DESIGN OF DUAL BAND SLOT LOADED RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP

ANTENNA FOR GLOBAL POSITIONING SATELLITE

Prakash Kumar Mishra
1
, Ritu Raaj
2
, Preeti Maddhyeshia
3
, Rajesh Kumar Vishwakarma
4,
Department of ECE, JUET, Raghogarh Guna
E-mail: prakash091086ece@gmail.com
1
, rkv.786@gmail.com
4
Abstract- This paper presents an experimental investigation
of inclined slot loaded rectangular microstrip antenna that has
been carried out for dual band operation with the help of a
single probe feed for Global Positioning Satellite (GPS)
applications. In this case, two resonant frequencies 1.57 GHz
and 1.22 GHZ occur. It is observed that the VSWR and
RETURN LOSS of two resonant frequencies can be changes by
inclination angle of the slot. The design of this antenna is
being simulated in IE3D software. .
Keywords: Global positioning satellite (GPS),

Dual-band, Circular polarization, RT Duroid, Microstrip
antennas.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent times the Global Positioning Satellite (GPS)
has been implemented in various applications. Due to
increased use of antennas new and more sensitive designs
have been introduced. Mostly Global positioning satellites
receivers operate at 1.575 GHz.
The limited operating bandwidth of the antenna puts
constraints on the applicability for current wireless
communication systems[1]. Various bandwidth enhancement
techniques are recently developed such as coplanar directly
coupled and gap coupled parasitic patches, use of a thick air
or foam substrate [2]. The bandwidth can also be improved
by loading the patch with suitable slots [5]. It may be
increased by a single patch using a relatively thick low-
dielectric constant substrate [2]. The feed which we have
used is Probe feed having the desirable features such as low
spurious radiation, easy to match; easy fabrication.While
feeding is in direct contact with the antenna which provides
an efficient feeding. In the coaxial cable the outer conductor
is connected to ground plane and patch antenna is connected
by extending center conductor.
Here by the help of this paper, we try to demonstrate that,
by inclining a rectangular slot placed parallel to the radiating
edge of the patch, a dual-frequency operation of the patch
antenna is achieved easily by using a single probe feed
instead of using simultaneous slots and short circuit [4]. We
have observed that the VSWR and RETURN LOSS of two
resonant frequencies can be changed by the inclining the
angle of the slot.
II. RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA DESIGN

The first thing in designing of the patch is choosing a
suitable substrate of suitable thickness. We mostly take low
dielectric substrate for increasing the band width and
radiation efficiency of the antenna. To analyze the
rectangular shapes we have use the transmission line model.
A simple patch antenna can be designed for the given
dielectric constant. The input impedance of the antenna must
be matched with the impedance of transmission line for more
efficient antenna performance. To get a good match at the
two operating frequencies, the probe has been placed at
12.7mm from the edge of the antenna.

.

Fig.1: Geometry of Rectangular Patch Antenna with Slot.

The rectangular patch is separated from ground plane with a
RT Duroid substrate (
r
= 2.2) of thickness h = 2.5mm [6].
The length of the rectangular patch antenna is nearly a one-
half wavelength section of transmission line. If the antenna
has air as a substrate, the length of the rectangular microstrip
antenna is approximately one-half of a free-
space wavelength. That means, the length L of the patch is
usually 0.3333o< L < 0.5o, where o is the free space
wavelength. The patch is selected to be very thin such that t
2013 International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies
978-0-7695-4958-3/13 $26.00 2013 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/CSNT.2013.16
37
<< o (where t is the patch thickness). The height h of the
dielectric substrate is usually0.003o<= h <= 0.05o. As the
antenna is loaded with a dielectric substrate and as its
dielectric constant increases, the length of the antenna
decreases and also the bandwidth decreases which increases
the Q factor of the antenna therefore decreases the
impedance bandwidth[3]. The dimensions and feed point (50
Ohm coaxial cable) location of the proposed antenna has
been calculated.
The rectangular patch width of the antenna is determined by

2
1
2
1
2

|
.
|

\
| +

=
r
r
u

f
c
W (1)

where C= velocity of light
W = width of the microstrip patch
r
c = Dielectric constant of the substrate
Length of the resonant element is given by

l
f
c
L
eff r
eff
2
2

= (2)

where
eff
c = Effective dielectric constant of the substrate
l A = Line extension
eff
c and l A can be expressed as
5 0
10
1
2
1
2
1
.
u
r r
eff
W
h

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
| +
= (3)

(
(

+
(
(
(
(

+
+
= A
258 . 0
3 . 0
813 . 0
262 . 0
412 . 0
eff
eff
u
u
h
W
h
W
h l
c
c
(4)
The impedance of single slot along the width is given as
( ) ( )
)
`

|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
s A
s s
s r s
kL X
kL
d
L
j kL R Z
2
cot 1 log 120
(5) Where,

t 2
= k (wave vector)
=
s
L length of the slot
Slot width: Generally the ratio of the slot length to the slot
width is kept typically as 20:1. In this paper the width of the
slot is taken Ws=1.0 mm.
Slot length: The coupling level is primarily decided by the
slot length. In this paper the length of the slot is taken
Ls=19 mm.

Dimensions of the inclined slot = (191) mm
The reflection coefficient of the patch can be calculated as
`
T
T
Z Z
Z Z
+

= I
0
0

Where, =
0
Z characteristic impedance of the coaxial feed
(50 ohm)

I
I +
=
1
1
VSWR
Return loss I = log 20
Parameters of Antenna:

TABLE-1
Dielectric substrate RT Duroid
Dielectric constant(r) 2.2
Loss tangent (tan) 0.0009
Thickness of the substrate (h) 2.5mm
Design frequency 1.57 GHz
Length of the patch (L) 62.8mm
Width of the patch (W) 75.3mm
Location of feed point (x, y) 12.74mm,10.5mm
38
III. RESULTS
In this paper, we have analyzed the antenna through two
parameters i.e. VSWR and RETURN LOSS.
TABLE-2
Variation in VSWR and RL (dB) with variation in slot length:-
S.N. Slot
Length
(mm)
Slot
width
(mm)
VSWR
at 1.24
GHz
VSWR
at 1.56
GHz
RL(dB)
at 1.24
GHz
RL(dB)
at 1.56
GHz
1. 17 1 2.4 1.39 -07.52 -15.62
2. 18 1 1.6 1.38 -12.59 -17.11
3. 19 1 1.4 1.37 -15.35 -14.01
4. 20 1 2.0 1.30 -09.12 -15.90
5. 21 1 3.2 1.34 -04.00 -15.16

From the above table we concluded that VSWR and
RETURN LOSS changes with varying the slot length and
constant slot width. Since we know for antenna to efficient
radiation, the RETURN LOSS value should be -10dB. So,
we got the best values at 19mm1mm slot dimension where
VSWR=1.4 (at 1.24GHz), 1.37(at 1.56GHz) and RETURN
LOSS=-15.35dB (at 1.24GHz), -14.01dB (at 1.56GHz).
However there is no variation in VSWR and RETURN
LOSS with varying slot width and constant slot length.
But when we are varying the angle of slot, then again some
changes occurs:-
TABLE 3
S.N Angle f1 f2 VSWR1 VSWR2 RL1(dB) RL2(dB)
1. 0 1.26 1.55 1.44 1.2 -14.79 -19.61
2. 10 1.26 1.55 1.59 1.54 -12.85 -13.43
3. 20 1.26 1.54 1.12 1.28 -24.39 -18.32
4. 30 1.26 1.53 1.86 1.34 -10.45 -16.74
5. 40 1.27 1.53 1.67 1.59 -11.92 -12.76
6. 50 1.28 1.51 1.57 1.64 -13.07 -12.3
7. 60 1.29 1.50 1.81 1.75 -10.73 -11.23
From this table we can see that changing the slot angle,
means changing the resonant frequency along with different
value of VSWR and RETURN LOSS at that particular
frequency.

Fig. 2: The VSWR for simulated and theoretical.
Fig. 3: The RETURN LOSS (dB) for simulated and theoretical.
The simulated results from the IE3D simulation software
are also shown for comparison. The simulated data show that
it resonates at 1.241GHz and 1561GHz, while the measured
results show that it resonates at 1.231 GHz and1.573 GHz.
The IE3D simulation software is helpful in the design of the
proposed antenna.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
A dual band microstrip patch antenna has been
proposed in this paper. The chosen bands of operation are for
GPS. The antenna is composed of single layers where the
feeding line is away from the centre. The proposed
antenna works on 1.24 GHz and 1.56GHz. In order to
validate the results, several prototypes have been designed
and measured by varying the dimension of slot in the patch
with various inclined angle.
39
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are thankful to the reviewers for their constructive
comments and suggestions. Especially, express their deep
sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Prof. Rajesh K.
Vishwakarma for his exemplary guidance and
encouragement during the course of work done. Without his
cooperation and efforts our work and results could not have
been obtained.
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