Test on Monday (Everything since last exam) Overview What genetic principles account for the passing traits

aits from parents to offspring The blending hypothesis The particulate hypothesis Mendel documents a particulate mechanism through his experiments with garden peas

Mendels Peas Mendel probably chose to work with peas because o He could control mating between plants o There are many varieties with distinct heritable features, (characters like flower color) Character variants are called traits (purple or white) o Two distinct alternative forms o True-breeding varieties Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

Mendels Experiments Mendel mated two contrasting true-breeding varieties, a process called hybridization The true-breeding parents are the P generation F1 generation F2 generation

Dominant vs. Recessive The heritable factor for white flowers was hidden or masked in the presence of the purpleflower factor The factor for the white flowers was not dilutes or destroyed because it reappeared in the F2 generation Purple flower color is a dominant trait White flower color is a recessive trait What Mendel called a heritable factor is what we now call a gene

Mendels Other Crosses Mendel observed the same pattern of inheritance in six other pea plant characters

Mendels Model Mendel developed a model to explain the 3:1 inheritance pattern he observed in F2 offspring Four related concepts make up this model All of this was done with no knowledge of DNA, chromosomes, mitosis/meiosis

Concept 1: Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters For example, the gene for flower color in pea plants exists in two versions, ones for purple flowers and the other for white flowers Alleles Each gene resides at a specific locus on a specific chromosome

Concept 2: for each character an organism inherits two alleles one from each parent Two alleles at a particular locus may be identical as in the true-breeding plants of Mendels p generation Alternatively the two alleles at a locus may differ as in the F1 hybrids Remember, he had no knowledge of chromosomes

Concept 3: if the two alleles at a locus differ then the dominant allele determines the organisms appearance In the flower-color example the F1 plants has purple flowers because the allele for that trait is dominant White allele was still carried along on homologous chromosome

Concept 4: the two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes Laws of segregation Thusm an egg or a sperm gets only one of the two alleles that are present in the organism This segregation of alleles corresponds to the distribution of homologous chromosomes to different gametes

Mendels segregation model accounts for the 3:1 ration he observed in the F2 generation of his numerous crosses The possible combinations of sperm and egg can be shown using a Punnett square o o An uppercase letter represents a dominant allele A lowercase letter represents a recessive allele

Useful Genetic Vocabulary Homozygous Heterozygous Genotype Phenotype

The Testcross How can we tell the genotype of an individual with the dominant phenotype?

Why? Because the individual could be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous

Monohybrid cross Mendel derived the law of segredation by following the single character The f1 offspring produced in theis cross were monohybrids, indviduals that are hereozygous for one character The cross between

Dihybrid Cross Mendel identifies his Law of Independents Assortment by following two characters at the same time F1 dihybrids A dihybrid cross is a cross between F1 dihybrids

Law of independent assortment The results of mendels duhybrid experiments are the basis for the law of

The multiplication Rule The probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities This can be applied to an F1 monohybrid cross o Each gamete has a 50% chance of carrying the dominant allele and 50%chance of carrying

Inheritance patterns are often more complex Not all hereitable characters are determined by as simply as the traits Mendel studied Inheritance of characters by a single gene may deviate from simple mendelian patterns in the following situations o When alleles are not completely dominant or recessive o When a gene has more than two alleles o When a single gene influences multiple phenotypes

Degrees of Dominance PP & Pp Complete dominance occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical (Mendels peas)

Recessively Inhereited disorders Many genetic disorders are inhereited in a recessive manner These range from relatively mild to life-threatengin Recessively inhereited disorders show up only in individuals homozygous for the allele Carriers Albinoism