COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL

Q.1

1. What is a Computer?

Computer system is defined as information processing machine use to

do arithmetic and logical operation with capacity to store data temporarily
and or permanently. A computer can store, process, and retrieve data as
and when desired.

2. Difference between RAM and ROM?

Ram:- Random access memory . It is volatile memory. Semi conductor

memory. It is read and write memory

Rom:- Read only memory .It is non volatile memory. It only reads. It is
semi conductor memory.

3. Define hardware and software?

Software:- A set of instruction/programme which run the computer,

hardware and processing copy and coordinate the activity.

Hardware:- Physically having equipment which constitute the computer

component.

5. Application of IT indicate the name only?

Application of IT:-

6. Explain speed and bandwidth?

Speed:-
Bandwidth:- The data transfer capacity of a network. It is measured in bits per second.

7.What is anatomy of computer ?

Computer system is defined as an informational processing machine

use to do Arithmetic and Logical operation with capacity to store data
temporarily and or permanently. Most computer system has accentually
four important components:
 Main menu

Primary memory

Input Output

ALU unit

Control

1. Input device
2. Central processing unit
 3. Output device
4. Secondary storage device

1 inputsare required for giving the instruction to the primary memory.

Equipments which carry out this operation are called input devices.

Q.4 eg: mouse, light pen, keyboard, punched card reader, optical
character reader,optical bar code scanner, optical mark reader,digitizer.

2. CPU is the heart of computer that perform the user instructions.

3. output devices are means of interpretation and communication

between human and computer system.

Q.4 eg: LCD monitor, laser printer,plotter

4. secondary storage device is a hard disc which storage the output from
the ALU unit.

Q.7 change binary no. 0101

0101:- 5

Change decimal no.60

60:- 111100

Q.8 explain with example bit, byte, nibbles?

Bit:- small unit of measuring data.

Eg:89 bit

Byte:-

Eg: 8 bit or 2 nibble

Nibbles:-

Eg: 4 bit

Q.10 full forms:

Eprom:-erasable programmable read only memory. Start comp.

OMR:- OPTICAL MARK READER.

MICR:- magnetic ink character reader. All cheqe book

LED:- light emitting diode.

o.s:- operating system.

Lcd:- liquid crystal device

Dos:- disc operating system.

 Gui:- graphical user interface.icons

Wi-fi:- wireless fidelity.

Wan:- wide area network.

Pots:- plain old telephone service.

Isdn:- integrated service digital network

Dsl:- digital subscribers line connection.

Lan:- local area network.

Vlsi:- very large scale integration

Vsat:- very small aperture terminals

Cam:- computer aided manufacturing

Cad:- computer aided design engineers

Q.11 Name the network components ?

Network components:- a) Repeaters: amplify the signals

b) Bridges: are used to segment the

network

c) Router: provide you path how your

data will go to one

network to another.

d) Gate way: connectivity link between

two networks that uses

dissimilar.

e) Switches:

booting programme which initial starting by using frameware which recide

in prom non volatile.

Q.12 Functions of 1) Recycle bin icon use in window programme

operating system?

2) Internet explorer icon use in window programme

o.s.?

3) My document icon use in window programme o.s.?

4) My briefcase icon use in window programme o.s.?

5) Outlook express icon use in window programme

o.s.?
Q.13 Explain the booting of computer. Indicate the device where
this programme is store?

Booting of computer:-

The device where this programme is stored:- prom(programmable

read only memory) in hardisc.

14. Difference between internet and intranet

Internet:-is a WAN. Used worldwide. Network of networks.

Intranet:- is a LAN which is being used in a building.

Q.2 True and False

1. laptop computer is analog computer. (f)digital

2. super computers have multiple processors. (t)

3. selectedtext for making bold use the keyboard short

shift+ ctrl+ b. (t)

4. margins and gutters are one and the same in word. (f)

5. new images can be added to the clipart gallery. (t)

6. styles are stores with the work sheets themselves. (t)

7. you cannot hide rows and columns with the help of mouse in excel.
(f)

8. handoutare paper copies of all or some of the slices to be given

to the audience. (t)

9. access is a relational database. (t)

10. a database is a table in access. (f)

Q.3

1. What is ISP? Name five types of internet connection ?

ISP: internet service provider.

Five types of internet connection:

A) DIAL UP CONNECTION
B) ISDN
C) DSL
D) CABLE MODEM
E) LEASED LINES
F) FRAME POLICY
G) Optical fiber
2. Explain the advantages of leased line for internet ?

Advantages of leased line:-

a) It gives higher speed.

b) It gives large amount of consistent and continuous bandwidth.
c) It can share with a network of many users even with the good
speed.

3. http://www.yahoo.com/index.html

Indicate in above a) url b)domain name c) web page.

URL (universal resource locator):- http://www.yahoo.com/index.html

DOMAIN NAME:- yahoo.com

WEB PAGE:- index.html

4. Write a short note on proxy server ?

Proxy server:- A Proxy (proxy server) is a server that acts as mediator between the client
(the computer of a user) and server (the computer on the other ends of network connection on which
the information requested by the user appears for example web server site.) When clients request
data from an Internet resource,traffic goes from your web browser/application first through the proxy
before it reachs the requested sources and back through the proxy. Then the proxy will transmit the
data (information) to you.

5.Write the names of seven layers of OSI . routers and bridges are
used on which layers of OSI?

Seven layers of OSI(open source interface):-physical layer, data layer,

network layer,

Transport layer, sesser

layer , presentation

Layer, application
layer.

Routers and Bridges are used on network layer and data link layer
respectively.

6. What is cryptography? How encryptography and

decryptography can be use by using key

In cryptography?

Cryptography:- the science of encrypting and decrypting plain text

message is

Cryptography.
 A message that human can read is called plain text or clear text.
The process of disguising a message take it unreadable by human is
called encryption and the resulting message is called cipher text. The
reverse process called discryption, take and encrypted message/cipher
text and restore it to the original plain text.

q.4

1. What is a VPN?

Virtual private network can reduce the security risk and provide a
more efficient use of internet connection. A group of 2 or more computer
system that communicate privately over a public network (internet). A vpn
create a feel of a private network by running over a shared network. Using
a technique lnown as tunnelling, a vpn stimulate leasing line all other
point to point connection across the public routed network. Data in a vpn
tunnel remains private bcz. It is incrypted.

2. What are the benefits of a vpn?

Benefits

1 create a secure private connection for sharing information, application

and resources to and from anywhere in the world.

2.cost less than other secure network connection.

3.add remote user quickly while reducing remote access equipments.

4.increase productivity while enabling new data to sharing possibilities.

3. Why to use vpn’s?

Use

1 to create a secure communication connection across the internet.

2 secure intranet (site to site) access corporate office to corporate office.

3 secure remote access.

4 secure extranet access.

4. Basic vpn concepts indicate the name.

Vpn concepts

Components . Privacy . Authentication . Integrity . Tunnelling.

5.VPN protocols?

Vpn protocols:-

1 PPTP – POINT TO POINT TUNNELING PROTOCOL

2 IETF – IP SECURITY DEVELOPMENT

3 L TO TP – LAYER TO TUNNELING PROTOCOL

4 L TO F – LAYER TO FORWARDING

6. Vpns are created using?

Vpns are created by using:-

1 software (within the os) eg: ms xp, vista

2 routers/switches

3 firewall – is a software and hardware combination which provide

protection for server

4 dedicated vpn hardware

Q.5
1. What are different technologies used for Internet Connectivity?

Technologies used for Internet Connectivity:- dial up connection, isdn,

dsl, cable modem,

leased lines, frame

relay.

2. Explain the following for their disadvantage for Internet

Connection?

Leased line connection:- a) It is expensive.

b) At a distance between client and ISP is

larger cost of a client is

larger.

c) More installation.

d) Hardware require CSU and DSU.

Frame relay:- when u used a leased line, u need to pay for full amount
of bandwidth at a all time even when you are not using it, In frame relay
you need to install a lease line between client site and ISP but unable to
pay only for the bandwidth you use. Here you need not pay to telephone
company and telephone line but ISP charges are minimise as you are not
paying for the time when you are not accessing the internet.

3. How web server works?

Web server:- Web pages you are reading, found its way into your
Browser on your computer screen. This process largely depend on Web
site byy either clicking on a hyperlink that bring them that side or lAying
the site URL directly into the address bar of a business.

Q.6

1. What is e commerce ?

E-commerce is an integration of communication service, data

management and security mechanisms that allow organisation to
exchange information about the sell of goods and services.

2. Give the application of e-commerce?

Application of e - commerce :-

Communication service:- it supports of transfer of information from the

buyer to the seller electronically.

Data management:- is the exchange and storing of data in a uniform

format to facilitate easy exchange of information.

Security mechanism:- authenticate the source of information and

guarantee the integrity and privacy of information.

3. Compare traditional and e-commerce.

E – commerce Traditional commerce

Mostly realize on a network of Involves person to person contact
computer system, the internet. and some time orders are accepted
through telephone or post.

Involve TV, radio, news paper,

Also used the conventional method
banner shows and convention
but basically realized on the web.
method for advertisement.
It does not involve physical
Verification method-person to
proximity among the bus entity and
person contact between the
thus identify must be verified
consumer and the supplier help to
digitally.
verify the standard identification
item such as driving licence or
passport.

Tradition commerce ordering the

Ordering is done through online
form for E-mail.
Payment process are electronically
product is done either in person or
through telephone, fax or postal
service.
Payment process are in physical
cash, credit card and other form of
electronic payment tools that can
be used online – offline forms of
money such as draft and cash are
also used in e – commerce.
form of money such as cash,
cheque, credit card (the person has
to be present to sign the authorized
sig. Debit cards and drafts.

Occurs only after the verification of

Order fulfilment occurs clearly,
the consumer and payment details.
immediately unless it involves
The selling place may be in virtual shipment of product.
existence as the business may not
Location to sell- requires a physical
stock any product and directly ask
location to carry out the business.
the supplier to fulfil the order.

This is a 24 hours service not

depend on any people and work on
company records information and
Customer service- may not be from
place order anywhere in the world.
as there may be problem due to
working hours constraint and
supplier not being able to reach all
locate the consumer.

4. Electronic commerce categories?

Four Electronic commerce categories:-

a) Business to business
b) Business to consumer
c) Consumer to consumer
d) Consumer to business

5 What are the advantages of e commerce?

Advantages of e commerce:-

a) Instant world wide avaibility.

b) Streamline buyer to seller relationship
c) Reduce paperwork error, common time and overhead cost.
d) Improve market and product analysis.
e) New business opportunities.

Q.7

1. Explain:-a) simplex b) half duplex c) full duplex?

 Simplex:- Simplex transmission allows data to travel only in a single, pre
specified direction. An example from everyday life is doorbell the signal can go
only from the button to the chime. Two other examples are television and radio
broadcasting.

Half duplex:- In half duplex transmission messages can move in either

direction , but only one way at a time. The press to talk radio phones used in
police cars employ the half-duplex standard; only one person can talk at a time.
Often the line between a desktop workstation and a remote CPU conforms to the
half duplex patterns as well. If another computer is transmitting to a workstation,
the operator cannot send new messages until the other computer finishes its
message to acknowledge an interruption.

Full duplex:- Full duplex transmission works like traffic on a busy two way street the flow
moves in two directions at the same time. Full-duplexing is ideal for hardware units that need to pass
large amounts of data between each other as in mainframe-to-mainframe communications. Full
duplex transmision is a two way transmission

2. Differentiate communication media. Explain the media suitable

for wideband width application for networking?

Communication media:-

1. Coaxil cable.

2. Twisted pair cable

3. Fibre optics

4. Wireless

5. Satellite system

6. Microwave system

Fibre optics is suitable for wideband width application for

networking.

3. Write a short note on ER diagrams?

ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL:- To design a data base it is necessary to

have a complete understanding of a entity relationship model.ER diagram
represent the following three elements:-

a) Entities b) Relationship c) Attributes

A) Entities:- An entity is an object with the distinct set of properties i.e.

easily identify

entities are building blocks of a data base.

B) Relationship:- it is a crucial part of the design of a data base. It used to

establish

connection between a pair of logical related entity. It is

an association
 between entity. Separate entity can have a
relationship.

C) Attributes:- An attribute is a property of an entity that differentiate it

from other entity and provide information about the entity. An attribute
type is property of an entity type.

4. What is a firewall?

Firewall:- A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from

a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and
software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to
prevent unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks
connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages entering or
leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each
message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.

5. Give the names of RDBMS softwares of different suppliers.

RDBMS SOFTWARES:- a) Microsoft SQL (structural query language)
version 7,8,9

b) oracle 8.0 8p server from oracle

corporation.

c) Sybase sql server from Sybase

corporation.

d) informis server from informic software.

Q.8

1. What is Wi-Fi ?

Wi-Fi:- A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In
fact, communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication. Here's what
happens:

1. A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using
an antenna.
2. A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to
the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.
The process also works in reverse, with the router receiving information from the Internet, translating it
into a radio signal and sending it to the computer's wireless adapter.
The radios used for WiFi communication are very similar to the radios used for walkie-talkies, cell
phones and other devices. They can transmit and receive radio waves, and they can convert 1s and
0s into radio waves and convert the radio waves back into 1s and 0s

2. What is the advantage and disadvantage of Wi-Fi network ?

3. Write a short note on computer viruses.

 COMPUTER VIRUSES:- It is destructive computer programme that alter
the stored file or system comfiguration and copy itself on the extended
disc or other computers. Viruses cause problem by altering file and
configuration or by doing exponentially which intrupt the data flow. In
simple word computer virus program is a piece of self replicating code
attach to some other piece of code (this code can be harmless). Viruses
required an action of some sort of program to activate them. Hence they
attach themselves to executable file. Viruses cannot run independently
rather required host programme to activate them.

Type:- resident, variend, Trojan horse, worms etc.

4. Write down the names of few antivirus software used in your

laptop computer ?

Antivirus software:-norten, kespersky, semantic, avast.

5. Write a notes on Cyber Crime ?

CYBERCRIME:- the use of computer to carry out any conventional

criminal act, such as fraud, is called cybercrime and is a growing menace.

6. What is a computer hacking ?

COMPUTER HACKING:- hacking can be the basis for a distributed denial

of service attack, in which a hacker hides malicious code on the pcs of
many unsuspecting victims.or a hacker is someone who uses a computer
and network or Internet commection to intrude into another computer or
system to perform an illegal act. This may amount to simple trespassing
or acts that corrupt, destroy, or change data.

Methods:- sniffing, social engineering, spoofing

7. Define topologies for computer ?

Topology:- Arrangement of computer in the networking concept.

1. Star topology:-It has multiple network nodes connected to a host

node. The nodes in the network are linked to each other through the host
node and can communicate only via the host node.

2. Ring topology:- A circular or ring network, in which each node has

two communicating subordinates but there is no master node for
controlling other nodes. A node receives data from one of its two adjacent
nodes. The only decision a node has to take is whether the data is for its
own use. If it is addressed to it, it utilizes it. Otherwise, it merely passes it
to the next node.

3. completely connected network:- It has a separate physical link for

connecting each node to any other node. Hence, each node has a direct
link, called point-to-point link, with all other nodes in the network. The
control is distributed with each node deciding its communication priorities.
 4. Multi access bus network:- In which all nodes share a single
transmission medium. That is, all nodes are attached to the same
communication line. When a node wants to send a message to another
node, it appends destination address to the message and checks whether
communication line is free. As soon as line becomes free, it broadcasts the
message on the line. As the message travels on the line, each node
checks whether the message is addressed to it. The message is picked up
by addressee node that sends an acknowledgement to source node and
frees the line.

5. Hybrid network:- is a combination of two or more different network

topologies. Exact configuration of a network depends on needs and
structure of the organization.

8. What is a Protocol ?

Set of rules and regulationsA protocol is a system of rules that define

how something is to be done. In computer terminology, a protocol is usually an
agreed-upon or standardized method for transmitting data and/or establishing
communications between different devices.

9. Define:- repeaters, hub, switches, bridge, routers, gateway and

their uses.

HUB:- it is a signal distributer. Hubs are device used to connect

nodes one another

forexample when you use a star topology they also called

concentrator. They

are intelligent LAN concentrator.

Types of hub:-

A) Passive hub

b) Active hub

c) Hybrid hub