CLOZE PASSAGE 1: ECOSYSTEM Ecosystem, organisms living in a particular environment, such as a forest or a coral reef, and the physical

parts of the environment that affect them. The term ecosystem was c____________ (1) in 1935 by the British ecologist Sir Arthur George Tansley, who described natural systems in constant interchange a__________ (2) their living and nonliving parts. The ecosystem concept f__________ (3) into an ordered view of nature that was developed by scientists to s__________ (4) the study of the relationships between organisms and their physical environment, a field known as ecology. At the top of the hierarchy is the planets e__________ (5) living environment, known as the biosphere. Within this biosphere are several large categories of living communities known as biomes that are usually characterized by their d__________ (6) vegetation, such as grasslands, tropical forests, or deserts. The biomes are in turn made up of ecosystems. The living, or biotic, parts of an ecosystem, such as the plants, animals, and bacteria found in soil, are known as a community. The p__________ (7) surroundings, or abiotic components, such as the minerals found in the soil, are known as the environment or habitat. Any given place may have several different ecosystems that vary in size and complexity. A tropical island, for example, may have a rain forest ecosystem that covers hundreds of square miles, a mangrove swamp ecosystem along the coast, and an underwater coral reef ecosystem. No matter how the size or c_____________ (8) of an ecosystem is characterized, all ecosystems exhibit a constant exchange of matter and energy between the biotic and abiotic community. Ecosystem components are so interconnected t__________ (9) a change in any one component of an ecosystem will cause s__________ (10) changes throughout the system. CLOZE PASSAGE 2: CLOTHING Clothing has long ago c__________ (1) to be just a protection from the old and the sun and has e__________ (2) as fast as the human race. Animals show off bright colours to a__________ (3) others at mating time and the human animal too has found it n__________ (4) to flaunt his or her looks. To help us to do this, since we have neither feathers nor fur, we have, clothes as an excellent s__________ (5). Just like civilization, clothes have evolved differently in different countries. So each country has its own traditional clothes. Usually clothes start out as being p__________ (6) and later evolve as fashions. Clothes too develop according to cultures, and especially, religious beliefs. In countries where women are expected to be modest in dress they cover themselves more. In other cultures there are n__________ (7) rules. In some societies, where being practical in order to survive is the main rule, minimum clothing is emphasized for both men and women. But one thing s__________ (8) out: Traditional dress is usually graceful and says a lot about the history and the cultures of the people. Most traditional clothes are graceful; at least in the cultures of the wearers. Most societies in the world want to m__________ (9) their cultures. In countries where many cultures prevail because of migrant c__________ (10) like Singapore, there is fervour to p__________ (11) all the cultures. When the world culture is mentioned, almost w____________ (12) exception cloths take a leading position. It is common to see clothes of bygone eras being exhibited in museums as examples of culture. Along with dancing, art and language, clothes are one of the visible aspects of a culture. So if we agree that tradition must be preserved then, traditional clothes must be preserved. The two can be said to be inseparable. CLOZE PASSAGE 3: DEFORESTATION Despite their u____________ (1) and extraordinary value, tropical rain forests are being destroyed and badly degraded at an unsustainable rate. Some scientists estimate that in the early 1990s tropical forests were b__________ (2) destroyed at a rate of approximately 28 hectares a minute, or about 14 million hectares each yearan area about the size of the state of Wisconsin. This figure marked a decrease since the 1980s, when

approximately 16 million hectares were destroyed each year, largely due to a reported decline of deforestation in the Amazon River basin in the early 1990s. However, satellite images i__________ (3) that rates may have rebounded in the late 1990s as burning in the Amazon increased again. Over the past three decades alone, about 5 million sq km or 20 percent of the worlds tropical forestshave been cleared. During this time, deforestation in tropical Asia reached almost 30 percent. High rates of deforestation are i__________ (4) followed by alarming rates of plant and animal e__________ (5) because many rain forest species cannot survive outside their pristine rain forest habitat. Some scientists estimate that dozens of rain forest species are becoming extinct every day. Causes of deforestation vary from location to location, but certain patterns tend to be c__________ (6) across all forests. Logging companies in search of valuable rain forest hardwoods, or, less often, oil companies in search of petroleum, are often the first to enter a remote area of rain forest. Some l__________ (7) forests, if left alone, can regenerate in a few decades. But typically, logged forests are not left alonethe roads built by logging companies often p__________ (8) access for landless farmers to enter a new area, as well as a means to transport agricultural crops to market. For every 1 kilometer of new road built t__________ (9) a forested area, 4 to 24 sq km are deforested and colonized. Once the loggers abandon the land, a typical cycle of destruction e__________ (10). When the landless farmers arrive, they clear the land for planting. Poor rain forest soils produce a low crop yield, e__________ (11) after a couple of years. At that point, the farmers often sell their lands to cattle ranchers or large plantation owners. After nutrients have been exhausted and soils compacted by cattle, lands are then abandoned and often laid to w__________ (12). Rain forest does not readily regenerate on these lands without human intervention. Meanwhile, the colonist farmers and cattle ranchers move to a new piece of land made accessible by logging roads, where the cycle of deforestation begins again. CLOZE PASSAGE 3.1: DANCE Dance, patterned and rhythmic bodily movements, usually performed to music, that serve as a form of communication or expression. Human beings express themselves naturally through movement. Dance is the t__________ (13) of ordinary functional and expressive movement into extraordinary movement for extraordinary p__________ (14); even a common movement such as walking is performed in dance in a patterned way, perhaps in circles or to a special rhythm, and it occurs in a special context. Dance may involve a fixed vocabulary of movements t__________ (15) have no meaning in themselves, as in much of ballet and European folk dance, or pantomime and symbolic gestures may be used, as in many Asian dance forms. Peoples of different cultures dance differently and for varying purposes; their varied forms of dance can reveal much about their way of life. CLOZE PASSAGE 4: SCHOOLS Schools are organized institutions, w__________ (1) duty is to pass on to future generations, the wisdom of all the previous generations. The purpose of schools is to teach its students what; the governments of the countries think is best for the country. The emphasis here is on what the government think is best; not n__________ (2) what is really best for the students. It is not u__________ (3) for governments to so dictate what they want the students to learn, so that it helps keep them (the governments) in power. Schools are really do teach too much. This is literally with reference to quantity. Many schools in this part of the world c__________ (4) on teaching students to memorize large quantities of information. Later on come the phenomena called examinations. Much of this is concentrated on the students abilities to memorize and r__________ (5) the information that has been taught to them. Most students merely memorize large amounts of knowledge and later regurgitate them at the examinations. Those with good memories do well, those whose memories are not very good, fail. This goes on until they get into universities. The calamity of having

m__________ (6) mindless beings comes to light only when they join the work force. What happens then is a reeducation process to p__________ (7) them for the work world. In the world of work, what is o__________ (8) called into play, is the persons ability to analyze situations and make quick decisions. This the student is not prepared for. Many look with a__________ (9) at their superiors like they used to at their parents and teacher for exact guidance. It takes them ages to get out of the trap that they have to be told what to do. One good example is the subject of Economics. All students are probably bursting at the steams at the end of the course with everything that there is to know about the subject. They know all the theories, and how the international economy works. But ask them to apply all that theoretical knowledge to opening a small business and we see that they do not even know the start point. Quite often the totally unschooled persons, using their i___________ (10) alone do well in business. CLOZE PASSAGE 5: WASTEWATER Wastewater is carried from its s_________ (1) to treatment facility pipe systems that are generally classified according to the type of wastewater flowing through them. If the system carries both domestic and storm-water sewage, it is called a combined system, and these usually serve the older sections of urban areas. As the cities expanded and began to provide treatment of sewage, sanitary sewage was separated from storm sewage by a separate pipe network. This arrangement is more efficient because it excludes the voluminous storm sewage from the treatment plant. It permits flexibility in the operation of the plant and prevents pollution caused by combined sewer overflow, which occurs when the sewer is not big enough to transport both household sewage and storm water. Another solution to the overflow problem has been adopted by Chicago, Milwaukee, and other U.S. cities to reduce costs: instead of building a separate household sewer network, large reservoirs, mostly underground, are built to store the combined sewer overflow, which is pumped back into the system when it is no longer overloaded. Households are usually connected to the sewer mains by clay, cast-iron, or polyvinyl chloride pipes 8 to 10 cm in diameter. Larger-diameter sewer mains can be located along the centerline of a street or alley about 1.8 m or more below the surface. The smaller pipes are usually made of clay, concrete, or asbestos cement, and the large pipes are generally of unlined or lined reinforced-concrete construction. Unlike the water-supply system, wastewater flows through sewer pipes by gravity rather than by pressure. The pipe must be sloped to permit the wastewater to flow at a velocity of at least 0.46 m per sec, because at lower velocities the solid material tends to settle in the pipe. Storm-water mains are similar to sanitary sewers except that they have a much larger diameter. Certain types of sewers, such as inverted siphons and pipes from pumping stations, flow under pressure, and are thus called force mains. I. II. III. IV. V. coined; among; fits; simplify; entire; dominant; physical; complexity; that; subsequent; ceased; evolved; attract; necessary; substitute; practical; no; stands; maintain; communities; preserve; without; uniqueness; being; indicate; inevitably; extinction; consistent; logged; provide; through; ensues; especially; waste; transformation; purposes; that; whose; necessity; unusual; concentrate; regurgitate; merely; prepare; obviously; agony; source; provide; pollution; instead; usually; about; unlike; tends;