PITUITARY GLANDS Hyperpituitarism is the excessive production of growth hormone, which continues to be produced well into adulthood Causes

pituitary tumors (usually benign) carcinoid tumors Signs Headache Visual field loss or Double Vision Excessive sweating Hoarseness Milk secretion from breast Sleep Apnea Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Joint pain and limitation of motion Muscle weakness Numbness or tingling of skin Treatment pituitary microsurgery to remove tumor; pituitary radiation if surgery fails; gamma knife radiation treatment (a special type of focused radiation); bromocriptine (helps decrease growth hormone in some patients); octreotide (partially shrinks pituitary tumors) Acromegaly is a syndrome that is brought about by the pituitary gland producing too much growth hormone after puberty SYMPTOMS a large jaw gaps between the teeth a more prominent brow the soft spot of their skull appears expanded hands shaped like spades a lack of sensation and tingling in hands and feet rough and oily skin skin tags heavy sweating headaches large tongue deeper voice impaired vision large feet CAUSES non-cancerous (benign) tumor in the pituitary gland (known as pituitary adenoma) TREATMENTS Surgery Radiation Therapy Medication GIGANTISM Rare condition that causes abnormal growth in children. It occurs when a childs body produces too much growth hormone Symptoms very large hands and feet, a thickening of toes and fingers,

a prominent jaw and forehead, and coarse facial features. Children with gigantism may also have flat noses and large heads, lips, or tongues. Treatments Surgery Medication Gamma Knife Radiosurgery HYPOPITUITARISM A disorder caused by reduced pituitary hormone levels CAUSES brain surgery head trauma Meningitis Encephalitis Radiation stroke and pituitary gland tumors SYMPTOMS Weight increase Weight decrease Reduced blood pressure Reduced genital hair Slowed growth in children Headache Weakness Vision problems Female infertility Menstrual problems Impotence Decreased libido Infertility Impotence Tiredness Lethargy Anorexia Lactation failure Abdominal pain Growth retardation Headaches TREATMENTS Surgery Hormonal replacement Hydrocortisone Thyroxine Androgen oestrogen Cyclic oestrogen Human growth hormone Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) - occurs when excessive levels of antidiuretic hormones (hormones that help the kidneys, and body, conserve the correct amount of water) are produced Causes People with heart failure or people with a diseased hypothalamus Symptoms of SIADH nausea vomiting

 irritability personality changes seizures stupor coma Treatment for SIADH: Specific treatment for SIADH will be determined by your child's physician based on: your child's age, overall health, and medical history extent of the disease your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies expectations for the course of the disease your opinion or preference Diabetes insipidus is a condition that results from insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH), a hormone that helps the kidneys and body conserve the correct amount of water CAUSES malfunctioning hypothalamus (that produces too little ADH) malfunctioning pituitary gland (that fails to release ADH into the bloodstream) damage to hypothalamus or pituitary gland during surgery brain injury tumor tuberculosis blockage in the arteries leading to the brain encephalitis meningitis sarcoidosis family heredity Symptoms excessive thirst excessive urine production dehydration Infants with diabetes insipidus may also exhibit the following symptoms: irritability poor feeding failure to grow high fevers Treatment: Specific treatment for diabetes insipidus will be determined by your child's physician based on: your child's age, overall health, and medical history extent of the disease your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies expectations for the course of the disease your opinion or preference Treatment may include modified antidiuretic hormone medications (often taken as a nasal spray), or medications that stimulate the production of the antidiuretic HYPOTHYROIDISM occurs when the thyroid gland fails to produce sufficient amounts of the thyroid hormones T4 and T3.

Causes

Hashimotos thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease that causes an inflammatory process of the thyroid gland Treatment of Graves hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine or by thyroid surgery; Birth of a baby, born without a thyroid gland or a poorly functioning one (congenital hypothyroidism) SYMPTOMS weak slow heart beat muscular weakness and constant fatigue sensitivity to cold thick puffy skin and/or dry skin slowed mental processes and poor memory constipation goitre (increased size of the thyroid) Treatment Involves thyroid hormone replacement in the form of a small pill, daily, for life Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis) A condition in which your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine CAUSES Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease (toxic multinodular goiter) -thyroiditis SYMPTOMS Sudden weight loss, even when your appetite and the amount and type of food you eat remain the same or even increase Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) Increased appetite Nervousness, anxiety and irritability Tremor Sweating Changes in menstrual patterns Increased sensitivity to heat Changes in bowel patterns, especially more frequent bowel movements An enlarged thyroid gland Fatigue, muscle weakness Difficulty sleeping Skin thinning Fine, brittle hair Treatments Radioactive iodine. Anti-thyroid medications Beta blockers Surgery (thyroidectomy) Graves' ophthalmopathy In this disorder, your eyeballs protrude beyond their normal protective orbits when the tissues and muscles behind your eyes swell CAUSES Thyroid gland mistakenly senses harmful cells and releases antibodies to combat them SYMPTOMS

 Eye inflammation Eye redness Bulging eyes Eye dryness Eye weakness Eye sensitivity Eyelid retraction Treatment Radioiodine therapy Anti-thyroid medications Thyroid surgery PINEAL GLAND SLEEP DISORDERS Cause Exposure to too little light during the day or too much light during the night hours SYMPTOMS Insomnia Anxiety Immune suppression Lowered basal body temperature Elevated level of estrogen/progesterone ratio TREATMENT Minimizing exposure to artificial light after sundown Exercise and daytime exposure Chemotherapy (tumors) PARATHYROID GLANDS Hyperparathyroidism Overproduction of parathyroid hormone CAUSE Benign tumor in one of the glands SYMPTOMS Nausea Vomiting Constipation Large amount of urines Treatment Surgery to remove the affected gland Hypoparathyroidism - Under-production of parathyroid hormone most commonly occurs after operations on the neck for disorders of the thyroid or larynx Cause Alcoholic binge SYMPTOMS Low blood calcium level Muscle spasm pins and needles in the face Fit TREATMENTS Calcium infusions Alfacalcidol Oral calcium supplements

adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often insufficient levels of aldosterone as well CAUSES Damaged adrenal glands Tuberculosis Other infections of the adrenal glands Spread of cancer to the adrenal glands Bleeding into the adrenal glands Diseased Pituitary Glands SYMPTOMS Muscle weakness and fatigue Weight loss and decreased appetite Darkening of your skin (hyperpigmentation) Low blood pressure, even fainting Salt craving Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) Nausea, diarrhea or vomiting Muscle or joint pains Irritability Depression Body hair loss or sexual dysfunction in women Treatments Oral corticosteroids Corticosteroid injections Androgen replacement therapy Cushing's Disease Occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time CAUSE Excess levels of the hormone cortisol in your body SYMPTOMS (COMMON) Weight gain and fatty tissue deposits, particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face (moon face), and between the shoulders (buffalo hump) Pink or purple stretch marks (striae) on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, breasts and arms Thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily Slow healing of cuts, insect bites and infections Acne (Women) Thicker or more visible body and facial hair (hirsutism) Irregular or absent menstrual periods (MEN) Decreased libido Decreased fertility Erectile dysfunction TREATMENTS Reducing corticosteroid use Surgery Radiation therapy Medications Pheochromocytoma A rare, usually noncancerous (benign) tumor that develops in the core of an adrenal gland CAUSE Unidentified

ADRENAL GLAND Addison's disease

pheochromocytomas begin in special cells called chromaffin cells SYMPTOMS High blood pressure Rapid heart rate Forceful heartbeat Profound sweating Abdominal pain Sudden-onset headaches usually severe of varying duration Anxiety Feeling of extreme fright Pale skin Weight loss Treatments Surgery Medication a. Alpha blockers b. Beta blockers c. Calcium channel blockers d. Metyrosine (Demser) Laparoscopic surgery TESTES Testicular Injury damage to a males testicle caused due to injury Causes Altercations Automobile accidents Animal bites Sports activities such as martial arts, wrestling, gymnastics and biking Occupational injury SYMPTOMS pain and discomfort

TESTICULAR CANCER Testicular cancer occurs in the testicles (testes), which are located inside the scrotum, a loose bag of skin underneath the penis. CAUSE - occurs when healthy cells in a testicle become altered - Cryptorchidism SYMPTOMS A lump or enlargement in either testicle A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum A dull ache in the abdomen or groin A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum Enlargement or tenderness of the breasts TREATMENT Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Epididymitis inflammation of the coiled tube (epididymis) at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm CAUSES Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) The heart medication amiodarone (Pacerone) Tuberculosis Urine in the epididymis SYMPTOMS A tender, swollen, red or warm scrotum Testicle pain and tenderness Painful urination or an urgent or frequent need to urinate Painful intercourse or ejaculation Chills and a fever A lump on the testicle Enlarged lymph nodes in the groin (inguinal nodes) Pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen or pelvic area Discharge from the penis Blood in the semen TREATMENT Antibiotics prescribed by your doctor Surgery (epididymectomy) HYPOGONADISM occurs when your sex glands produce little or no sex hormones CAUSES autoimmune disorders genetic disorders infection liver and kidney diseases hemochromatosis (when the body absorbs too much iron) radiation exposure surgery on the sex organs SYMPTOMS loss of body hair muscle loss breast growth reduced growth of penis and testicles erectile dysfunction osteoporosis

scrotum TREATMENT Bed rest Scrotal support Cold compresses for 20 minutes, 2-3 times a day Reduced activity Rinsing the wound Wound cleansing Removing foreign bodies in the wound or debris material Antibiotics Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication for pain Surgery to repair damaged tissue Tetanus immunization

 low sex drive infertility fatigue hot flashes difficulty concentrating TREATMENT Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT Injections of a gonadotropin OVARIES OVARIAN CANCER Type of cancer that begins in the ovaries. Women have two ovaries, one on each side of the uterus. CAUSE Cancer begins when healthy cells acquire a genetic mutation that turns normal cells into abnormal cells Symptoms Abdominal pressure, fullness, swelling or bloating Pelvic discomfort or pain Persistent indigestion, gas or nausea Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation Changes in bladder habits, including a frequent need to urinate Loss of appetite or quickly feeling full Increased abdominal girth or clothes fitting tighter around your waist A persistent lack of energy Low back pain TREATMENT Surgery Polycystic ovary syndrome enlarged and containing numerous small cysts located along the outer edge of each ovary (polycystic appearance) CAUSES Excess insulin Low-grade inflammation Heredity Abnormal fetal development SYMPTOMS Menstrual abnormality Excess androgen Polycystic ovaries Treatments Medication Surgery OVARIAN TORSION refers to the partial or complete rotation of the ovary often together with its fallopian tube on its ligamentous support resulting in a compromise to the venous or arterial blood supply to it CAUSES Pregnancy Ovarian cysts Ovarian cancer SYMPTOMS Sudden onset of extreme lower abdominal pain that radiates to the back, side and thigh Nausea Vomiting

Diarrhea Constipation can accompany the pain TREATMENT Surgery or Laparoscopic surgery OVARIAN CYST Fluid-filled sacs or pockets within or on the surface of an ovary CAUSES Start during the normal function of menstrual cycle Functional cysts i) Follicular cyst ii) Corpus luteum cyst SYMPTOMS Menstrual irregularities Pelvic pain Pelvic pain shortly before your period begins or just before it ends Pelvic pain during intercourse (dyspareunia) Pain during bowel movements or pressure on your bowels Nausea, vomiting or breast tenderness similar to that experienced during pregnancy Fullness or heaviness in your abdomen Pressure on your rectum or bladder Treatments Watchful waiting Birth control pills Surgery (hysterectomy) HYPOGONADISM Occurs when your sex glands produce little or no sex hormones CAUSES autoimmune disorders genetic disorders infection liver and kidney diseases hemochromatosis (when the body absorbs too much iron) radiation exposure surgery on the sex organs SYMPTOMS no menstruation slow or absent breast growth hot flashes loss of body hair low sex drive milky discharge from the breasts TREATMENT Estrogen theraphy injections of the hormone human choriogonadotropin (hCG) pills containing FSH