Physics Form 4

4.1 Thermal Equilibrium

Chapter 4

Heat

Samura

1. Two objects in thermal equilibrium if A. There is no transfer of heat between the two objects B. The two objects have the same temperature C. One object gains more heat compared to the other object 2. Which of the following statement about lower-fixed-point in calibration of a thermometer is not true ? A. It is equal to 0 o C B. It is equal to 273 K C. It is the temperature in which pure is melts D. It is the lowest temperature that can be measured by a thermometer 3. When calibrating a mercury thermometer, the length of the mercury column is found to be 2.8 cm at 0o C and 14.6 cm at 100o C. What is the increase in length of the mercury column for each 1o C rise in temperature ? A. 1.18 mm B. 1.46 mm C. 1.74 mm D. 2.80 mm 4. The table below shows the temperature for uncalibrated mercury thermometer. Situations of the thermometer Put into melting ice Place in a steam Put in warm water What is the temperature of the warm water ? A. 19.4 o C B. 29.7 o C C. 39.3 o C D. 49.8 o C 5. The table shows the freezing point and the boiling point of 4 liquids. Liquid Freezing point ( o C ) Boiling point (o C ) A 10 100 B -40 90 C -10 100 D -80 80 Which liquid is most suitable to be used in a liquid-in-glass thermometer from -50 0 C to 500 C? Mercury column (cm) 2.0 16.0 7.5

Points to Note

Physics Form 4

Chapter 4

Heat

Samura

4.2 Specific Heat Capacity 1. Which of the following statements is correct ? A. The unit of heat capacity is Jkg-1o C-1. B. Specific heat capacity measures the temperature variations when 1 J of energy is absorbed C. The unit of specific heat capacity is Jkg-1 K-1. D. Specific heat capacity equals to the heat content of an object.

Points to Note

2.

Structured Questions: 1. Figure 2.1 shows the position, x, of the mercury level when the bulb of the thermometer is placed in a beaker of melting ice. Figure 2.2 shows position, y, of the mercury when the bulb is placed in a steam above boiling point. The distance between x and y is divided into 200 equal divisions.

(i)

Explain what is meant by sensitivity of a measuring instrument . . .

(ii)

State two advantages of using mercury in a liquid-in-glass thermometer. . ..

(iii)

Name the temperature labelled x and y. . .

Physics Form 4

Chapter 4

Heat

Samura

(iv)

What is the value of x and y in degree Celcius ? . .

Points to Note

(v)

State two ways of increasing the sensitivity of this thermometer. . .

2.

A piece of metal X of mass 400 g is heated in a boiling water of temperature 100o C for 15 minutes. The metal X is then quickly transferred into 300 g of water at 20o C in a polystyrene cup as in Figure 2.1. The temperature of the water is recorded and then the temperature-time graph is plotted as shown in Figure 2.2.

(a) What is meaning of thermal equilibrium ? ................ (b) Based on the graph in Figure 2.2, what is the temperature when thermal equilibrium occurs ? .. (c) Calculate the heat energy absorbed by the water in the cup after the thermal equilibrium has been reached.

(d) Determine the specific heat capacity of the metal X.

Physics Form 4

Chapter 4

Heat

Samura

(e) State two assumptions made in your calculations . ................ 3.

Points to Note

Figure 3.1 shows the apparatus to determine the specific heat capacity of aluminium. An immersion heater and a thermometer is coated with oil are inserted into the aluminium block. The heater is connected to a power supply and its power is 75W.

The following readings are taken from the experiment. Mass of aluminium block = 225 g Time of power supply = 1 min 30 s Initial temperature of aluminium = 28o C Final temperature of aluminium = 45o C (a) Explain why the heater and the thermometer are coated with oil before inserting into the aluminium block. . (b) Calculate the electrical energy supplied by the heater.

(c) Calculate the specific heat capacity of aluminium.

(d) State the assumption that you have made in section (c) . .

Physics Form 4

Chapter 4

Heat

Samura

(e) Is the specific heat capacity that you have calculated in section (c) higher or lower than Points the standard value ? Give a reason for you answer. . ................. 4. A substance of mass 460 g initially in solid phase is heated by an immersion heater having a power of 80 W from initial temperature of 20o C. The heating curve of the substance is given below.

to Note

a.

State the phase of the substance in the section : (i) (ii) (iii) XY YZ . ZW

b.

What is the melting point of the substance ?

c.

Explain why the temperature is constant in the section YZ although the heater continues to supply energy to the substance. .

d.

Calculate the specific heat capacity of the substance in the solid phase.

Physics Form 4
e.

Chapter 4

Heat

Samura

Calculate the specific heat capacity of the substance in the liquid phase.

Points to Note

f.

Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of the substance.

5.

An experiment is carried out to investigate the relationship between pressure (P) and volume (V) of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature. The results are expressed in the form of a graph as shown in Figure 4.5(a).

(a) (i) What is the relationship between P and V of the gas shown in Figure 4.5 (a) ? . (ii) Name the law that suitable to explain the relationship in a(i). .. (iii) Sketch the graph of P against V in Figure 4.5 (b) (b) Based on the graph in Figure 4.5 (a), (i) Calculate the gradient of the graph , k.

Physics Form 4

Chapter 4

Heat

Samura

(ii) Form an equation relating P and V.

Points to Note

(iii) Determine the pressure of the gas P when its volume, V = 25 cm 3.

6.

Figure 4.6(a) shows an airtight cylinder with a piston, P of negligible mass. The crosssectional area of the piston is 10 cm2 and the atmospheric pressure is 10Ncm-2.

(a) What is the air pressure inside the cylinder ? (b) What is the force acting on the piston due to the atmospheric pressure ? .. In Figure 4.6 (b), a weight, M of 2 kg mass is placed on top of the piston causing the air inside the cylinder to be compressed.

(c) (i) What is the extra force exerted on the piston due to the weight , M? (ii) What is the total air pressure in the cylinder ? .. (d) (i) If the temperature of the air inside the cylinder does not change, calculate the length of air, l as shown in Figure 4.6 (b).

(ii) Name the gas law used in the calculation of l in d (i) ?

Physics Form 4

Chapter 4

Heat

Samura

7. The relationship between mass (m), temperature (T), volume (V) and pressure (P) can be expressed in gas laws like Boyles Law, Charles Law and Pressure Law. (a) Fill in the blanks of the table below with appropriate gas variables: Boyles Law Manipulated variables Responding Variables Fixed variables (i) (ii) Relation between variables (i) (ii) (i) (ii) Charles Law Pressure Law

Points to Note

(b) Tick the appropriate boxes with a to show the factors that can increase the gas pressure : (i) Velocity of gas molecules is increased (ii) (iii) Density of gas is increased Surface area of container is increased

(c) The gas laws are only true if the temperature T is expressed in the unit pf Kelvin, K. The melting point of ice T1, and the boiling point of water T2 in the unit K are (i) T1 (ii) T2 .

Physics Form 4

Chapter 4

Heat

Samura

8.

Figure 4.7 (a) shows the arrangement of apparatus used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and temperature of fixed mass of gas at constant volume. A graphical result of pressure, P against temperature, T is shown in Figure 4.7 (b).

Points to Note

(a) Figure 4.7 (b), (i) State the relationship between P and T as shown in the graph. . (ii) What is the extrapolated value of temperature T0, when the pressure, P = 0 Pa. . (iii) What is the name given to T0 ? . (b) (i) Using kinetic theory, explain why the pressure of the gas inside the flask is smaller when the temperature is decreasing. .. (ii) List the physical characteristics of the gas molecules when the temperature is T0 . .. (c) The pressure of a gas container of volume, V is 3.0 x 10 Pa and its temperature is 0 C. (i) Calculate the pressure of the gas if the temperature is increased to 27 C.

Physics Form 4

Chapter 4

Heat

Samura

Points to Note

(ii) What is the new pressure of the gas if the original container is connected to an empty container of volume 2V and the temperature of the gas remains at 0 C?