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Why Comparison?
Part of our psychological makemake-up to compare ones performance with that of others (Bannister, 2007) An orderly comparison is needed when you present a systematic explanation (Arora, 1972) NonNon-comparative or adad-hoc description and explanation adds relatively little to the scientific development of a discipline(Arora discipline 1972). Comparison is the only laboratory open to most social scientists(Peters, 1996,:15) Comparison is fundamental to all human thoughts. . . . It is the methodological core of the humanistic and scientific method as well (Almond et al. 2000, 13) In his famous article The Study of Public Administration, in 1887, Woodrow Wilson declared, Of ourselves, so long as we know only ourselves, we know nothing.
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History of CPA
Jreisat, using Ryans (1994) ideas, identifies three stage of CPA Imperialist Missionary (Post WW II-1960s) Anti-parochial, Antiethnocentric (19701980) Interdependence (1980s-Present) Heady argues that CPA started as a field focusing of development administration The 1970s was a decade of retrenchment. Financial support dried out. Scholars begin reappraising the field. Shift from technical assistance to action-goal oriented practice
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Characteristics of CPA
CPA is relatively new study in the field of Public Administration that emerged after WWII. CPA in its pre-paradigmatic stage and still do not have any paradigm. CPA is empirical, nomothetic and ecological CPA was dominated by American scholars and practitioners. CPA emphasised on theory building and development administration.
WHAT IS CPA?
CPA is the comparative study of institutions, process, and behaviors in many context. Context (or environment in comparative analysis generally refers to all external influences that affect management, such as societal values, norms, religion, political culture, and economy. Jreisat (2002: 1)
In sum CPA cannot be disentangle from politics. Politics is a key intervening variable. Thus, cross comparison of different political structure become essential to advance the knowledge and practice of PA. Are bureaucracies the same among political systems, operating under a capitalist political economy and a democratic system? Example: USA vs. Canada Do public administrators behavior vary under different political systems with the same level of development ? Example: India vs. China What role does PA play under different political economies (market vs. command)? Example: USA vs. former USSR
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Characteristics of CPA
CPA is relatively new study in the field of Public Administration that emerged after WWII. CPA in its pre-paradigmatic stage and still do not have any paradigm. CPA is empirical, nomothetic and ecological CPA was dominated by American scholars and practitioners. CPA emphasised on theory building and development administration.
Level of Analysis
There are three analytical levels of Comparative Public Administration (Basu, 2004: 393) Macro level (Whole Administrative System: For example, comparison between India and Great Britain. This is rare but not impossible) MiddleMiddle-range (Certain parts of Administration: Comparison of Local Government system between two or more nations) Micro level (Comparison for individual or small parts of Administration: For example, comparing the recruitment or training system of a administration)
Significance of CPA
Heady () pointed three reasons for comparison in the study of Public Administration CPA is an important prerequisite for the development of science of Public Administration CPA would help to increase international cooperation as a result of the increase in knowledge and understanding of the various administrative systems in the world CPA provided necessary data to consider the feasibility of adopting or adapting certain administrative devices used in foreign countries for their own country
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Significance of CPA
Nimrod Raphaeli said Learn distinctive characteristics of particular administrative systems Identify the social, cultural and political factors in determining the success and failure certain administrative features Explain the differences in the behaviour of bureaucracy and bureaucratic systems What to be done to improve the performance of bureaucracy
Significance of CPA
Quah summarized the above mentioned reasons with the inclusion of their thinkers CPA is significant in the development of a science of Public Administration Two more practical reasons
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To help students, practising administrators , specialists, technical assistance experts know and understand more about public administration in other countries (Thicker, Heady and Raphaeli) To consider the possibility of administrative reforms viceversa (Wilson, Heady, Thicker and Raphaeli)
Significance of CPA
Basu (2004: 393) The study of Comparative Public Administration contributes to a greater understanding of individual characteristics of administrative system functioning in different nations and cultures. Comparative studies also help in explaining factors responsible for crossnational and cultural similarities as well as difference in the administrative systems. Administrators, policy-makes and academicians can examine causes for the success or failure of particular administrative structures and patterns in different environmental setting We learn about the administrative practices followed in various nations. We can endeavour to adopt those practices which can fit in our own nations and systems.
Scopes of CPA
Chandler (2000) provided the following parameter to determine the scopes of CPA Political Culture The Constitutional Framework The Civil Service Central Government Agencies Federal and Local Government Agencies Financing the system Coordinating the system Managing the system Accountability, Secrecy and Openness Democracy and the administrative system
Scope: Woodrow Wilson in his essay Study of Administration expressed the view that comparative studies were necessary. To see whether administrative processes in the us were relevant or applicable to other countries. To see whether any administrative institution or practices can be transplanted from other countries to the U.S administration.