PHYSICS DEPARTMENT FMIPA UNS 19 September 2013

Work, Kinetic Energy and Power

Work and Energy gy

Work
Work is the transfer of energy through motion. motion In order for work to take place, a force must be exerted through g a distance. The amount of work done depends p on two things: the amount of force exerted and the distance over which the force is applied. There are two factors to keep in mind when deciding when work is being done: something has to move and the motion must be in the direction of the applied force. force Work can be calculated by using the following formula: Work=force Work force x distance

Work can be positive or negative

Man does positive work lifting box Man does negative work lowering box Gravity does positive work when box lowers Gravity does negative work when box is raised

Work done by a constant Force

W = F s = |F| |s| cos = Fs s |F| : magnitude of force |s| = s : magnitude of displacement Fs = magnitude of force in direction of displacement : Fs = |F| cos : angle l between b t displacement di l t and d force f vectors Kinetic energy : Ekin= 1/2 m v2 Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem:
F

Ekin = Wnet

Work Done by Gravity

z

Example : Slide block down incline

Wg = (mg)(S)cos S = h/ h/cos Wg = mg(h/cos)cos Wg = mgh with h= h0-hf

h0
h

mg S

hf

Work done by gravity is independent of path taken between h0 and hf => The gravitational force is a conservative force.

Concept Question
Imagine that you are comparing three different ways of having a ball move down through the same height. In which case does the ball reach the bottom with the highest speed? 1. 2. 3. 4. Dropping Slide on ramp (no friction) g g down Swinging correct All the same

In all three experiments, the balls fall from the same height g and therefore the same amount of their gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. If their kinetic energies are all the same and their masses are the same, same, same the balls must all have the same speed at the end.

Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

Work done by the net external (constant) force equals the change in kinetic energy

1 2 1 2 W = K = mv2 mv1 2 2
{Net Work done on object} = {change in kinetic energy of object}

Work done by Lifting

Example: Lifting a book from the floor to a shelf

First calculate the work done by yg gravity: y Wg = mg r = -mg g r Now find the work done by the hand:
mg shelf r FHAND v = constant a=0

WHAND = FHAND r = FHAND r

floor

Work done by Lifting

Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem: W = K
r

shelf FHAND v = const a=0 mg floor

K = K f K i = WNET

When lifting a book from the floor to a shelf, the object is stationary before and after the lift:

Ki = K f = 0, K = 0, W NET = 0
WNET= 0 WNET = WHAND + Wg = FHAND r - mg r = (FHAND - mg) r WHAND = - Wg

Lifting vs. Lowering

Lifting
shelf r FHAND v = const a=0 mg fl floor mg floor r

Lowering
shelf FHAND v = const a=0

Wg = -mg r WHAND = FHAND r WHAND = - Wg

Wg = mg r WHAND = -FHAND r

WNET = 0

WHAND = - Wg

Work done by gravity

W NET = W1 + W2 + . . .+ + Wn = F r 1+ F r2 + . . . +F rn = F (r1 + r 2+ . . .+ rn) = F r = F y
h

r1 r2 r3 r

mg

Wg = mg gh

rn

Work done by Variable Force:

* When the force was constant, we wrote W = F x area under F vs. x plot:
F Wg x x

* For variable force, we find the area by integrating: dW = F(x) dx.

W =

x2 x1

F(x)

F ( x )dx

x1

dx

x2

Work (Kinetic Energy) Theorem for a Variable Force

W =
x2

F dx
dv dx
x1 v2

=m

x1 x2

F = ma = m dv dt dv dx dv dv = = v dx (chain rule) dt dt dx

dt
dx

= m v dv dx d = m v dv
v1 v1 v2

1 1 1 2 2 2 = m ( v2 v1 ) = m v2 mv12 = KE 2 2 2

Power
Power is the rate at which work is done by a force PAVG = W/t P = dW/ dW/dt Average Power Instantaneous Power

The unit of p power is a Joule/second ( (J/s) ) which we define as a Watt (W) 1 W = 1 J/s

Work done by a Spring

x=0 x 0 Spring unstretched Fs Fp Person pulling Person Fs pushing

Fp

* For a person to hold a spring stretched out or compressed by x from its unstretched length length, it requires a force

Fp = kx
where h k =spring i constant t t measures the th stiffness tiff of f the th spring.

Work done by a Spring

x=0 x 0 Spring unstretched Fs Fp Person pulling Person Fs pushing

Fp

The spring exerts a force (restoring force) in the opposite direction:

Fs = kx

Hookes law

where k =spring constant measures the stiffness of the spring.

Variable Force Example: Spring

*For a spring Fx = -kx. ( Hookes Law) p g constant k =spring
F(x) ( ) x1 x2 x relaxed position -kx F = - k x1 F = - k x2

Variable Force Example: Spring

* The work done by the spring Ws during a displacement
from x1 to x2 is the area under the F(x) vs x plot between x1 and d x2.
F(x) ( ) x1 x2 x relaxed position Ws -kx F = - k x1 F = - k x2

Variable Force Example: Spring

*The work done by the spring
Ws during a displacement from x1 to t x2 is i th the area under d th the F(x) vs x plot between x1 and x2.

Ws =

x2

F ( x ) dx

x1 x2

( kx ) dx
x2 x1

x1

F(x)

x1

x2 x Ws -kx

1 = k kx 2 2

1 2 2 Ws = k x 2 x1 2

Work - Energy
A box sliding on a horizontal frictionless surface runs into a fixed spring, compressing it a distance x1 from its relaxed position while momentarily coming to rest.

v1 m1

m1

Work - Energy
Use the fact that WNET = K. In this case WNET = WSPRING = -1/2 kx2 and K = -1/2 mv2 so kx2 = mv2
In the case of x1
x1 = v1 m1 k

v1 m1

x1

m1

Work - Energy
If the initial speed of the box were doubled and its mass were halved, how far x2 would the spring compress ?
(a)

x 2 = x1

(b) x2 = 2 x1

(c) x2 = 2 x1

v2 m2

x2

m2

Work - Energy
If the initial speed of the box were doubled and its mass were halved, how far x2 would the spring compress ?

m x =v k

S if v2 = 2v So 2 1 and d m2 = m1/2

x2 = 2v1

m1 2 k

= v1

2m 1 k

x2 = 2x1
v2 m2 x2

m2

Example
A person pulls on a spring spring. It requires a force of 75N to stretch it by 3 cm. How much work does the person do? If the person compresses the spring by 3 cm how much work does the p person do? Calculate the spring constant:

F 75 N 3 k= = = 2.5 10 N / m x 0.03m
The work is

1 2 1 2 3 W = kx k max = 2.5 2 5 10 N / m (0 0.03 03m ) = 1.1 1 1J 2 2

The work to compress the spring is the same since W is proportional to x2.

Example: Compressed Spring

A horizontal spring has k=360N/m k=360N/m. (a) How much work is required to compress a spring from x=0 to x=-11 cm? (b) If a 1.85 kg block is placed against the spring and the spring is released what will be the speed of the block when it separates from the spring at x=0?

N Fs=kx

x=-11

mg

x=0

Example: Compressed Spring

The work done to stretch or compress the spring is:

1 2 1 2 W = kx = (360N / m )(0.11m ) = 2.18J 2 2

In returning g to its uncompressed p length g the spring p g will do work W=2.18J on the block. According to the work-energy work energy principle the block acquires kinetic energy:

Wnet

1 2 1 2 = K f K i = mv 0 K = mv 2 2

2( K ) 2(2.18 2 18 J ) v= = = 1.54 m / s m 1.85 Kg

Th k you for Thank f your attention tt ti