SMALL-SCALE SHRIMP HATCHERY PROJECT

1. INTRODUCTION The title small scale shrimp hatchery project is perhaps misleading. I dont think shrimp hatchery technology has developed to a point where small backyard or pond side hatcheries are practical. This is because live foods are still required and growing live foods to feed the small shrimp is an art in itself. Not being able to provide reliable supplies of live food is one of the major reasons so many attempts to operate shrimp hatcheries have been unsuccessful. Good foods for larval shrimp may be developed within the next few years and then we may see small scale hatcheries. For the present let us discuss small scale in terms of the size of the hatchery tanks and other components of the system. There are several reasons for selecting a system with smaller hatchery tanks. The most important is disease. Disease is becoming recognized as a major problem in shrimp hatcheries all over the world. It is much easier to prevent disease, and also to control it, in small tanks. Incoming water can be treated economically. Better water quality can be maintained. Chemotherapy is less costly. The smaller isolated units help prevent the spread of disease. Another benefit of small tanks is that management is easier. Cleaning and sterilization are relatively easy. It is easier to prevent the accumulation of harmful organic waste products by changing water. Since good management procedures are easier. Cleaning and sterilization are relatively easy. It is easier to prevent the accumulation of harmful organic waste products changing water. Since good management procedures are easier to follow, overall survival from egg to postlarvae is usually high. This brings us to another reason since overall survival is higher, the number of gravid females required is less. This reduces costs considerably, and is also important in areas where gravid females are scarce. Lastly, the cost of initial construction and of making changes in design is less when small tanks are built instead of large tanks. 2. MAIN FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN DESIGNING A SHRIMP HATCHERY 2.1 general considerations Salt water is very corrosive. the air in coastal areas where a shrimp hatchery would be built is usually corrosive due to its high content of salt. Consequently, when building a shrimp hatchery, great care has to be taken to use materials that will not corrode. Pastic, concrete and wood are good. Nails and screws should be of galvanized iron, aluminum or brass. If brass is in contact with water it should be covered with coating of epoxy or fiberglass.

In general, the fewer machines or moving part in a machine, the better. Incoming seawater should be pumped into an elevated storage tank. All flow of water from that point should be gravity. Air blowers have fewer moving parts than compressor and are more reliable. The water pump and air blower should have a replacement standing by for emergencies. There should be a stand by generator capable of supplying power for the water pump and air blower.

2.2 water circulation Proper water circulation in the culture tank is one of the most important considerations. Proper circulation prevents settling of alga cells, food particles, dead animals and feces on the bottom they form piles in which anaerobic decomposition occurs. This process produces harmful metabolites which can slow growth, cause death, or encourage the growth of disease and parasites. If the particles are kept suspended in the water in the presence of oxygen, decomposition is aerobic and the by products are not as harmful. Proper water circulation also keeps the feed, even artificial food, in suspension and evenly distributed within the tank. The organism being cultured is also kept evenly distributed, there is no gathering at one location in the tank where food might become depleted. In algal cultures good circulation insures that all cells are exposed to the light that is essential for their growth. Shrimp are very hardy to water movement and are not bothered by even violent water movement as long as they do not sustain physical damage by hitting against a solid object. So, in shrimp hatchery tanks, water movement can be vigorous without harming the larvae. Air lift pumps are the most trouble free method of moving water. They are more efficient than simple aeration and have no moving parts. Their initial cost is small and they need little or no maintenance. The hatchery system outlined in this paper demonstrates a few of the ways air lift pumps can be employed to provide water circulation. Many more applications can be found if one has the imagination to think of them. Just remember that as a general practice, it is almost always better to substitute an air lift pump for simple aeration with an air stone or other air sparging device. 2.3 water change A capability to change water is important in a shrimp hatchery.water change can be regarded as a general prophylaxis. It reduces the by-products of metabolism such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide,dilutes disease causing organisms, and gets rid of old food particles.

It is generally considered a good practice to replace one half of the volume of water in a hatchery tank every day.this need to change water creates problems because the larval shrimpare very small and are weak swimmers .screens with very small mesh sizes must beused.for instance, an opening 0f 0.18 mm is needed for panaeus eggs and 0.15 mm for metapenaeus eggs. The fine screens become stopped up very rapidly and as they becomes very strong and can trap the larval shrimp. If the pressure is too great the shrimp die. Water screens in the hatchery tank must have a large enough surface area so the water pressure on the screen is very low. This permits the larvae to swim off the screen. The screens must be removable so they can be cleaned easily. Smaller mesh screens must be replaced by larger mesh screens as the larvae grow in size. This is because the larger mesh screens allow larger sizes of feces and detritus to pass through them. It is important that replacement water be close to the same salinity and temperature as the water in the hatchery tank. For this reason, if temperature and/or salinity in the hatchery water supply varies considerably, a large storage tank is required to ensure that a good supply is available when needed. 2.4 Prevention and treatment of disease All sea water entering the hatchery should be treated to kill disease or parasitic organisms. Females with eggs should also be treated. Special tanks should be provided for this. All tanks used in the hatchery should be constructed so that they are easy to clean. Interior surfaces should be smooth and all cracks should be sealed. Waste water should not be discharged in a place where it could re-enter the water intake pipe.

3. PHYSICAL FACILITIES REQUIRED 3.1 water supply system a single pipe is all that is required for the seawater intake line. It can be treated weekly with sodium hypochlorite to kill fouling organism that would ordinarily grow in the pipe and cause reduced flow rates. A method of doing this is shown in figure 1. Sodium hypochlorite is added to the intake line while the water pump is running. When added through a very small plastic hose (air line hose) it will drip in slowly and maintain a lethal concentration for long enough to kill everything in the pipe. For a two-inchi (5 cm) intake line, four liters dripped in over a 15 minute period is sufficient. The treated water should be wasted. The small line through which the chemical is added must be clamped shut when not in use so air is not sucked into water line.

The intake pipe should be fitted with a screen to keep fish, jellyfish etc. from being sucked into the pipe and stopping the flow of water. The screen should be removable so it can be cleaned regularly. Two methods of installing water intake lines are illustrated in figures 1 and 2. If the pump is not self-priming, the water intake pipe should be fitted with a check valve. As these valves may not be available in all areas, a design for one that can be made with little trouble is illustrated in figure 3. The seawater should be passed through a high speed sand and crushed shell filter before it enters a storage tank. To be most effective, water should pass down through the filter bed evenly. This can be assured by making a water collection sump at the bottom of the filter (figure 4). The sand and crushed shell should be washed well before use. The seawater storage tank should be elevated so that the culture tanks can be filled from it by gravity flow. The water storage tank also serves as a place for chemical treatment of the incoming water to kill disease and parasites. For this reason the tank should have a scale marked on its side to show how much water it contains. The water is treated with 3 ppm chlorine by adding sodium hypochlorite (NaCL). Treatment is at the rate of 60 ml of 0.5 percent, or 30 ml of 10 percent, NaOCL per cubic meter of water in the tank. The treatment should last for at least 15 minutes, but preferably several hours. Before the seawater is used the chlorine is neutralized by adding sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) to the storage tank at a rate of 50 grams per cubic meter. Care must be taken to aerate the water well before use as the chemical reaction depletes the water of dissolved oxygen.

3.2 tank for holding broodstock A hatchery should have its own supply of broodstock to ensure a reliable stock of spawners. Unfortunately very little is known about the proper design for holding facilities. The main requirement appears to be maintenance of good water quality. This can be achieved by building a biological filter into the system or by changing water regularly. In my opinion, changing water is the preferable method. The holding facility should have smooth surfaces and be round in shape to prevent injury to the shrimp caused by bumping into corners or rough sides. One should be able to observe the shrimp without distrurbing them. The tank should be easy to clean and to remove excess food and feces. A tank which satisfies all the above criteria is shown in figure 5. The inside of the tank should be finished with a mortar facing to make the surface smooth. No sand or mud is placed on the bottom. Aeration with air lift pumps sets up a circular current which will cause the waste

materials to move to the center of the tank where they will be trapped in the sump. The air lift pumps are made of 4 cm (1.5 inches) PVC pipe with an elbow attached to the top to direct the water in the desired direction. The base of the pipe should be cut at a 45 degree angle to allow water to center. Air should be sparged through an air stone located near the base of the pipe. When water is drained the sump will be cleaned. One half to one third of the water in the tank is to be drained off and replaced daily. Tank diameter is not critical and smaller or larger size tanks can be used. A plastic swimming pool could be be used instead of concrete blocks, but it would be difficult to install the sump to collect waste materials. 3.3 tanks for spawning Shrimp should be spawned individually in separate tanks. If this is done the mass of organic matter the spawner extrudes with the eggs can be kept out of the hatchery tanks. Only good eggs or active nauplii are placed in the hatchery tanks and the number stocked in each tank can be estimated accurately. Tank used for spawning can be fairly small, but they should have a relatively large, flat bottom surface so the eggs can spread out. If the eggs become concentrated in piles the rate of hatching will be reduced. Aeration should be minimal so that water movement is slight and the eggs turn off the aeration and let all the eggs settle to the bottom. Next slowly siphon off the surface water leaving about 5or 6 cm of water In the tank. Then siphon the bottom, catching the eggs in a bucket. If the eggs are allowed to hatch, cover the tank except for a small portion. Healthy nauplii will swim to the lighted uncovered portion of the tank. The concentration of nauplii is then collected by siphoning them out of the tank. Those nauplii too weak to swim to the light are discarded. Nauplii can be stocked in the hatchery tanks at a rate of 250 to 300 per liter. 3.4 tanks for culturing algae or brachionus The spawning tanks can also be used to culture algae and brachionus. The type of tank and air lift pump shown in fig. 6 and 7 is essentially similar to one described by salser and mock, 1973. The air lift is removable so it can be cleaned. The air sparge pipe is made of 12 mm (1/2 inch) PVC with 1 mm air holes on 10 cm centers. The ends are capped. The dividers in the air lift keep the water from channeling up one side of the airlift. The tank is contructed of 19 mm (3/4 inch) plywood and the air of 6 mm (1/4 inch) plywood. The plywood should be coated with fiberglass.

3.5 tank for culturing larval shrimp This tank is essentially the same as the tank described in section 3.4, but the dimensions are different. It is deeper than it is wide. The airlift wall is in section, so sections can be removed if the tank is to be operated with lowered water levels. For this tank the air sparge pipe is 12 mm (1/2 inch) PVC with 1 mm air holes. The air holes in the middle 60 cm of the bottom of the tank is sloped slightly to aid in draining the tank. As the deeper water level in the tank exerts more pressure, braces are needed outside the tank for support. Tank should be elevated so they can be drained easily. One method of doing this is shown in figure 9. The sand provides a good base for the sloped bottom of the bank and helps support the sides of the tank. The top of the sand forms a walk that can be used when working in the tanks. 3.6 modified raceway for culturing postlarvae The larval culture tanks are designed to culture larvae at high density. Postlarvae should be removed from these tanks when they are two or three days old or mortality increases greatly. Excellent growth and survival of postlarval shrimp has been achieved in raceways by mock, et al.,1973. Raceways can be of almost any size when constructed of concrete or concrete blocks. A small raceways constructed of plywood is shown in figure 10. The walls are 90 cm high and the length is 2.4 meters (8 ft), width is 1.2 m (4 ft). the air lifts used in this raceway (figures 11 and 12) are similar tothose used in the tanks described earlier. The only difference is that the water is pushed in a different direction and current is directed along the floor tanks. The removable air lift pump is composed of three sections; an air lift wall panel, a centre dividing board and a discharge wall panel. The air lift panel is of the same design as that shown in figure 7. The two wall panels are hinged together so they can be spread a part for cleaning. The hinge rests on the centre divider and holds the side panels the correct distance from the tank bottom. To increase the velocity of discharge wall and a wedge is attached to the tank bottom. These are not essential, but will increase performance of the air lift. The air lift can be constructed of any suitable material, 6 mm (1/4 inch) plywood should be adequate. If cost is not a problem, PVC sheet can be used. The hinge pin to hold the two wall panels together can be made from short pieces of air hose with a piece of wood wedge in each end. The air lifts are hold in placeby wood cleats attached to the wall of the tank.

3.7 covering The hatchery units should be covered to protect against rain and sun. this does not necessarily mean an expensive roofed structure is required. Small roofs can be placed over each tank unit or even individual tanks. For individual tanks small removable covers can be used reduce expenses (figure 9). The cover should be elevated somewhat from the top of the tank so that air can pass under it to provide cooling. To protect against aquatic insects a small wood frame cover with mosquito mesh can be placed over a tank. 3.8 accessory equipment 3.8.1 harvest basin An inexpensive portable harvesting basin can be made from two plastic wash tubs (figure 13). One tub has holes cut in the walls. The holes are then covered with fine mesh nylon screen. In use, the tub with the screens is placed inside the other tub. Water from the hatchery tank is drained into the inner tub. The outer basin acts as an overflow tom maintain the water level in the inner tub at a level above the top of the screens. If the water is let in at the side of the tub, a circular current is formed that concentrates the small shrimp in the centre. These can be dipped out and placed in an acrated holding tank for counting. 3.8.2 screens To remove water from the hatchery tanks without losing or damaging the larvae, fine mesh screen are required. The screens must have a large surface area so that water pressure is reduced at the screen surface. A practical way to do this is with sock type screens (figure 14). The netting is sewn into a bag. The exterior of the bag must be smooth with no folds or crevices in which the shrimp could become trapped. The bag is fastened to a base plate with a piece of rubber inner tube. The base plate has a nipple which connects to a siphon hose. Plastic hoops or other material can be placed inside the bag to keep it spread out. During siphoning it is important that the entire bag be under water at all times. 3.8.3 examining dish At times it is necessary to collect larvae to determine what stage of development they are in or to examine them for disease. A suitable collector and examining container can be made from two plastic cups. The top 1.5 or 2 cm is cut off the cups. A piece of fine mesh nylon screen is placed over the bottom of one of the cups. This in then inserted in the second cup top which holds the screen in place. The outer cup top has two or three notches cut on the bottom side. Larvae can be collected by moving the plastic cup through the hatchery tank. Just as the collector is lifted out of the water the petri dish or other suitable container is

slipped under the screen. When they are lifted out of the water the petri dish maintains sufficient water in the collecting cup for the larvae. Larvae in a larger sample can be concentrated by pouring the sample directly into the cup and letting the water flow out of the cut notch and overflow the petri dish.

EXPERIENCES AND PROBLEM IN THE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT OF PENAEID SHRIMP HATCHERY IN THAILAND

1. INTRODUCTION The technology for the shrimp culture is already known in thailand since 1930. It has developed simultaneously through experiments by government marine fisheries station as well as trials by private pond owners. In spite of the talk about the bright potential, its production is still negligible and it is not yet a profitable business except in a few isolated cases. In order to make shrimp culture a profitable industry, there are a number of problems to be solved. Among them are seeds supply for shrimp farmers. In the past years, the shrimp seeds were obtained from the natural waters, but the amount obtained fluctuated and was unpredictable. The problem of seed-supply for shrimp farmer is now resolved by the department of fisheries, ministry of agriculture and cooperatives, which has established three shrimp hatchery unit at rayong, songkhla and phuket provinces in early 1970 to produce shrimp seeds for the shrimp farmers. In this fiscal year, october 1976 through october 1977, 6.722..800 fry of penaeus merguiensis and 6.300.000 seeds of P. Monodon were produced and distributed to local shrimp farmers. 2. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2.1 site selection Much of the success of a shrimp hatchery depends on the selection of suitable sites. The desirable location for a shrimp hatchery is in an area near sea. The availability of brood stock, the sea water quality and quantity and the nearness of transportation to shrimp farms are the major factors to be considered in the selection of sites for shrimp hatcheries. It would be advantageous, if sexually matured female shrimp could be obtained near the construction sites in sufficient amounts as required and the supply was constant. The hydrological condition of the selected area in relation to salinity, ph, and transparency should be studied. The following are the minimum technical requirements that must be satisfied for hatchery construction. 2.1.1 clean sea water having stabilized quality can be readily pumped at the construction site in large volume. 2.1.2 good quality of freshwater for daily life, laboratory work and miscellaneous work can be readily obtained at the construction site.

Sea water used for hatchery and rearing of shrimp should have an extremely small content of suspended matter such as muddy particles and sediment when visually inspected, and should preferably be clear enough to cause no clogging of a mullergaze no. 15 plankton net after filtering about 10 tons. It is more desirable if the sea water contains an adequate percentage of nutritive salts to accelerate the growth of diatoms. Sea water containing excessive nutrients which give rise to frequent red tide development, or is subject to organic contamination, or contains too much bacteria or protozoa should not be used, since it often causes mortality of shrimps in the early larval stage. 2.2 types and designs and characteristics of each 2.2.1 the breeding tanks The breeding tanks are optional in size, shape and material. The most dependable structure in efficiency, according to experience is a round concrete tank measuring 2 m in depth and having a holding capacity of 100 m3. The bottom of the tank is sloped at the rate of 3/100 in one direction. The water should be drainable to last cupful, if wanted. The drain pipe is made of plastic and equipped with a plastic valve. For the collection of the fry of larvae grown in the breeding tank, a collecting pool is built, attached to the tank. The collecting pool should be about 1 m in diameter and about 0.40 m deep and located at the end of the drain pipe from the tank. 2.2.2 The rearing tanks The size and shape of a rearing tank have no serious effects upon the results. Generally speaking, however, a greater number of postlarvae per unit volume of water tends to be produced in smaller than in large tansk. Tank materials should be non-toxic and opaque materials are preferable to prevent lateral light penetration, which may disturb the behavior of larvae. As breeding tanks end circural tanks are recommended, outdoor tank may be used with a roof of translucent materials for controlling temperature and light intensity in order to regulate the growth of diatoms and to prevent outbreaks of unwanted micro-organisms.

Proyek pembenihan udang skala kecil 1. Pendahuluan

judul Proyek pembenihan udang skala kecil mungkin menyesatkan. saya tidak pikir teknologi pembenihan udang telah membangun sampai batas dimana halaman belakang kecil atau kolam samping pembenihan dapat berguna. ini adalah karena memberi makan udang kecil mempunyai seni tersendiri. menyediakan makanan adalah salah satu alasan utama sangat banyak yang mencoba [berusaha] mengoperasikan pembenihan udang namun tidak berhasil. untuk saat ini mari kita diskusi skala kecil dalam kaitan dengan ukuran tangki [tank] pembenihan dan komponen [bagian] lain sistem. ada beberapa alasan untuk memilih sistem dengan lebih kecil pembenihan tangki [tank]. paling utama penyakit. penyakit sedang menjadi masalah utama di pembenihan udang seluruh penjuru dunia. ini banyak lebih mudah mencegah penyakit, dan juga ke kendali ini, di tangki [tank] kecil. air datangnya dapat perlakukan secara ekonomis. lebih baik air kualitas dapat dipelihara. chemotherapi kurang mahal sekali. lebih kecil mengasingkan satuan membantu mencegah menyebarkan penyakit. pertolongan lainnya tangki [tank] kecil pimpinan itu [bahwa] lebih mudah. pembersihan dan sterilisasi secara relatif mudah. ini lebih mudah mencegah pengumpulan.penimbunan produk sampah organik berbahaya dengan merubah air. sejak prosedur pimpinan baik lebih mudah. pembersihan dan sterilisasi secara relatif mudah. ini lebih mudah mencegah pengumpulan.penimbunan produk sampah organik berbahaya merubah air. sejak prosedur pimpinan baik lebih mudah ke ikut, kelangsungan hidup keseluruhan dari telur ke postlarvae biasanya tinggi. ini membawa kita [kami] ke lainnya alasan sejak kelangsungan hidup keseluruhan lebih tinggi, banyaknya gravid diperlukan betina kurang. ini mereduksi berharga sekali [sangat], dan juga penting di wilayah dimana gravid betina langka. akhirnya, ongkos bangunan awal [pertama] dan bagaimana membuat perubahan di

desain kurang bila tangki [tank] kecil mendirikan daripada tangki [tank] besar. 2. faktor utama mempertimbangkan bila rekayasa pembenihan udang 2.1 ganjaran umum