areas where the weather is dry, the acid chemicals may become incorporated into dust or
smoke and fall to the ground throughdry deposition, sticking to the ground, buildings, homes,
cars, and trees. Dry deposited gases and particles can be washed from these surfaces by
rainstorms, leading to increased runoff. This runoff water makes the resulting mixture more
acidic. About half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition.
#Photochemical fog:
Photochemical smogis a unique type of air pollutionwhich is caused by reactions between
sunlight and pollutants likehydrocarbonsand nitrogen dioxide. Although photochemical smog is
often invisible, it can be extremely harmful, leading to irritations of the respiratory tract and
eyes. In regions of the world with high concentrations of photochemical smog, elevated rates of
death and respiratory illnesses have been observed.
Smog itself is simply airborne pollution which may obscure vision and cause various health
conditions. It is caused by small particles of material which become concentrated in the air for a
variety of reasons. Commonly, smogis caused by an inversion, in which cool air presses down
on a column of warm air, forcing the air to remain stationary. Inversions are notorious in
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Southern California, where smog can sometimes get so severe that people are warned to stay
indoors.
Some of the particulate matter in the air can oxidize very readily when exposed to the UV
spectrum. Nitrogen dioxide and various hydrocarbons produced through combustion will interact
with sunlight to break down into hazardous chemicals. It doesn't have to be sunny for
photochemical smog to form; UV light can also penetrate clouds. The pollutants released
through human activity in this situation are known as primary pollutants, and they include
sulphur dioxide, carbonmonoxide, and other volatile organic compounds. When these
compounds interact with the sun, they form secondary pollutants likeozoneand additional
hydrocarbons.
# Environmental Impact Assessment:
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of evaluating the likely environmental
impacts of a proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic,
cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse.
UNEP defines Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a tool used to identify the
environmental, social and economic impacts of a project prior to decision-making. It aims to
predict environmental impacts at an early stage in project planning and design, find ways and
means to reduce adverse impacts, shape projects to suit the local environment and present the
predictions and options to decision-makers. By using EIA both environmental and economic
benefits can be achieved, such as reduced cost and time of project implementation and design,
avoided treatment/clean-up costs and impacts of laws and regulations.
Although legislation and practice vary around the world, the fundamental components of an EIA
would necessarily involve the following stages:
a. Screening to determine which projects or developments require a full or partial impact
assessment study;
b. Scoping to identify which potential impacts are relevant to assess (based on legislative
requirements, international conventions, expert knowledge and public involvement), to
identify alternative solutions that avoid, mitigate or compensate adverse impacts on
biodiversity (including the option of not proceeding with the development, finding alternative
designs or sites which avoid the impacts, incorporating safeguards in the design of the project,
or providing compensation for adverse impacts), and finally to derive terms of reference for
the impact assessment;
c. Assessment and evaluation of impacts and development of alternatives, to predict and
identify the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, including the
detailed elaboration of alternatives;
d. Reporting the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) or EIA report, including an
environmental management plan (EMP), and a non-technical summary for the general
audience.
e. Review of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), based on the terms of reference
(scoping) and public (including authority) participation.
f. Decision-making on whether to approve the project or not, and under what conditions; and
g. Monitoring, compliance, enforcement and environmental auditing. Monitor whether the
predicted impactsand proposed mitigation measures occur as defined in the EMP. Verify the
compliance of proponent with the EMP, to ensure that unpredicted impacts or failed
mitigation measures are identified and addressed in a timely fashion.
[Air Pollution]
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Er. Harsh Mahajan BE civil ME structure

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