UEEA1253 CIRCUITS, SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LAB 2

NAME ID COURSE DATE OF EXPERIMENT CONTACT EMAIL

: : : : : :

RAJALAKSHMI NADARAJAN / HEMALATHA GANESAN

09UEB05159 / 09UEB07309 EC/ MH 28 MARCH 2012 017-3608012 / 014-3258728 ra_ji18@yahoo.com / hema_shivani@hotmail.com

Introduction: Impedance matching is a technique of impedance transformation so that the maximum power transfer can be possible. Passive LC networks are used to match impedances between the source (generator) and a load. These matching networks are designed using combinations of inductors and capacitors. Objectives: a) To measure the power transfer coefficient of a circuit. b) To show how impedance matching can improve the power transfer to the load for a narrowband about the frequency of interest. c) To understand theory and advantages of impedance matching. Theory: Maximum Power Transfer is used to ensuring the maximum amount of power that going to dissipated in the load resistance, RL when value of the load resistance is exactly equal to the resistance of the power source, Rg. The load impedance and the internal impedance of the energy source have a relationship among themselves; the different load impedance will give different value of power in the load.

Rg
~

vg Signal Generator

RL

vL

The maximum power transfer can be seen by using a Thevenin equivalent circuit. Generally, maximum power transfer theorem states that "the maximum amount of power will be dissipated in the load resistance if it is equal in value to the Thevenin or Norton source resistance of the network supplying the power". Which mean when , we can get the maximum power transfer for the circuit. Impedance matching is a design to maximize the power transfer and minimize the reflection of its corresponding signal source from the load by changing the input impedance of an electrical load or in other word output impedance. Generally, impedance matching is a design that making the load resistance, to get near to internal resistance load resistance so that the maximum among of power can be dissipated in the

We going to do experiment on an LC circuit as an impedance transformer so that the load resistor appears as Rg to improve the power transfer ratio at an operating frequency. By analyzing the Z(f) above, get its real part R(f) and imaginary part X(f) in terms of L, C and RL . Rs

Vs

RL

Rs = R L The equation that can be derived is as shown below

Equipments and components: Signal generator and oscilloscope One each (10, 33, 56, 68, 100, 220, 330, 470 and 680 ) resistors, one 10mH inductor and three 100nF capasitor Resistance box, Inductor box and Capacitor box.

Method: Experiment 1: Measurement of the power transfer coefficient Rg

~

vg Signal Generator

RL

vL

NOTE: All the voltage measurement was done using the oscilloscope a.)The sine wave f = 3kHz and vs = 16Vpp(oscilloscope). Vs(peak value) = 8Vp. The calculated .

b) The Rg value was measured. Rg = 42.94 RL = 100.2

c) The maximum power available: d) The v L (rms) was measured for various values of resistor load RL given: 9.9, 32.9, 55.9, 67.9, 100.2, 216.6, 325.2, 461 and 670. e) was calculated. was calculated.

f) The power transfer coefficient No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 RL () 9.9 32.9 55.9 67.9 100.2 216.6 325.2 461 670 VL(RMS) 0.892 2.157 2.885 3.146 3.640 5.020 5.360 5.570 5.820

0.0804 0.1414 0.1489 0.1458 0.1322 0.1163 0.0883 0.0673 0.0506

0.4232 0.7442 0.7837 0.7674 0.6958 0.6121 0.4647 0.3542 0.2663

NOTE: After calculating if the t >1, the experiment was repeated again as the Rg value was wrongly measured or calculated.

g) The graph t against RL was plotted

Observation: From the graph the maximum value of the t is 0.7837 when the RL value is equal 55.9. Experiment 2: Impedance Matching for maximum power transfer When Rg is as measured and the load resistor RL = 670 a mismatching occurs. The calculated power transfer ratio is:

In this experiment an LC circuit was an impedance transformer so that the 670 load resistor appears as Rg to improve the power transfer ratio at an operating frequency. Assumption made was that a 10mH inductor was provided.

After Z(f) was analyzed, the real part R(f) and the imaginary part X(f)was found in terms L, C and RL as shown below

i) By using the L = 10mH, Rg = 42.94 and RL = 670 and substituting the values into the equation to find the f0.

ii) After obtaining f0 substitute into the next equation to get C.

The nearest capacitor value that can be used to conduct this experiment according to the calculated value of the capacitor is = 357nF iii) Using the Ohm meter provided the internal resistance of the inductor was measured. The value is = 15.2 a) The vs = 7Vrms, sine wave f = 100Hz and RL = 670 was set. b) The vL was measured c) The was calculated.

d) The power transfer coefficient e) The steps were repeated for the other frequencies and the RL was measured. The results are as shown in the table below: No 1 f (Hz) 100 VL(RMS) 6.29 0.0591 0.2038

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

500 1000 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

6.52 6.99 9.09 10.30 10.18 7.53 4.97 2.22 1.40 0.976 0.718

0.0634 0.0729 0.1233 0.1583 0.1547 0.0846 0.03686 7.3558x10-3 2.9254x10-3 1.4218x10-3 7.6944x10-4

0.2186 0.2513 0.4252 0.5459 0.5334 0.2917 0.1271 0.0254 0.0101 4.90x10-3 2.65x10-3

g) The graph t against f was plotted

Observation: From the graph the maximum value of t is 0.5459 when the frequency is 2500Hz. When the frequency is increasing, we can see that the power transfer coefficient ,t is increasing until one point which is the peak of the curve, the power transfer coefficient , t decreasing after that point . Discussion: In the first experiment,the value of t isnot more than 1.Therefore the value of Rg obtained is correct.Based on the graph it can be seen that the value of t is increasing for the value of RL 9.9 to 55.9. Then as the value of RL increases from 67.9 to 670 the value t is decreasing gradually. From the table we can say that the VL(RMS) increases as the RL value increases. The PL value also shows the same characteristic as the t value that is when the RL value is 9.9 to 55.9 it is increasing and as the RL value increases from 67.9 to 670 it decreases.

For the second experiment from the table itself it can be seen and concluded that the value of t, VL(RMS) and the PL value is increasing for the value of the frequency starting from 100Hz to 2500Hz. All the three values starts to decrease when the frequency is increasing from 3000Hz to 8000Hz After each experiment, the power transfer coefficient, t is calculated.It should not be more than 1 for both experiments.This is because the power that transfers will not bigger than the maximum power available. If the coefficient, t is bigger than 1, it simply means the circuit is generating or amplifying the power from the input. Unfortunately, in the experiment 3.1 and experiment 3.2, the circuit that we connected is not one of an amplifying type. Hence, the power transfer coefficient, t will be 1 and will not more then 1. Or in other word, the power transfer coefficient, t is showing the remaining power after the power loss from the input power. There are few precautionary steps we need to check. First, all the apparatus should be tested to make sure there was not any apparatus was not functioning or functioning in a good condition. Besides that, the materials that we use such as resistors, capacitors and also the inductors are needed to be checked. This may save up time in doing the experiment so that we will not keep getting the wrong result and force to redo the experiment as we do not know the apparatus and material that we used is not functioning. The position of the eyes must be correct when reading the scale.This is to avoid parallax error.In both experiments we need to measure the VL ,if the value were measured wrongly it will effect the whole experiment results. Analysis and Confirmation of Experimental Results: Experiment 1: Measurement of the power transfer coefficient Rg
~

vg Signal Generator

RL

vL

By using the equation experiment 1.

we can obtain the theoretical values for the

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

RL () 10 33 56 68 100 220 330 470 680

VL(RMS) 1.0691 2.4596 3.2036 3.4693 3.9597 4.7357 5.0083 5.1862 5.3238 0.1143 0.1833 0.1833 0.1770 0.1568 0.1019 0.0760 0.0572 0.0417 0.6016 0.9648 0.9645 0.9316 0.8252 0.5365 0.4000 0.3012 0.2194

The graph t against RL was plotted.

Observation: From the graph the maximum value of the t is 0.9648 when the RL value is equal 33.When we compare the theoretical and the experimental graph,it is almost the same.Even if there is a slight difference it may be because due to the technical problem exist in the experimental tools used. Experiment 2: Impedance Matching for maximum power transfer For this experiment we analyze it in two which in the first case where it is an ideal inductor and the second case inductance with the internal resistance. Case 1: Ideal inductor

---------- 1 -------- 2 -------- 3 -------- 4 By substituting equation 2 into 1 we obtain:

By substituting 2 into 3 we obtain:

By substituting 1 into 4 we obtain:

In terms of

Substituting

into the

equation we obtain:

By solving we obtain:

10

By using the values below and substituting into the equation above we ob tain the results as shown in the table below:

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

f (Hz) 100 500 1000 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 628.31854 3141.5927 6283.1854 12566.370 8 15707.963 5 18849.556 2 21991.148 9 25132.741 6 31415.927 37699.112 4 43982.297 8 50265.483 2

VL(RMS) 5.66 6.36 7.07 8.49 9.55 10.61 9.55 7.07 3.54 2.26 1.56 1.10 0.047 0.059 0.074 0.106 0.134 0.166 0.134 0.074 0.018 0.007 0..004 0.002 0.230 0.289 0.363 0.520 0.657 0.814 0.657 0.363 0.088 0.034 0.020 0.009

The graph t against f was plotted.

11

Observation: From the graph the maximum value of t is 0.814 when the frequency is 2000Hz. Case 2: Inductance with internal resistance of 15.2

----------1 ---------- 2 ---------- 3 ---------- 4 By substituting equation 2 into 1 we obtain:

By substituting 2 into 3 we obtain:

By substituting 1 into 4 we obtain:

12

In terms of

Substituting

into the

equation we obtain:

By solving we obtain:

By using the values below and substituting into the equation above we ob tain the results as shown in the table below:

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

f (Hz) 100 500 1000 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 628.31854 3141.5927 6283.1854 12566.370 8 15707.963 5 18849.556 2 21991.148 9 25132.741 6

VL(RMS) 4.557 4.634 4.887 6.015 6.786 7.071 6.223 4.817 0.031 0.032 0.035 0.053 0.068 0.074 0.057 0.034 0.169 0.175 0.191 0.290 0.372 0.404 0.311 0.186

13

9 10 11 12

5000 6000 7000 8000

31415.927 37699.112 4 43982.297 8 50265.483 2

2.766 1.751 1.210 0.890

0.011 0.005 0.002 0.001

0.060 0.027 0.011 0.005

The graph t against f was plotted.

Observation: From the graph the maximum value of t is 0.404 when the frequency is 3000Hz.

Comment: Ideal inductor means having no resistance (impedance), is also known as inductance. In ideal inductor case, the t value found that is slightly more than value t with internal resistance of inductor. This proved that the impedance matching can improve the load fornarrowband frequency. By plotting a graph, we can easily know the maximum power transfer. Conclusion: Based on the experiment, impedance matching techniques can known the electronics design practice of setting the input impedance (ZL) of an electrical load equal to the fixed output impedance (ZS) of the signal source to which it is ultimately connected, usually in order to maximize the power transfer and minimize reflections from the load. This only applies when both are linear devices Reference: John Bird. Revised edition(2003). Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology. Burlington, MA Newnes

14

Impedance Matching Basics - Series L and C. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2011, from AntennaTheory.com: http://www.antenna-theory.com/tutorial/smith/smithchart5.php Impedance matching. (2011, April 3). Retrieved April 12, 2011, from Wkipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matching

15