Chemistry module

Form 4
SEKOLAH TUANKU ABDUL RAHMAN, IPOH

Chapter: 4 The Periodic Table of Elements

Name: Class:
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CHAPTER 4 : PEIODIC TABLE of ELEMENTS

4.1 The Periodic Table of Elements Historical Development of the Periodic Table
Please pay more attention to these scientists: 1) LotharMeyer 2) Dmitri Mendeleev* 3) Henry J.G. Moseley*

You are encouraged to study by yourself for this contribution of scientist in the historical development of the Periodic Table!

Q1

** Arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table a) Elements are arranged in an increasing order of proton number b) Vertical columns are called group ( Group 1 18) c) Horizontal rows are called period ( Period 1 7) d) Elements with similar chemical properties are placed in the same group e) The group number of the elements with 1 to 2 valence electrons = the number of valence electrons in its atom. f) The group number of the elements with 3 to 8 valence electrons = the number of valence electrons in its atom + 10 g) The period number of an element = the number of shells occupied with electrons in its atom. Complete the table below Element Electron arrangement
Number of valence electrons
1 1

4 2

He

7 3

Li

9 4

Be

11 5

12 6

14 7

16 8

19 9

20 10

Ne

2.1 2

2.4

2.7 8

Group
Number of shells occupied

14 2
Na 2.8.1
23 11 24 12

17 2
S
35.5 17

Period Element Electron arrangement

Number of valence electrons

Mg

27 13

Al

28 14

Si

31 15

32 16

Cl

40 18

Ar

39 19

40 20

Ca

6 1 3 16 4 2

Group
Number of shells occupied

Period Q2

An atom of element E has 10 neutrons. The nucleon number of element E is 19. In which group and period is element E located in the Periodic Table?

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Q3

An atom of element G has 3 shells occupied with electrons. It is placed in group 17 of the Periodic Table. What is the electron arrangement of atom G?

4.2 Group 18 Element known as noble gases: Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon & radon monoatomic all noble gases are inert chemicallt unreactive ** The electron arrangement of noble gases are very stable because the outermost occupied shells are full Helium has duplet electron arrangement. Other noble gases have octet electron arrangement Uses of Group 18 elements: 1. Helium gas to fill airships and weather balloons 2. Neon gas used in advertising lights and television tubes 3. Argon gas to fill light bulbs 4. Krypton gas used in lasers to repair the retina of the eye 5. Radon gas treatment of cancer 6. Xenon gas used for making electron tubes and stroboscopic lamps 4.3 Group 1 Elements (Alkali Metals) Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium & francium uses of Group 1 elements: a) Lithium batteries in calculator, watches and cameras b) Sodium - Na 2 CO3 in soda-lime glass c) Potassium - KNO3 as fertiliser. * physical properties: softmetals, low densities, low melting & boiling points, silvery and shiny surfaces, good conductors of heat and electricity When going down the Group 1, the melting point and boiling point decrease: melting & boiling points decrease Li Na K

Explain why. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

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** Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements 1. react vigorously with water to produce alkaline metal hyrdroxide solutions and hydrogen gas Lithium hydroxide Q Example: 2 Li + 2 H 2 O 2 LiOH + H 2 Write down the balanced equation when potassium reacts with water _______________________________________________________________ 2. react (burn) in oxygen gas rapidly to produce white solid metal oxides Lithium Example: 4 Li + O2 2 Li 2 O oxide Write down the balanced equation when rubidium reacts with oxygen _______________________________________________________________ 3. burn in chlorine gas Cl 2 , to form white solid metal chlorides. Example: 2 Na + Cl 2 2 NaCl Write down the balanced equation when potassium reacts with chlorine gas _______________________________________________________________ The reactivity of Group 1 elements increases when going down the group. Explain why. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Potassium reacts more vigorously with water as compared to sodium. Explain. (Proton number: Na, 11 ; K, 19) _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ * Safety Precaustion In Handling Group 1 Elements 1. All alkali metals must be stored in paraffin oil in bottles. 2. Use forceps to take the alkali metals To prevent the alkali react with air! 3. Wear safety goggles and gloves. 4. A small piece of alkali metal is used when conducting experiments. Activity Activity To Investigate The Chemical Properties of Lithium, Sidum & Potassium (A) The Reaction of alkali metals With Water, H 2 O

Q1**

Q2**

Problem Statement: How does the reactivity of Group 1 elements change when they react with water? Hypothesis: When going down Group 1, alkali metals become more reactive in their reactions with water. Variables: Manipulated variable Different types of alkali metals Responding variable Reactivity of metals Fixed variables water, size of metals 4|Page

Procedure: 1. Cut a small piece of lithium using a knife and forceps. 2. Dry the oil on the surface of the lithium with filter paper. 3. Place the lithium slowly onto the water surface in a trough using a forceps. 4. When the reaction stops, test the solution produced with red litmus paper. 5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 using sodium and potassium to replace lithium one by one 6. Record your observations. Data & Observation
You need to complete this table!

Alkali metal Lithium Sodium Potassium

Observation

(B) The Reaction of alkali metals With Water, H 2 O

This procedure also can be used to test the reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas!

Problem Statement: _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Hypothesis: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Variables: Manipulated variable ________________________________ Responding variable ________________________________ Fixed variables ____________________________________ Procedure: 1. Cut a small piece of lithium using a knife and forceps. 2. Dry the oil on the surface of the lithium with filter paper. 3. Put the lithium in a gas jar spoon and heat strongly until it burns. 4. Transfer the gas jar spoon quickly into a gas jar filled with oxyegn gas 5. Observe what happens. 6. When the reaction stops, pour 10cm3 of water into the gas jar. Shek the gas jar. Test the solution formed with red litmus paper. 7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 using sodium and potassium to replace lithium one by one 8. Record your observations. Data & Observation
This reaction of alkali metals with chlorine gas will give the same observations!

Alkali metal Lithium Sodium Potassium

Observation

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Q1

Q2

Based on your results, arrange the alkali metals in ascending order of reactivity. _______________________________________________________________ Write the chemical equations for the reactions between the products from the combustion of each alkali metal with water. 1. ____________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________ Name the substance formed when caesium reacts with chlorine gas. Write the chemical equation for this reaction. _______________________________________________________________
All halogens exist as diatomic molecules! F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, At2!!

Q3

4.4 Group 17 Elements (Halogens) Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine uses of Group 17 elements: 1) Chlorine water treatment, bleaching agent 2) Bromine weaker bleaching agent 3) Iodine needed in human thyroid gland to produce hormones *Physical properties: Low melting and boiling points. Fluorine: pale yellow gas Chlorine: greenish-yellow gas Bromine: reddish-brown gas Iodine: purplish-black gas *Remember Cl 2 melting and colour of Br2 boiling points halogens I2 increase becomes darker
Q

Why?

Density increases

When going down the Group 17, the melting and boiling points increase. Explain __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ** Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 1. react with water to form two acids HCl Example: Cl 2 + H 2 O + HOCl hydrochloric hypochlorus acid acid

Write a balanced equation when bromine reacts with water. __________________________________________________________________

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2. in gaseous state react with hot iron to form a brown solid, iron (III) halides. 2 FeBr3 Example: 2 Fe + 3Br2
Q

Write a balanced equation when iodine vapour reacts with iron __________________________________________________________________ 3. react with sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH , to form sodium halide, sodium halite (I) and water Example: I 2 + 2 NaOH
NaI + NaOH + H 2 O

Write a balanced equation when chlorine reacts with sodium hydroxide solution __________________________________________________________________
Q 1

The reactivity of Group 17 elements decreases when going down the group. Explain why. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Chlorine gas reacts more vigorously with hot iron as compared to bromine gas. Explain (Proton number: Cl, 17 ; Br, 35) __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Rememberduring the reactions to form halides, all halogens are decolourised Do you know why F2 is not used in school laboratories? F2is a very dangerously reactive substance!

Q 2

Cl2 gas, Br2 gas and I2 vapour are poisonous! We must handle them in a fume chamber!

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Activity

To investigate the Chemical properties of Group 17 elements. The Reaction of halogens with iron

Problem Statement: How does the reactivity of Group 17 elements change when they react with iron? Hypothesis: When going down Group 17, the halogens become less reactive in their reactions with iron. Variables: Manipulated variable Types of halogens Responding variable Reactivity of halogens Fixed variable iron Procedure: 1. Heat the iron wool in the combustion tube strongly 2. When the iron wool becomes red hot, pass the chlorine gas over the hot iron wool. 3. Observe any changes and record your observation. 4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 using bromine vapour and iodine vapour to replace chlorine gas one by one. Data and Observation Halogens Complete this form Chlorine Bromine Iodine What is the function of soda lime in this experiment? __________________________________________________________________ Why must the iron wool be heated first before the halogens are passed over it? __________________________________________________________________ Name the products for the reactions between chlorine, bromine and iodine with iron. Write the chemical equations for these reactions 1. Name:_______________________ Equation:___________________________ 2. Name:_______________________ Equation:___________________________ 3. Name:_______________________ Equation:___________________________ 8|Page Observation

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4 Based on your results, arrange the halogens, Cl 2 , Br2 , I 2 in ascending order of reactivity. __________________________________________________________________ Element E is placed below element D in Group 17 of the Periodic Table. (a). Compare the melting and boiling points of element D with element E. Explain your answer _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ (b). Write an equation for the reaction between element D and hot iron _______________________________________________________________ 4.5 Elements In A Period Example: Period 3 in the Periodic Table Properties of Elements Element Proton number Electron arrangement Atomic radius (pm) Physical state at room temperature Electronegativity Na 11 186 Solid 0.9 Mg 12 160 Solid 1.2 Al 13 143 Solid 1.5 Si 14 118 Solid 1.8 P 15 110 Solid 2.1 S 16 104 Solid 2.5 Cl 17 100 Gas 3.0 Ar 18 94 Gas -

Q5

The measurement of the strength atom to attract electrons towards its nucleus

* Across Period 3: 1. The proton number ________________ by one unit from one element to the next element 2. All the atoms of elements have _______________ shells occupied with electrons. 3. The number of valence electrons in each atom _______________ from 1 to 8. 4. The physical state at room temperature changes from __________ to ___________ 5. The atomic radius (atomic size) of elements ________________. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 6. The electronegativity of elements. _______________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 7. The oxides of elements change from basic to acidic properties.
From NaAl, they are metals, Si is semi metal and P, S, Cl are non-metals Metal oxides exhibit basic properties and the non-metal oxide exhibit acidic properties!

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Example:
Na 2 O , MgO , Al 2 O3 , SiO2
can be used to neutralize the acid solutions!

P4 O10

SO2

Cl 2 O7

Q1

Below are some oxides of elements of Period 3.

Shows both acidic & basic properties !

So how about the changes of metallic properties? Is it increase? Or decrease??

*Sodium oxide, Na 2 O *Silicon (IV) oxide, SiO2 *Aluminium oxide, Al 2 O3 *Sulphur dioxide, SO2 (a). Which of these oxides can react with (i) dilute nitric acid, HNO3 ? ________________________________________ (ii) sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution? _______________________________ (b). Based on your answers in (a), what inferences can you make about the properties of each of the oxides? _______________________________________________________________
7 3

Li ,

12 6

C , 19 9 F

Q2

The above show the symbols of lithium, carbon and fluorine. (a). Which period in the Periodic Table can you find the three elements? Explain. _______________________________________________________________ (b).Arrange the three elements in order of increasing atomic size. _______________________________________________________________ (c). Compare the electronegativity of the three elements. Explain your answer. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

4.6 Transition Elements elements from Group 3 to Group 12 in the Periodic Table all are metals high melting and boiling points ; high densities good conductors of heat and electricity. ** exhibit three special characteristics: 1. transition elements show different oxidation numbers in their compounds. Example: Iron: 2 oxidation numbers +2, +3 Copper: 2 oxidation numbers

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2. transition elements form coloured ions or compounds. Example: Cu 2+ - blue MnO4- - purple 2+ Fe - green CrO42- - yellow 3+ Fe - brown 3. transition elements and their compounds are useful catalysts. Example: 1. Haber process Manufacture of ammonia Catalyst: iron 2. Ostwald process manufacture of nitric acid Catalyst: platinum 3. Manufacture of margarine Catalyst: nickel 4. Contact process manufacture of sulphuric acid Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide

Zinc is usually not classified as a transition element because it does not exhibit the special characteristic of transition elements!

Precious stones such as emerald, rubies, sapphire and jade are beautiful due to the colours of the transition element compounds present in them!

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