I. A.

Background

INTRODUCTION

Plant protection has a very important role in determining the success of the crop cultivation. Plant protection is an effort to protect the plants from threats or disturbances that may damage, harm, or interfere with the normal life process of the plants, from pre-planting into the post-planting. Disruption or threat to the crops can be nuisance organisms or plant pests (OPT), weather or climatic conditions, soil conditions, as well as errors in the cultivation of agricultural crops. Plant protection includes protection against pests, diseases, weeds, and etc. In the pest control program there are many actions that can be performed by farmer, all of them is a unity of action that have a chain effect. The action starts with learning the morphological characteristic of pest, pest attack symptoms, the life cycle of the pest until the destroying stages, all of them are studied, researched, and discovered how to control them, thats called pest identification. The identification process is not only done with the pests but also with the weeds and also the disease. After the identification process continued with efforts to prevent the crop plant with either natural or artificial (chemical) process. The relationship between plants and pests can not be separated from one another. The plant is required by pests as our shelter, food and breeding. The plants that are attacked by pests will be damaged and cause symptoms. Disturbance to vegetation caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi are called disease. Unlike pests, diseases do not eat plants, but they are harmful to plants by interfering with the process - a process in the body so that the plant shut down plants. Therefore, plant disease, generally, his parts intact. However, the activities of life disrupted and can cause death In the cultivation of the plant will not be apart of pest problems including pests, diseases and weeds. The existence of this pest can cause loss of crops and even led to crop failure. Control of crop pests with pesticides has been widely used

by the farmers in Indonesia, because it has many advantages compared with other control measures. But we realize it or not the use of pesticides, especially to excess, can cause a negative impact since most pesticides used to control pests such plants are biocides (killer of living things) that not only are toxic to target pests, but can also influence the not desirable to non-target organisms, including humans and the environment. Although however, pesticide still plays an important role in agricultural production efforts. Therefore, farmers have to be judicious in their use. B. Purpose. Morphology, identification of pests and damage indicaations Practical Morphology, identification of pests and plant damage symptoms aims to: 1) Pest inroduction based on the morphological characteristic a) Students able to recognize and describe thhe morhological characteristhic of animal pests. b) Students able to identify several groups of animal pest based on the morphological characteristic. 2) Signs and indications of plant attack a) Students able to know learn the types of pest indication from each type of oral appliance pests 3) Determination key of several insects orders (pests). a) Students able to identify several groups of insect pests to the level of orders based on the morphological characteristic.

II. OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION A. Morphology, Identification of Pests and Damage Indocation 1. Observations a. Pests Introduction Based on the Morphological Characteristics and Sign and Indications of Pest Plant Attack 1) Snail (Achatina fulica Bowd.)

Picture 1.1 Snail (Achatina fulica Bowd.)

Source : Tentative Draft Explanation : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Mouth Eyes Exoskeleton Tentacle Semi foot Mucus Taxonomy Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Archetiraenioglossa : Scolioidea : Pomacea : Pomacea comalicuta L.

Morphology :

a. b. c. d.

Has exoskeleton Have a slimmy body and soft body Mouth type : Biting-chewing Didnt pass the metamorphosis

Picture 1.2 Symptom of Snail

(Achatina fulica Bowd.)

Symptoms at the picture is the holes, tears, and mucus on the cassava leaves. Species that cause these symptoms are snail (Achatina fulica). 2) Nimfa (Valanga nigricornis) Picture 1.3 Nimfa (Valanga nigricornis)

Source : Tentative Draft Explanation: 1. Heaad 2. Thorax 3. Abdomen

4. Eyes 5. Antena 6. Legs Morphology : 1. Mouth type : Biting-chewing 2. Just like a grasshopper but abdomen. Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis)

7. Tail 8. Mouth

the wings is larger than the

Picture 1.4 Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis)

Source : Tentative Draft Explanation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Heaad Thorax Abdomen Palps Wings Morphology: a. Mouth type : Biting-chewing b. Have a facet eye c. It has 3 pairs of leg d. It has 3 segments of body there are head, thorax, abdomen e. Metamorphosis: paurometabola. 6. 7. 8. 9. Jumping legs Compound eye Antena Jaws

10. Walking legs 11. Spirades

Taxonomy Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta

Order : Orthrof Family : Acrididae Genus : Valanga Species: Valanga nigricornis

Picture 1.5 Symptom of Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis)

Symptoms at the picture is tears on the side of citrus leaves. Species that cause nigricornis) 3) Plant Parasitic Nematode (Meloigdogyne sp.) these symptoms are grasshopper (Valanga

Picture 1.6 Plant Parasitic Nematode (Meloigdogyne sp.) Source : Tentative Draft

Explanation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Stylet Head Body Tail Anus

Taxonomy : Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species : Nematelminthes : Nematoda : Tylenchida : Heteroderidae : Meloidogyne :Meloidogyne spp.

Morphology : a. Have a mouth shaped like a needle tool called stilet and bilaterally symmetrical body b. c. d. e. Mouth type : piercing-sucking Didnt pass the metamorphosis It has no leg Not segmented body and has a simetric nad billateral body.

Picture 1.7 Symptom of Plant Parasitic Nematode (Meloigdogyne sp.) Symptoms at the picture is the root knot. Species that cause these symptoms are nematode (Meloidogyne sp.)

4) Field Mouse (Rattuss-rattus argentiventer Rob & KL)

Picture 1.8 Field Mouse (Rattuss-rattus argentiventer Rob & KL) Source : Tentative Draft

Explanation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Head Mouth Moustache Foot Tail Body Eye Ear

Taxonomy Phylum : Chordata Class : Mamalia

Order : Rodentia Family : Muridae Genus : Rattus-rattus Species : Rattus-rattus argentiventer

Morphology a. b. c. d. e. Mouth type : Biting-chewing Upper body color : old brown Under body color : soft brown Its tail is 5 cm and Its body is 10 cm Metamorphosis: Non metamorphosis

Picture 1.9 Symptom of Field Mouse (Rattuss-rattus argentiventer Rob & KL)

Symptoms at the picture is broken stem on paddy. Species that cause these symptoms are field mouse (Rattus-rattus argentiventer). 5) Munia Birds (Munia sp.)

Picture 1.10 Munia Birds (Munia sp.) Source : Tentative Draft Explanation: 1. Beak 2. Eye 3. Wings 4. Foot 5. Tail Taxonomy Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformis : Plocidae : Munia : Munia sp.

Morphology: a. b. Mouth type: Bite and chew Its fur colors is brown-grey

c. d.

Metamorphosis: ametabola Munia is seed consumer

Picture 1.11 Symptom of Munia Bird (Munia sp.)

Symptoms at the picture is decreasing of grain in paddy, because munia bird eating rice grain that ready for the yield Species that cause these symptoms are Munia bird (Munia sp.)

6) Red Mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus)

Picture 1.12 Red Mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus)

Source : Tentative Draft Explanation: 1. 2. 3. 4. Cepallothorax Abdomen Legs Chelicerae Morphology: a) It has 4 pairs of leg b) It has 2 segments of body, there Taxonomy Phylum: Arthropoda Class : Arachnida Order : Acarina Family : Tetranychidae are cepallothorax and abdomen c) Didnt pass metamorphosis d) Mouth type: piercing and suck e) Have a red colour Genus :Tetranychinus

Spesies : Tetranychus cinnabarinus

Picture 1.13 Symptom of Red Mite (Tetranychus urticae)

Symptoms at the picture is spot on the leaves, in the attacked plant has a red spot, and the bak of the leaf .

Species that cause these symptoms are red mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus)

B. Determination key of several insects orders (Pests) 1) Rhinoceros Bettle (Oryctes rhinoceros)

Picture 1.14 Larvae a) Taxonomy Phylum Class Order

Pictture 1.15 Pupae

Pictture 1.16 Imago

: Arthropoda : Insecta : Coleoptera

b) Explanation Larvae type : Oligopoda Pupae type : Exarata/Libera Metamorphosis type : Holometabolous Oral appliance type : Bite and chew (Mandibulata) Damaging stadium : Imago and larvae c) Determination Key 1(a) : Have 2 pair of wings, textured front wings is like mica/skin, especially at the base of the wing, rear wing is a membrane .2 2(b) : The type of mouth appliance is the chewing type, mandible ...4 4(a) : The front wing is like mica/horn without vein (elytra) , the rear wing is a membrane with many few veins ..(Coleoptera). d) Sign of pest attack

Pictture 1.17 Coconut leaf Symptom : The tip of leave is broken and torn, Causer: Rhinoceros bettle (Oryctes rhinoceros). 2) Butterfly (Erionota thrax)

Pictture 1.18 Larvae a) Taxonomy Phylum Class Order

Pictture 1.19 Pupae Pictture 1.20 Imago

: Arthropoda : Insecta : Lepidoptera

b) Explanation Larvae type Pupae type : Polipoda : Obtecta

Metamorphosis type : Holometabolous Oral appliance type : Bite and chew / mandibulata (larva) and piercing and suck / haustelata (imago) Damaging stadium : larva dan imago

c) Determination Key 1(b) : Front and rear wings is a membrane. 5(a) : Both of wings covered with scales (Lepidoptera). d) Sign of pest attack

Pictture 1.21 Banana leaves Symptom: The banana leaf is curling and some part is ripped and colored brown because larvae secretion. Causer: Larvae of butterfly (Erionota thrax).

3) Gundhi Bug (Leptocorisa acuta)

Pictture 1.22 Imago a) Taxonomy Phylum : Arthropoda

Class Order

: Insecta : Hemiptera

b) Explanation Metamorphosis type : Paurometabolous Oral appliance type : Piercing and sucking (Haustelata) Damaging stadium : Imago and nymph c) Determination Key 1(a) :Have 2 pair of wings textured front wing is like mica / skin, especially at the base of the wing, rear wing is a membrane .. 2 2(a) :The type of oral appliance is the suction type with a long beak shape that jointed .3 3(a) :The texture of the base in front wing is like mica the tip of the wing is membrane (hemelytron), the wings tips overlap when it is alight.(Hemiptera).

d) Sign of pest attack

Pictture 1.23 Paddy plant (Rice grain)

Symptom : Rice grain in a pra-mature condition have been pierced by (Leptocorisa acuta) then the grain will be empty and have piercing mark Causer: Gundhi bug (Leptocorisa acuta). 4) Fruit fly (Dacus sp.)

Pictture 1.24 Larvae a) Taxonomy Phylum Class Order

Pictture 1.25 Pupae

Pictture 1.26 Imago

: Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera

b) Explanation Larvae type : Apoda Pupae type : Coartata Metamorphosis type : Holometabolous Oral appliance type : Piercing and sucking (Haustelata) Damaging stadium : Larvae and Imago

c) Determination Key 1(b) : Front and rear wings is a membrane .................5 5(b) : Sayap tidak tertutup sisik ..6 6(b) : Sayap depan dan belakang tidak seperti diatas .7 7(b) : Ukuran tubuh beragam, sayap tanpa rumbai .8 8(b) : Sayap depan ada, sayap belakang tereduksi menjadi alat keseimbangan (kalter).. (Diptera)

d) Sign of pest attack

Pictture 1.28 Buah Belimbing Explanation Gejala : Daging buah menjadi busuk, terdapat bercak pada buah. Hama yang merusak : Lalat Buah (Dacus sp.) 5) Lebah (Apis sp.)

Pictture 1.29 Nimfa a) Taxonomy Phylum Class Order : Arthropoda : Insecta

Pictture 1.30 Imago

: Hymenoptera

b) Explanation Metamorphosis type : Holometabola Oral appliance type : Penusuk-penghisap (Haustelata) Damaging stadium : Penyerbukan

c) Determination Key 1(b) : Sayap depan dan belakang bersifat membran ...5

5(b) : Sayap tidak tertutup sisik ..6 6(b) : Sayap depan dan belakang tidak seperti diatas .7 7(b) : Ukuran tubuh beragam, sayap tanpa rumbai .8 8(a) : Tubuh agak padat, ada penggentingan antara toraks dan abdomen, sayap belakang lebih kecil dari sayap depan .(Hymenoptera) d) Wereng Coklat (Nilaparvata lugens)

Pictture 1.31 Imago a) Taxonomy Phylum Class Order : Arthropoda : Insecta : Homoptera

b) Explanation Metamorphosis type : Paurometabola Oral appliance type : Penusuk-penghisap (Haustelata) Damaging stadium : Imago c) Determination Key 1(a) : Mempunyai 2 pasang sayap, sayap depan bertekstur seperti mika/kulit, terutama dipangkal sayap, sayap belakang bersifat membran 2 2(a) : Alat mulut tipe penghisap dengan bentuk paruh panjang yang beruas-ruas 3 3(b) : Sayap depan dengan tekstur yang seragam, ujung sayap sedikit tumpang-tindih (Homoptera)

d) Sign of pest attack Tanaman padi a) Sundep

Pictture 1.32 Sundep (Padi Fase Vegetatif) Explanation Gejala : Tanaman padi yang terserang saat fase vegetatif, sehingga tanaman layu,

menguning, mengering dan akhirnya mati. Hama yang merusak : Scirpophaga incertulas. b) Beluk

Pictture 1.33 Beluk (Padi fase generatif) Explanation Gejala : Tanaman memasuki padi fase yang terserang telah

generatif

(berbuah)

sehingga

tanaman

layu,

menguning,

mengering dan akhirnya mati. Isi bulir kosong dan berwarna hitam. Hama yang merusak : Scirpophaga incertulas.