USER MANUAL

Copyright 2008 Advance Science & Technology Institute Department of Science & Technology Institute CP Garcia, U.P. Techno Park, Q.C Philippines, 1101

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3 PICMe Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Product Features .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Package Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Board Lay-Out . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 6 Components and Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Hardware Set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Using the PICMe DSM.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Using the PIC Downloader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Using the PICMe Serial Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C Compilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Using the CCS Compiler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CCS Sample Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Assembler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Using MPLAB Assembler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 MPLAB Sample Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

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INTRODUCTION

A microcontroller unit (MCU) or most commonly called as a microcontroller is a computer implemented on a single chip. Just like desktop and mainframe computers, the microcontroller also contains the basic components that these computers have such as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), Random Access Memory (RAM) and input/output (I/O) devices. However, microcontrollers are special purpose computers whose dedication is to perform one task at a time, unlike a desktop computer that can do several tasks simultaneously. Microcontrollers are low-powered devices that are usually used by embedding them into other products or devices so that they can control the actions that these devices will do. It takes input from the device that it controls and also sends signals to it to manipulate its actions. A microcontroller needs to be programmed before it can be used to control devices. Unlike a microprocessor that generally requires external components to implement a program, a microcontroller already incorporates all the resources needed internally in a single chip. Microcontrollers are usually designed to perform a small set of specific functions, whereas microprocessors tend to be designed to perform a wider set of general purpose functions just like the functions that are performed in a personal computer (PC). The PICMe Microcontroller Starter Kit is a solution of the Advanced Science and Technology Institute (ASTI) of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) designed to provide students, engineers and hobbyists with a low cost tool to explore the power of a MCU and jumpstart their prototyping and product development projects on embedded systems. The PICMe Microcontroller Starter Kit package includes the Microchip MPLAB IDE v7.xx (Compiler/Assembler) which will be used in programming the PICMe microcontroller. In this User Manual, you will be introduced to the programming language C to program the PIC to perform some fairly simple tasks. The package also includes the PICMe DSM (Downloader and Serial Monitor) a software program that easily downloads the code compiled in the PIC Compiler directly into the MCU and also serves as a communication tool between the MCU and PC. This User Manual contains guides in using the hardware and software materials needed in using the kit. It also includes instructions on how to install and use the MPLAB as a compiler and assembler plus examples and sample exercises to help the user understand the applications of the product.

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PICMe OVERVIEW

A.PRODUCT FEATURES
The PICMe Microcontroller Starter Kit is designed to give electronic enthusiasts an initial application material in their prototyping and laboratory needs. The board supports the PIC16F877A in the 40-pin DIP package. These controllers have a program memory built on Flash technology which provides fast erasing and reprogramming, thus allowing a quick debugging or error checking. The PICMe Microcontroller Starter Kit has the following main features: Powerful MCU 10-bit, 8-channel Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter. Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C (Master/Slave mode) Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory Has 33 input/output (I/O) pins. Pocket Size The PICMe Microcontroller board has a compact size of 3.7 x 1.65 that includes all the electronic components used Dual Function Header. The I/O pins can be accessed easily via the dual function headers, which can act as sockets or pins that can be mounted on a breadboard or on any prototyping board. Ease of Reprogramming No external programmer is required for the boot loader. The PICMe Microcontroller Starter Kit has a pre-installed PIC boot loader located in the PIC's memory area. The PIC boot loader initializes the system to enable reprogramming of PIC microcontrollers without the need for a chip programmer, a device used to transfer the compiled program from the computer into the microcontroller memory. It utilizes the self-programming features of the PIC microcontroller, which allows in-circuit reprogramming and downloading of codes.

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B. PACKAGE CONTENTS

The PICMe Microcontroller Starter Kit should contain the following materials: a. PICMe Microcontroller Board with PIC16F877A Microcontroller b. CD containing the software tools, sample program codes and support documentations c. Serial cable (RS-232 data cable) d. AC-DC power supply adapter (optional) e. Portable case

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C.BOARD LAY OUT

DC POWER JACK POWER INDICATOR

RJ 11-SERIAL POWER SWITCH

RS232 CHIP RESET SWITCH ICD 2 PORT A PORT E POTENTIOMETER SWITCH 1 PORT C SWITCH 2 JUMPER HEADER PIC16F877 PORT B 2 PIN

PORT D

LED DISPLAY

Figure 2. PICMe Starter Kit board layout

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D. COMPONENTS & DESCRIPTIONS

PIC16F877A Has up to 8Kx14 words of In-System Programmable Flash memory with up to 256x8 bytes of EEPROM and up to 368x8 bytes of Internal RAM

RJ11 Serial Input

Interfaced on board through a RS232 driver/receiver pin-compatible level converter chip. Flash PIC microcontroller units like the one in the development kit can be programmed by connecting it to RS232 in the appropriate COM port of the computer and using the provided boot loader application. Used to connected to the power adapter and interfaced with an on-board regulator Allows power inputs from 100-240V to an output of 12V (1.0A) towards the board Connected to the power regulator, which indicates if the power is on A 5k trimmer resistor to control an analog signal input interfaced on thPin 2 (PIN A0) of the PIC6F877A microchip. Attached to the Master Clear/Reset Input or Pin 1 of the PIC microcontroller Connected to Pin 32 (PIN B0) of the microcontroller and used for handling interrupts Connected to Pin 8 (PIN E0) of the microcontroller and used for making control inputs If the header is shorted or the Jumper is inserted, then the PIC microcontroller can output signals to the yellow LEDs. Otherwise, Port D is open as parallel slave port for external interfacing.

DC power jack (J2) Power Regulator (U3) Red LED (D10) Potentiometer (POT) Reset Switch Push-Button Switch 1 (SW1) Push-Button Switch 2 (SW2) Jumper Header (J3)

2-Pin Header (J4) 6-Pin Header (Port A)

Provided by the power regulator with +5V DC output at 250mA and GND A bidirectional I/O port connected to Pin 2 (PIN A0) to Pin 7 (PIN A5) of the microcontroller. PIN A0 is an analog input interfaced with the potentiometer While the other pins can be interfaced with other analog inputs and as well with clock/timer. A bidirectional I/O port connected to Pin 33 (PIN B0) to Pin 40 (PIN B7) of the microcontroller. PIN B0 is connected to Push-button Switch 1 (SW1) to test its capability to handle interrupts. While the rest of the pins can be accessed as interrupt-on-change pins or in-circuit debugger pins. A bi-directional port connected from Pins 15,16,17,18, 23 and 24 (PIN C0 to PIN C5) of the microcontroller respectively. Pin 25 (PIN C6) and Pin 26 (PIN C7) are used for USART Asynchronous Transmit and Receive respectively. These two pins are currently dedicated and set-up for the Starter Kit and Computer serial communication such as the downloader and HyperTeminal. Also a bidirectional port interfaced to the 8 yellow LEDs and a jumper header. This port is either used for outputting values on the LEDs or as parallel slave port.

8-Pin Header (Port B)

8-Pin Header (Port C)

8-Pin Header (Port D)

3-Pin Header (Port E)

Pin 8 (PIN E0) is connected to Push-button Switch 2 (SW2) which read control inputs, while Pin 9 (PIN E1) and Pin 10 (PIN E2) are defined as control and select controls. These three pins can also be used as parallel slave port or analog inputs. All of which are I/O controlled by Port D and are jumper selectable A 20 MHz crystal located on the clock socket under the PIC16F877A microchip and is used as the external clock of the microcontroller Provide a more accessible or simple connection to the processor special function pins and I/O Pins for In Circuit Debugger

8 Yellow LEDs XTAL 100 Mils (0.1) centered headers ICD2

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GETTING STARTED

A. HARDWARE SETUP

Figure 3. PICMe Starter Kit Hardware Setup

B. USING PICMe DSM

The PICMe DSM (Downloader and Serial Monitor) is a software program that can be used to easily download the code compiled in the PIC Compiler directly into the MCU and also serves as a communication tool between the MCU and PC. System Installation Look for the folder PICDSM Setup and copy it from the CD onto your PC. Click setup icon and this will display the PICMe DSM window.

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C. Using the PIC Downloader

1. Run the program PICDSM.exe. Select the Downloader tab. 2. Locate the desired HEX file through the Browse button. 3. Set the Port number. The default setting of the Port is COM1. 4. Set the Baud Rate to 57600.

C:\Documents and Settings\admin\Desktop\test.HEX

5. Click the Download button to start downloading the file. Click Cancel button if you want to stop the activity.

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D. Using the PICMe Serial Monitor

1. Run the program PICDSMv1.exe. Select the Serial Monitor tab.

2. Set the correct Port settings before attempting to connect with the serial communication port of the device. The default setting of the Port is COM1. Set the Baud Rate at which data is being sent. The baud rate setting of the Serial Monitor must match the baud bate setting of the device which is set by the program. Set the Parity, Data Bits, Stop Bits, and Handshaking method accordingly to match the requirements of the device. The default values are none, 8, 1 and none respectively.

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3. Click the Connect/Disconnect button to connect/disconnect to the device.

4. In the Receive area, check the desired format (ASCII or HEX format) of the received data. The Clear button is used to clear the window. 5. In the Transmit area, enter the specific data to be sent. Check the As HEX tab when sending HEX-formatted data. 6. Click the Send button to transmit the data to the microcontroller.

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C COMPILERS
The C software/compiler is a common choice of programming most microcontrollers. The C Language is a human-level language that can be used to control hardware activities without thinking much of the tiniest details. It also features predefined functions contained in built-in libraries that can just be simply embedded in a program. Although it takes more memory space than the assembly language, it takes lesser memory space than other human-level programming languages. Below is a list of the links to some of the websites that offer free C Compiler software. CCS Compilers The CCS Compiler supports 12-bit, 14-bit and 16-bit PICs. The compiler has a generous library of built-in functions, preprocessor commands, and ready-to-run example programs to quickly jump-start any project. Drivers for real-time clocks, LCDs, A/D converters, and many more are innate features to the CCS C Compiler. The latest software (full version and demo version) can be downloaded via the Internet at: http://www.ccsinfo.com/downloads.php. The Hi-Tech Compiler HI-TECH PICC is the leading C compiler for the Microchip PICmicro 10/12/14/16/17 series of microcontrollers. A free 45 day evaluation software which runs on multiple platforms (Windows, Linux, UNIX, Mac OS X, Solaris) is available in the developer's website http://www.htsoft.com. BoostC Compiler The BoostC compiler works with PIC16, PIC18 and some PIC12 processors. This ANSI C compatible compiler supports features like source level symbolic debugging, signed data types, structures/unions and pointers. The BoostC compiler can be used within its own IDE (Integrated Development Environment), or it can be integrated into Microchip MPLAB. Aside from the free demo version of the BoostC Compiler, the developer's website http://www.sourceboost.com also offers C++, Basic and Pascal Compilers CC5X C Compiler This compiler supports mid-range PICmicro devices including the PIC16F877A microcontroller used in the PICMe Microcontroller Starter Kit. The CC5X compiler is available as a 16 or 32 bit application (MSDOS command line or WIN32 console application) and requires Windows 95 or higher. The free edition from http://www.bknd.com/cc5x/download.shtml supports up to 1024 instructions in any single C module but has a 1k code limit. The generated code is compact, but full optimization is not available. Moreover, support is not available to users of the free edition.

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SDCC-Small Device C Compiler SDCC (available at http://sourceforge.net ) is an open source retargettable, optimizing ANSI C compiler. The current version targets the Intel 8051, Zilog Z80, Dallas 80C390, Motorola HC08 and Microchip PIC MCUs. Linux - x86, Microsoft Windows - x86 and Mac OS x - ppc are the primary, so called "officially supported" platforms. Due to license restrictions, the C Compiler software that is used to program the PIC microcontroller cannot be distributed. However, there are several C Compiler software available from the Internet that can be downloaded for free. Hence, we leave it up to you to obtain a copy of the software and learn how to use it.

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USING CCS COMPILER

1. Run the compiler by opening pcw.exe. 2. Create a new file and save it as blinker.c.

3. Enter the C program below onto the source code template window.(CCS Sample Program)

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4. Run the program: Compile->Build All -> Compile

5. Locate for the blinker.hex

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CCS SAMPLE PROGRAM

1. LED SWITCH ON & OFF

#include <16F877A.h> //Initialization #include <string.h> #fuses HS, NOWDT, NOPROTECT, NOLVP #use delay (clock=20000000) #use rs232 (baud=9600, xmit=PIN_C6, rcv=PIN_C7) void main()

{ //Start of Main Program

int8 a=0x00; //Set variable a to 0 delay_ms(500); printf ("\nIf you can read this message,"); printf (" you are using the PICMe Starter Kit properly!\n"); //Confirmation while (1) { start of main loop output_d(0x00); //Turn off LEDs delay_ms(500); //for 0.5sec output_d(a); //Turn on LEDs delay_ms(500); //for 0.5s if (!input(PIN_B0)) //if SW1 is pressed for a while { printf("\n value of a: %X\n",a); //display value of a in hex format } while(!input(PIN_B0)); //stop while SW1 is pressed {a++; //Increment a} if(a>=0xFF) {a=0;} }// end of main loop } //End of program

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ASSEMBLER

A program written in assembly language consists of a series of instructions in mnemonic formats (symbolic) correspond to a stream of executable code, which can be loaded into memory after translated by an assembler, ASSEMBLER creates object code by translating assembly instruction mnemonics into opcodes, and by resolving symbolic names for memory locations and other entities. The use of symbolic references is a key feature of assemblers, saving tedious calculations and manual address updates after program modifications. Most assemblers also include macro facilities for performing textual substitution; one example, to generate common short sequences of instructions to run inline, instead of in a subroutine. Modern assemblers, especially for RISC based architectures, such as MIPS, Sun SPARC and HP PA-RISC, optimize instruction scheduling to exploit the CPU pipeline efficiently. . Below are the lists assemblers MPLAB IDE is a Windows Operating System-based Integrated Development Environment for the PICmicro MCU families and dsPICTM Digital Signal Controllers. MPLAB IDE is a comprehensive editor, project manager and design desktop for application development of embedded designs using Microchip PIC microcontrollers. It is the software developed by Microchip, the manufacturer of PIC microcontrollers, to program the PIC microcontrollers using assembly language. The MPASM assembler, the MPLINK object linker and the MPLIB object librarian are typically used together under MPLAB IDE to provide GUI development of application code for PICmicro MCU devices. The operation of these PICmicro MCU language tools with MPLAB IDE is discussed here. ASEM-51 is a two-pass macro assembler for the Intel MCS-51 family of microcontrollers. It is running on the PC under MS-DOS, Windows and Linux. The ASEM-51 assembly language is based on the standard Intel syntax, and implements conditional assembly, macros, and includes file processing. The assembler can output object code in Intel-HEX or Intel OMF-51 format as well as a detailed list file. The ASEM-51 package includes support for more than 180 8051 derivatives, a bootstrap program for MCS-51 target boards, and documentation in ASCII and HTML format GPUTILS is a collection of tools for the Microchip (TM) PIC microcontrollers. It includes gpasm, gplink, and gplib. It's distributed under the terms of the GNU Public License. See the gnupic page for other GNU PIC tools such as gpsim, a gputils compatible simulator. Linux (and other unices), Mac OS X, and MS-Windows are supported. GPUTILS will compile natively on Linux using gcc. Mac OS X users will need the December 2001 Developer Tools.

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Windows 98/NT users will need MinGW32 if they wish to compile the tools. Picasm114 is a freeware (free download) assembler and disassembler for 12 and 14-bit PIC microcontroller chips. The Picasm114 assembler is written in (mostly) ANSI-C, and it is single pass, so there are restrictions in forward references. It can output IHX16 and IHX8M formats. Include files, macros and conditional assemblies are supported. Picasm 1.14 is now available. Download here: picasm114.tar.bz2. Documentation is here: picasm114.html. In this version, new PIC types can be defined in special includes files, without recompiling Picasm114. The installation requires the include files to be manually copied to the correct directory, specified in the Makefile (No automatic installation yet).

GNUPIC gputils is free software; it can be freely redistribute and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version. The GNUPIC utilities project gputils, contains many things among which is gpasm, an open source replacement for Microchip's MPASM (here's the MPASM manual). The source for gpasm may also be found on the gputils sourceforge page which is hosted by Source Forge.

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USING MPLAB ASSEMBLER

MPLAB IDE allows the user to:

1. Open an MPLAB editor 2. Create a new file in File -> New.

3. Type the following code on the text editor window of MPLAB IDE 4. Save the new file as lightson.asm. 5. Create a new project in Project -> New. Name it and select its directory according to your own preference.

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6.Add the lightson.asm to the current project by right-clicking on the Source File folder located at the project window.

7. Select the Microchip MPASM Tool suite in Project -> Select Language Tool suite.

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8. Build the program by selecting the Project -> Build All. 9. Locate the lightson.hex file on the same directory that the lightson.asm is and open it using a text editor. 10.Delete the first line (:020000040000FA) and save. 11.Finally, download the lightson.hex file in the PIC16F877A using the PICMe DSM.

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MPLAB SAMPLE PROGRAM

1. LED SWITCH ON & OFF LIST p=16F877A

#include p16f877a.inc ;include file with config bit definitions __config 0x3F3A;_XT_OSC & _WDT_OFF & _LVP_OFF ;Set oscillator to HS, ;watchdog time off, ;low-voltage prog. off STATUS equ 0x03 ; assign register addresses PORTD equ 0x08 TRISD equ 0x88 org 0x03 movlw 0x00 movwf 0xA goto INIT nop ;load program starting at memory address 0x03 ;set-up program counter

INIT clrf 0x04 START bsf STATUS, 5 clrf TRISD bcf STATUS, 5 movlw 0xff movwf PORTD goto START sleep end

; clear indirect addressing register ; select Bank 1 ;set Port D to output ;select Bank 0 ;output 0xff to Port D ;continuous loop ;end of program

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