ID:FinalExamTime:110minutes

Name:Course:58:160,Fall2009

1.

A reducing elbow is used to deflect water flow at a rate of 30 kg/s in a horizontal pipe upward by an angle
=45 from the flow direction while accelerating it. The elbow discharges water into the atmosphere. The cross
sectional area of the elbow is 150 cm2 at the inlet and 25 cm2 at the exit. The elevation difference between the
centers of the exit and the inlet is 40 cm. The mass of the elbow and the water in it is 50 kg. Determine (a) the
gage pressure at the center of the inlet of the elbow and (b) the anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in
place. (water=1000kg/m3)

Solution:

m& 1 = m& 2 = m& = 30 kg / s

(0.5)

V1 =

m& 1
30
=
= 2.0 m / s
(0.5)

A1 (1000)(0.0150)

V2 =

m& 2
30
=
= 12 m / s
(0.5)

A2 (1000)(0.0025)

(a)

V 2 V12

p1 V12
p V2
+
+ z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 p1 p2 = g 2
+ z2 z1
g 2 g
g 2 g 3
2g

144444244444
1

p1 patm = p1 gage = 73924 Pa

p2 = patm
444443
1444442
0 .5
V2 = 12 m / s , V1 = 2 m / s

z2 z1 = 0.4 m

(b)

LHS = FRx + p1 gage A1 FRx = m& (V2 cos V1 ) p1 gage A1

{ 1
424
3
0 .5
0 .5

RHS = m& (V2 cos V1 )

1442443
1

= (30)(12 cos 45 2) (73924)(0.015) = 914.3 N

1424
3

F = m& V m& V

144424443
x

2 2x

1 1x

0 .5

ID:FinalExamTime:110minutes
Name:Course:58:160,Fall2009

F = m& V m& V

144424443
2 2y

1 1y

LHS = FRy W
FRy = m& V2 sin + W
{
{ 0 .5

0.5

RHS = m& (V2 sin 0 )

144244
3
0.5

= (30)(12 sin 45) + (9.81)(50) = 745.058 N

14243
1

0 .5

FR = FRx2 + FRy2 = 1179.4 N

1424
3
0.5

2.

In an air heating system, heated air at 40C (air=1.169kg/m3; air=1.918*10-5kg/ms) is distributed through a 0.2
m*0.3 m rectangular duct made of commercial steel (=4.5*10-5 m) at a rate of 0.5 m3/s. Determine the pressure
drop and head loss through a 40-m long section of the duct using hydraulic diameter.

Solution:

4A
4ab
4(0.3)(0.2)
Dh =
=
=
= 0.24 m
P
2(a + b) 2(0.3 + 0.2) 123
1
424
3
0.5

Q
0.5
= 8.333
V= =
3 m/s
A (0.3)(0.2) 12
0.5
123
1

VDh (1.169)(8.333)(0.24)

Re =
=
= 121900
1
2
3
5

(1.918 10 )

0 .5
14243

1
f = 0.0183
1
5
4243

4.5 10
4

1
.875
10
=
= 11

4243

Dh
0.24
0 .5
{

1
l V 2
40 (1.169)(8.333) 2
p = f
= (0.0183)
= 124 Pa
123
D
2
0
.
24
2
1442443
0.5
1

ID:FinalExamTime:110minutes
Name:Course:58:160,Fall2009

p
l V2
hl =
= f
= 10.8 m

g
D 2 g 123
0.5
1
424
3
1

3.

Water flows over a flat surface at 4 ft/s. A pump draws off water through a narrow slit at volume rate of 0.1 ft3/s
per foot length of the slit. Assume that the fluid is incompressible and inviscid and can be represented by the
combination of a uniform flow and a sink with m=-0.1 ft3/s. Find (a) the stagnation point on the wall (point A)
and (b) the equation for the stagnation streamline. (c) How far above the surface, H, must the fluid be so that it
does not get sucked into the slit?

Solution:
(a)

vr = r = U cos + r
424
3 14243
1
0.5
0.5
= Ur
cos
+m
ln3r
1
42
4
3
12
0.5
0.5
v = 1 = U sin

424
3
1
r4
3
1
0.5
4
2
0.5

v =

1
= U sin =
=30 ok ;
{0 sin = 0 12
r
0.5
0.5

vr =

m
m
m (0.1)
= U cos + =
=
= 0.025 m
{0 U cos 0 + = 0 rs =
1
424
3
r
r 0.5
rs
U3
(4)
1
424

= Not acceptable

0.5

0.5

(b)

= stagnation

142
4 43
4
1

U r1sin
+m
= Urs sin 0 + m0 = 0
{
23
0.5

0.5

Ur
sin4
2
+4
m4=30
14
1

(c)

Ur sin + m = 0 Uy + m = 0
m (0.1)
For 12
3
=
= 0.078 m
:H =
1
424
3
U3
(4)
0.5
1424
0.5

0.5


ID:FinalExamTime:110minutes
Name:Course:58:160,Fall2009
4.

A viscous fluid (specific weight f; viscosity ) is contained between two infinite, horizontal parallel plates. The
fluid moves between the plates under the action of pressure gradient, and the upper plates move with a velocity
U while the bottom plate is fixed. A U-tube manometer connected between two points along the bottom
indicates a differential reading of h. (a) Find the pressure gradient in terms of l, h, , and f, (b) use NS
equations with appropriate assumptions and boundary conditions to find the velocity profile between the plates,
(c) at what distance from the bottom plate does the maximum velocity in the gap between the plates occur if

U = (b 2 / 6 )dp / dx .

Solutions:
(a)

dp p h f h
h
=
=
= ( f )
dx {
l
l
1424
3l
0.5

(b)
1. The flow is steady, i.e. any time derivative is zero.
(0. 5)
2. This is a parallel flow (the y component of velocity, v, is zero) and consequently the flow is fully
developed based on continuity.
(0. 5)
x momentum:

2
2

p
u
u
u
u
u

= + g x +
+
+ u
+ v
2
2
{

{
y
x
x
y

t
x

{
{
{
=0
{
{
{
=1
0;continuity
0.25
0;assumption1 =0;continuity
=1
=0;assumption 2
unknown
0
.
25
4
2
4
3
1
4
2
4
3
4
2
4
3
123

1424
3
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25

p
2u
+ 2 = 0
x
y
1442443
0.25

2u 1 p
u 1 p
2 =

=
+ c1
y
y x
x

ID:FinalExamTime:110minutes
Name:Course:58:160,Fall2009

1 p 2
y + c1 y + c2
u=

x
1444
424444
3
1

Boundary conditions: (2)

1. u at y=0 is 0

2. u at y=b is U

u=

0=

a
0 + c1 0 + c2 c2 = 0
2

U =

1 p
a
U
b 2 + c1 b + 0 c1 =
b
2
b 2 x

1 p 2 U
b p
1 p 2
y
y +
y yb + U
y =
2 x
b 2 x
2 x
b
144444444424444444443

(c)

1 p
du
(2 y b ) + U 1 = 0
=0
2 x
dy
b
123
1

ymax

5.

U
b
(b 2 / 6 )dp / dx b b b 2b
=
+ =
+ = + =
1 p
1 p 2
2 6 2 {
3
b
b
0
.5
x
x

laminar

boundary

layer

velocity

profile

is

approximated

by

u / U = y / for y , and

u / U = 1 for y > . Use the momentum integral equation to determine the boundary layer
thickness

= (x) .

Solution:

Uy /
1
U

u u
u u
u u
= 1 dy = 1 dy + 1
U U
U
U
U U

1404
42444
3 0
2

Uy /
U
0

y2

dy +
U

U
1 dy
U

y2
y3
= dy 2 dy + 0 =

2 3 2
0
0
y

=
0

6
{
1

d U d
w = U 2
=
(i)
dx
624
dx
1
424
3 1
4
3
2

0.5

ID:FinalExamTime:110minutes
Name:Course:58:160,Fall2009

du
d (Uy / )
=
dy y =0
dy
1
424
3

w =

y =0

U
= (ii)

{
0.5

U 2 d

2 6
6
6
= d =
dx d =
dx
=
x+C
(i) and (ii):

U
U
dx
2 442
U443
1644
2443
1
U

x = 0) = 0 C = 0
1( 42
43
0.5

6
x
x = 3.46
U
U

3.46
=
x
Re
14243x

or :

0.5

6.

A 2-m-high, 4-m-wide rectangular advertisement panel is attached to a 4-m-wide, 0.15-m-high rectangular

concrete block (density = 2300 kg/m3) by two 5-cm-diameter, 4-m-high (exposed part) poles. If the sign is to
withstand 150 km/h winds from any direction, determine (a) the maximum drag force on the panel, (b) the drag
force acting on the poles, and (c) the minimum length L of the concrete block for the panel to resist the winds
(air=1.30 kg/m3). Note that the drag force on the concrete block is negligible.

Solution:

1
FD , panel = CD AU 2 = 2{ (1 / 2)(1.3)(2 4)(150 / 3.6) 2 = 18000 N
1
424
3
2243 0.5
14
1

FD ,rod = CD AU 2 = 0{
.3(1 / 2)(1.3)(0.05 4)(150 / 3.6) 2 = 68 N for each rod
1
2
3
2
14243 0.5
1
1

W = s g = (2300)(9.81)( L 4 0.15) = 13540 L N

1424
3
14243
1

M =0 F

1424
3

D , panel

(1 + 4 + 0.15) + 2 FD ,rod (2 + 0.15) W ( L / 2) = 0 L = 3.7 m

142
4 43
4
1424
3
123
1424
3
0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5