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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
Table of Contents
Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Details Page
Product Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Criteria for selection of Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Conductor details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Electric Field in MV cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 General characteristics of Insulating Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 General characteristics of Sheathing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Continuous Current Ratings and rating factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Short Circuit Current ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Cables Storage and Installation Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Testing of Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Insulation Resistance Test and significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Voltage drop utility and values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Earthing and Bonding methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 PVC vs XLPE cables Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Overhead Conductor Characteristics and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Conversion Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
0.6/1 kv, XLPE and PVC insulated, PVC and LSF Sheathed Cables to IEC 605021, BS 6346, BS 7889, BS 5467, BS 6724 and specific customer requirements with: a) b) c) d) e) f) Copper and Stranded Aluminium Conductors Single core and multicore cables Unarmoured cables Aluminium wire armoured single core cables Galvanized Steel Wire and Galvanized Steel Tape armoured multicore cables. Control cables with and without armour, with and without screen (copper tape/copper wire).
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
3.
Medium Voltage XLPE insulated cables to IEC 60502-2, BS 6622, BS 7835, BS 7870 and specific customer requirements up to and including 46 kV: Copper and Aluminium Conductors: a) b) c) d) e) Single core cables 25 mm2 to 1000 mm2 Three core cables 25 mm2 to 500 mm2 Single core and Three core un-armoured cables with copper tape/copper wire screen. Aluminium wire armoured single core cables. Galvanized Steel Wire and Galvanized Steel Tape armoured multicore cables.
We can offer cables with Optional Features such as: Watertight Conductors Bonded or Strippable Insulation Screen Copper Wire/Copper Tape Screen Cables with longitudinal water barriers at screen and armour level. Cables with Radial water barrier (PE Laminated Aluminium Tape). Cables with LLDPE, MDPE, HDPE, FRRT, FRLS Outer Sheath. 4) Overhead Conductors to IEC, BS, ASTM, DIN, VDE, AS Standards a) b) Bare and PVC/XLPE Insulated Hard Drawn Copper Conductors Bare and PVC/XLPE insulated all Aluminium conductors (AAC, AAC/PVC, AAC/XLPE). c) d) e) f) g) All Aluminium Alloy conductors (AAAC) Aluminium Conductors Steel Reinforced (ACSR) Aluminium Conductors Aluminium Clad Steel Reinforced (ACSR/AW). Aluminium Conductors Aluminium Alloy Reinforced (ACAR). Aluminium Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced (AACSR).
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
h) i) 5.
Galvanized Steel and Alumoweld Earth Wires. Aerial Bundle Cables (Duplex, Triplex, Quadruplex).
Special Cables a) b) c) d) Watertight Cables Fire Retardant Cables to IEC 60332-3-24, IEC 60332-3-23, IEC 60332-3-22. Cables with LLDPE, MDPE, HDPE, FRRT, FRLS Outer Sheath. Cable with Oil Resistant and/or Termite Resistant and/or FRRT and/or FRLS Outer Sheath. e) Instrumentation Cables.
6)
PVC Compounds for Insulation and Sheathing of Electric Cables. To name a few: Type A,T11, T13, Type 6, Type 9, Type ST2, FR, FRLS, FRRT, ATR etc.
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
5)
The short circuit current and its duration determines the size of conductor and thermal requirement of insulation.
6)
Voltage drop is also major factor in deciding the conductor size of the cable. Voltage drop of the cable for a given route length should not exceed the statutory requirements.
7)
The design of the cable for a particular application must be optimised taking into account all the above factors. In case expert guidance is desired, please contact OCI.
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
Class of Conductors:
Class 1: Class 2: Class 5: Class 6: Solid Conductor - used in cables for fixed installations. Started Conductor - used in cables for fixed installations. Flexible conductor - used in flexible cables and cords. Flexible Conductor - used in flexible cables and cords. Conductors are more flexible than Class 5 when more flexibility is required
Table Class 1 solid conductors for single core and multicore cables 1 Nominal cross sectional area m2 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 2 3 4
Maximum resistance of conductor at 20C Circular, annealed copper Aluminium and aluminium conductors alloy conductors, circular Plain Metal-Coated or shaped /km /km /km
36.0 24.5 18.1 12.1 7.41 4.61 3.08 1.83 1.15 0.727(b 0.524 0.387 0.193
(b (b
3.08(a 1.91(a 1.20(a 0.868(a 0.641 0.443 0.320(d 0.253(d 0.206(d 0.164(d 0.125(d 0.100(d
0.268(b
(b (b
0.153 0.101
0.124(b
(b (b (b
0.0775 0.0620
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
Table Class 1 solid conductors for single core and multicore cables
1 Nominal cross sectional area m2 400 500 630 800 1000 1200 a) b) c) 2 3 4
Maximum resistance of conductor at 20C Circular, annealed copper Aluminium and aluminium conductors alloy conductors, circular Plain Metal-Coated or shape /km /km /km
0.0465(b
Aluminium conductors 10 mm2 to 35 mm2 circular only. Solid copper conductors having nominal cross-sectional areas of 25mm2 and above are used for particular types of cable e.g., mineral insulated, and not for general purpose. For solid aluminium alloy conductors having the same nominal cross-sectional area as an aluminium conductor, the resistance value should be multiplied by 1.162 unless otherwise agreed between manufacturer and purchaser. For single core cables, four sectoral shaped conductors may be assembled into a single circular conductor. The maximum resistance to the assembled conductor should be 25% of that of the individual component conductors.
d)
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Maximum resistance of conductor at 20C Annealed copper conductor Plain wires Aluminium or aluminium alloy conductors Metal-coated Plain wires wires
Al
Cu
Al
Cu
Al
/km
/km
/km
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 19 19 19 37 37 37 37 61 61 61 91 91 91
7 7 7 7 19 19 19 37 37 37 37 61 61 61 91 91 91
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 12 15 18 18 30 34 34 53 53 53 53 53 b) b) b) b) b) b)
6 6 6 6 6 12 15 15 15 30 30 30 53 53 53 53 53
6 6 6 12 15 18 18 30 34 34 53 53 53
6 6 6 12 15 15 15 30 30 30 53 53 53
36.0 24.5 18.1 12.1 7.41 4.61 3.08 1.83 1.15 0.727 0.524 0.387 0.268 0.193 0.153 0.124 0.0991 0.0754 0.0601 0.0470 0.0366 0.0283 0.0221 0.0176 0.0151 0.0129 0.0113 0.0101 0.0090 0.0072
36.7 24.8 18.2 12.2 7.56 4.70 3.11 1.84 1.16 0.734 0.529 0.391 0.270 0.195 0.154 0.126 0.100 0.0762 0.0607 0.0475 0.0369 0.0286 0.0224 0.0177 0.0151 0.0129 0.0113 0.0101 0.0090 0.0072
3.08 1.91 1.20 0.868 0.641 0.443 0.320 0.253 0.206 0.164 0.125 0.100 0.0778 0.0605 0.0469 0.0367 0.0291 0.0247 0.0212 0.0186 0.0165 0.0149 0.0127
These sizes are non-preferred. Other non-preferred sizes are recognized for some specialized applications but are not within the scope of this standard The minimum number of wires for these sizes is not specified. These sizes may be constructed from 4, 5 or 6 equal segments (Milliken) For stranded aluminium alloy conductors having the same nominal cross-sectional area as an aluminium conductor the resistance value should be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
Class 5 flexible copper conductors for single core and multi-core cables
1 Nominal crosssectional area mm2 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.26 0.26 0.31 0.31 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.61 0.61 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.41 0.41 0.41 2 Maximum diameter of wires in conductor (mm) Class 5 Class 6 3 4
Maximum resistance of conductor at 20C Plain wires Metal-coated wires /km /km
39.0 26.0 19.5 13.3 7.98 4.95 3.30 1.91 1.21 0.780 0.554 0.386 0.272 0.206 0.161 0.129 0.106 0.0801 0.0641 0.0486 0.0384 0.0287
40.1 26.7 20.0 13.7 8.21 5.09 3.39 1.95 1.24 0.795 0.565 0.393 0.277 0.210 0.164 0.132 0.108 0.0817 0.0654 0.0495 0.0391 0.0292
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Field distribution within a high voltage XLPE cable Purpose of Semiconducting screens for such cables Conductor Screening:1. To provide uniform stress over the relatively rough stranded conductor surface. 2. To provide close bonding between the conductor and adjacent insulation so as to exclude any interspersed voids that may constitute sources of partial discharge. Insulation Screening 1. With the outer shield grounded, the electric field of the conductor attains radial symmetry and is confined to Insulation for safety consideration. 2. To distribute electrical stress uniformly along the periphery of the cable 3. Intimate contact between Insulation and semiconducting layer prevents partial discharge. 4. To prevent surface discharges and reduce electrical interferences Please see the difference between shape of Electric field of shielded (screened) cable and unshielded cable
Non-Shielded
Shielded
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PVC Good Excellent Good Good Good Good Good Good Poor Good Fair Excellent Good Poor Poor Poor
Polyethylene Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Fair Poor Exceptional Excellent (Slight swelling above 60C) Good Excellent (Slight swelling at higher temperatures) Good Excellent Excellent Good Good Poor
Days C N/mm2 % % % C Minutes N/cm2 % % C C % C C % Days C mg/cm2 C C Hours mg/cm2 C Hours % M.Ohm.Km Ohm.cm C Hours ppm % (S/mm)
7 1002 12.5 25 150 25 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A -152 -152 20 N/A 802 50 7 802 2.0 1502 702 240
7 1353 25 25 2003 15 20 175 15 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 852 336 (14 days) 1.0
7 1353 30 30 2003 15 20 100 25 -152 -152 30 -152 1102 50 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.002 (90C) 1011(20C) 252 24 250 to 300 <0.5 4.3 10 15
4 5 6 7 8
9 10
11
12 13 14
N/A 1303 N/A 1 N/A 4 0.037 (70C) 3.67 (90C) 1010(70C) 1012(90C) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
Unit
LSF
N/mm2 %
10 100
7 1002 12.5 25 150 25 -152 -152 20 -152 902 50 1502 7 1002 1.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
7 1002 10 40 100 40 -152 -152 30 -152 802 50 N/A N/A N/A N/A 24 702 10 5 7 702 30 30 <0.5 4.3 10
For Characteristics of PE Sheathing material, see Table in Page 20 For Special Characteristics of PVC Sheathing, see Table in Page 20
Property FR Oxygen Index (Min.) Temperature Index (Min) Smoke Density (Max.) Acid Gas Generation (Max.) Flammability Test* 30 250 IEC 60332-1 and IEC 60332-3-24
Material FRLS 30 250 60 20% IEC 60332-1 and IEC 60332-3-24 FRRT 30 250 17% IEC 60332-1 and IEC 60332-3-24
*Based on specific requests, we can provide compounds which can meet flammability requirements of IEC 60332-3-23 and IEC 60332-3-22
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
OCI can supply installing cables with special requirements for the following
Utility SEC-EOA
Voltage Rating 35 KV * * *
Requirement Swellable tape under and over metallic screen. Metal polyethylene laminate over metallic screen. Polyethylene or PVC Outer Sheath.
ARAMCO 10 kV to 35 kV
Optional Requirement: * Watertight Conductor with TR-XLPE Insulation * Semi-conducting water blocking swellable tapes under and over the metallic screen or concentric neutral. * Plastic coated laminated aluminium or copper tape under the outer jacket and firmly bonded to it. * * * Water swellable tape over copper tape screen Water Swellable tape over 3 core assembly Polyethylene bedding under Armour and PVC Outer Sheath
SABIC
5 to 35 kV
DEWA
11 and 33 kV
Single Core: * Watertight Conductor * Swellable tape in metallic screen region. * Metal polyethylene laminate in metallic screen region. * Polyethylene Outer Sheath. Multi Core: * Watertight Conductor * Swellable tape in metallic screen region. * Metal polyethylene laminate in metallic screen region. * Polyethylene Outer Sheath over steel wire armour Single Core: * Watertight Conductor * Water swellable tape over insulation screen * Non-conductive water swellable tape over copper screen * Copolymer Coated Laminated Tape * Polyethylene Outer Sheath 33 * * * * * kV Cables 3 Core Cables: Watertight conductor TR-XLPE insulation. Polyethylene inner sheath Polyethylene outer sheath over steel tape armour Armour: Galvanized steel + tinned copper wires. Conductivity of copper wires alone shall be at least 50% of any phase conductor at normal working temperature and shall not be less than 25% of the total number of armour wires. Armour to be embedded and covered by material suitable to prevent movement of water traversely.
FEWA
33 kV
ADWEA
33 kV
KAHRAMAA
0.6/1 kV
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
Utility KAHRAMAA
Voltage Rating 11 KV * * * *
Requirement Fillers of non-hygroscopic material to inhibit flow of water. Armour to be embedded in or overlaid by substance or material to inhibit flow of water. 3 Core 11 kV Cable without Metallic Screen over individual cores. Steel Wire armour over Semi-conductivity bedding. Swellable tape under and over insulation screen PVC outer sheath
KUWAIT
11 kV
SYRIA IRAQ
12 to 20 kV 11 to 33 kV
* *
Single Core: * Waterproof tape over metallic screen * PVC outer sheath Three core: * Extruded EPR fillers * Waterproof tape over bedding. * PVC outer sheath over steel tape armour Single Core * Swellable tapes over metallic screen * PE (ST7) outer sheath Single Core: * Longitudinally watertight at metallic screen * Radial Watertightness to be ensured by Outer sheath.
JORDAN
33 kV
TUNISIA
10 to 30 kV
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Size
Amp
Amp
Amp
Amp Armoured 112 134 158 194 232 264 296 335 387 435 492
Amp Unarmoured 142 170 204 253 304 351 398 455 531 606 696
Amp Armoured 143 172 205 253 307 352 397 453 529 599 683
Unarmoured Armoured Unarmoured 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 129 153 181 221 262 298 334 377 434 489 553 129 154 181 220 263 298 332 374 431 482 541 112 133 158 193 231 264 297 336 390 441 501
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100 119 140 171 203 232 260 294 340 384 438
100 119 140 171 204 232 259 293 338 380 432
87 103 122 150 179 205 231 262 305 346 398
87 104 123 150 180 206 231 262 304 343 393
110 132 158 196 236 273 309 355 415 475 552
111 133 159 196 238 274 309 354 415 472 545
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
0.6/1 kV - 1C & 2 Core Copper, XLPE insulated Armoured/Unarmoured Cables Thermal Resistivity of Soil: 1.5 K.m/W Ground temperature: 20C Depth of laying: 0.8 m Ambient Air temperature: 30C
Area Single core Trefoil mm2 Unarmoured 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 800 1000 27 37 48 60 82 112 151 178 214 273 338 396 456 529 632 731 852 986 1139 1293 1443 Armoured 27 37 48 60 82 112 151 178 222 283 348 403 464 533 628 715 817 924 1041 1131 1227 Unarm 27 37 48 62 82 119 150 185 226 286 353 412 471 546 651 752 875 Armoured 30 39 53 67 91 121 157 194 234 294 363 420 479 553 653 744 856 In Air Two Core In Ground Single core Two core Trefoil Armoured 28 38 50 63 83 109 141 166 198 241 288 327 365 411 473 528 573 635 698 737 782 Armoured 34 43 57 71 95 123 160 190 224 272 326 371 416 469 541 607 670 In Duct Single core Trefoil Armoured 27 37 48 61 82 106 140 159 200 241 283 317 343 375 419 458 486 527 569 593 623 Two core Armoured 29 38 49 62 82 106 135 162 193 237 286 322 362 411 476 535 604
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
0.6/1 kV - 1C & 2 Core Aluminium, XLPE insulated Armoured/Unarmoured Cables Thermal Resistivity of Soil: 1.5 K.m/W Ground temperature: 20C Depth of laying: 0.8 m Ambient Air temperature: 30C
Area Single core Trefoil mm2 Unarmoured 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 800 1000 21 29 37 48 64 88 115 144 158 203 251 292 337 393 469 544 596 658 747 844 948 Armoured 21 29 37 48 64 88 115 144 166 212 260 301 348 400 474 543 596 658 747 844 948 Unarm 22 29 37 48 64 89 111 136 165 210 259 288 329 377 445 500 575 Armoured 22 29 37 48 64 91 117 143 173 218 268 288 329 377 445 500 575 In Air Two Core In Ground Single core Two core Trefoil Armoured 22 31 40 50 65 85 110 128 152 185 220 251 280 317 367 403 412 438 497 562 631 Armoured 23 32 41 51 70 95 121 143 170 206 247 268 306 351 408 453 488 In Duct Single core Trefoil Armoured 22 31 38 47 65 83 107 128 154 187 221 249 273 300 340 375 351 376 427 483 542 Two core Armoured 21 27 35 44 58 81 102 123 146 180 216 243 269 308 352 391 442
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
0.6/1 kV - 3 and 4 Core Copper and Aluminium XLPE insulated cables Thermal Resistivity of Soil: 1.5 K.m/W Ground temperature: 20C Depth of laying: 0.8 m Ambient Air temperature: 30C
Area mm2 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 Unarmoured Copper 23 33 41 53 71 103 129 158 193 246 303 354 406 469 559 645 749 Aluminium 18 25 32 41 55 78 97 119 145 184 228 266 304 353 420 487 514 In Air Armoured Copper 25 34 45 57 79 103 134 165 201 252 311 361 413 475 561 639 735 Aluminium 18 25 32 41 55 78 102 124 151 190 234 272 311 360 426 488 514 28 37 49 60 81 104 133 158 188 228 273 311 348 392 453 507 560 In Ground Armoured Copper Aluminium 21 27 36 45 59 80 102 120 143 174 209 238 266 302 350 395 425 24 32 41 52 69 89 113 136 162 199 240 271 305 345 399 448 515 In Duct Armoured Copper Aluminium 18 23 29 38 50 68 87 103 123 152 183 208 234 266 309 349 372
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
0.6/1 kV - 1C & 2 Core Copper, PVC insulated cables Thermal Resistivity of Soil: 1.5 K.m/W Ground temperature: 20C Depth of laying: 0.8 m Ambient Air temperature: 30C
Area Single core Trefoil mm2 Unarmoured 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 800 1000 23 31 40 51 69 94 127 150 173 219 273 318 365 423 505 583 679 782 900 1018 1134 Armoured 23 31 40 51 69 94 127 150 181 228 280 326 371 425 500 571 649 729 817 881 949 Unarm 23 31 40 52 68 91 122 149 182 229 284 330 378 436 519 598 695 Armoured 23 31 41 53 72 96 128 156 189 237 293 338 384 445 525 598 685 In Air Two Core In Ground Single core Two core Trefoil Armoured 25 33 43 55 72 95 123 144 170 206 246 280 312 351 403 450 488 536 586 614 648 Armoured 28 36 48 59 79 102 135 161 191 232 279 316 354 401 462 517 569 In Duct Single core Trefoil Armoured 23 32 42 53 71 92 122 139 169 204 239 264 290 315 352 385 410 439 473 493 516 Two core Armoured 24 31 41 51 69 89 115 138 164 201 242 273 306 348 402 451 508
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OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
0.6/1 kV - 1C & 2 Core Aluminium, PVC insulated cables Thermal Resistivity of Soil: 1.5 K.m/W Ground temperature: 20C Depth of laying: 0.8 m Ambient Air temperature: 30C
Area Single core Trefoil mm2 Unarmoured 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 800 1000 74 97 121 129 164 202 236 271 315 376 436 500 552 627 709 796 Armoured 74 97 121 133 166 205 239 272 317 375 431 500 552 627 709 796 Unarm 70 90 110 134 169 209 242 276 316 374 420 483 Armoured 72 92 113 136 174 213 242 276 316 374 420 483 In Air Two Core In Ground Single core Two core Trefoil Armoured 74 96 111 129 156 188 213 239 271 313 352 359 381 432 489 549 Armoured 78 101 120 142 175 210 233 266 305 355 394 425 In Duct Single core Trefoil Armoured 72 93 111 133 163 192 216 240 262 298 329 305 327 371 420 472 Two core Armoured 68 86 103 122 152 182 212 234 267 306 340 384
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0.6/1 kV - 3C and 4 Core Copper and Aluminium PVC insulated cables Thermal Resistivity of Soil: 1.5 K.m/W Ground temperature: 20C Depth of laying: 0.8 m Ambient Air temperature: 30C
Area mm
2
In Air Unarmoured Copper Aluminium 15 21 26 35 46 59 78 96 117 149 183 212 243 281 336 387 431 20 28 35 45 59 79 103 128 156 197 243 284 324 374 446 512 593 Armoured Copper 20 26 36 45 62 82 109 133 162 205 252 291 334 383 451 514 589 Aluminium 15 21 26 35 46 61 80 98 120 151 188 218 248 288 344 396 431
In Ground Armoured Copper 23 30 41 51 67 87 113 135 159 195 234 266 298 336 388 434 477 Aluminium 18 23 31 39 51 66 86 102 121 148 179 204 228 259 302 341 370 20 26 34 43 58 75 96 115 137 170 204 230 258 293 338 379 433
In Duct Armoured Copper Aluminium 16 20 26 33 43 56 72 87 104 129 156 176 197 225 264 299 323
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Table 1 Correction factors for ambient air temperatures other than 30C
Maximum conductor temperature C 90
Ambient air temperature C 20 1,08 25 1,04 35 0,96 40 0,91 45 0,87 50 0,82 55 0,76 60 0,71
Table 2 Correction factors for ambient ground temperatures other than 20C
Maximum conductor temperature C 90 Ground temperature C 10 1,07 15 1,04 25 0,96 30 0,93 35 0,89 40 0,85 45 0,80 50 0,76
Table 3 Correction factors for depth of laying Other than 0.8 m for direct buried cables
Single-core cables Depth of laying m 0,5 0,6 1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2 2,5 3 Nominal conductor size
185 mm
1,04 1,02 0,98 0,96 0,95 0,94 0,93 0,91 0,90
Three-core cables 1,04 1,03 0,98 0,96 0,95 0,94 0,93 0,91 0,90
>185 mm2 1,06 1,04 0,97 0,95 0,93 0,91 0,90 0,88 0,86
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Table 4 Correction factors for depths of laying other than 0.8 m for cables in ducts
Single-core cables Depth of laying m 0,5 0,6 1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2 2,5 3 Nominal conductor size
185 mm
1,04 1,02 0,98 0,96 0,95 0,94 0,93 0,91 0,90
Three-core cables 1,03 1,02 0,99 0,97 0,96 0,95 0,94 0,93 0,92
>185 mm2 1,05 1,03 0,97 0,95 0,93 0,92 0,91 0,89 0,88
Table 5 Correction factors for soil thermal resistivities other than 1,5 K.m/W for direct buried single-core cables
Nominal area of conductor mm2 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 Values of soil thermal resistivity K.m/W 0,7 1,29 1,30 1,30 1,32 1,33 1,34 1,34 1,35 1,35 1,36 1,36 1,37 0,8 1,24 1,25 1,25 1,26 1,27 1,28 1,28 1,28 1,29 1,29 1,30 1,30 0,9 1,19 1,20 1,21 1,21 1,22 1,22 1,22 1,23 1,23 1,23 1,24 1,24 1 1,15 1,16 1,16 1,16 1,17 1,18 1,18 1,18 1,18 1,18 1,19 1,19 2 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,88 2.5 0,82 0,81 0,81 0,81 0,81 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,79 3 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,73 0,73 0,73
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Table 6 Correction factors for soil thermal resistivities other than 1,5 K.m/W single-core cables in buried ducts
Nominal area of conductor mm2 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 Values of soil thermal resistivity K.m/W 0,7 1,20 1,21 1,21 1,21 1,22 1,23 1,23 1,24 1,24 1,25 1,25 1,25 0,8 1,17 1,17 1,18 1,18 1,19 1,19 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,21 1,21 1,21 0,9 1,14 1,14 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,16 1,16 1,16 1,17 1,17 1,17 1,17 1 1,11 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,13 1,13 1,13 1,13 1,14 1,14 1,14 2 0,92 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,90 0,90 0,90 2.5 0,85 0,85 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,83 3 0,79 0,79 0,79 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,77 0,77 0,77
Table 7 Correction factors for soil thermal resistivities other than 1,5 K.m/W for direct buried three-core cables
Nominal area of conductor mm2 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 Values of soil thermal resistivity K.m/W 0,7 1,23 1,24 1,25 1,25 1,26 1,26 1,26 1,27 1,27 1,28 1,28 1,28 0,8 1,19 1,20 1,21 1,21 1,21 1,22 1,22 1,22 1,23 1,23 1,23 1,23 0,9 1,16 1,16 1,17 1,17 1,18 1,18 1,18 1,18 1,18 1,19 1,19 1,19 1 1,13 1,13 1,13 1,14 1,14 1,14 1,14 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,15 2 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 2.5 0,84 0,84 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,82 0,82 3 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,77 0,77 0,77 0,77 0,77 0,77 0,77 0,77 0,76
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Table 8 Correction factors for soil thermal resistivities other than 1,5 K.m/W for three-core cables in ducts
Nominal area of conductor mm2 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 Values of soil thermal resistivity K.m/W 0,7 1,12 1,14 1,14 1,14 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,16 1,16 1,16 1,17 1,17 0,8 1,11 1,12 1,12 1,12 1,13 1,13 1,13 1,13 1,14 1,14 1,14 1,14 0,9 1,09 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,11 1,11 1,11 1,11 1,11 1,12 1,12 1,12 1 1,08 1,08 1,08 1,08 1,09 1,09 1,09 1,09 1,09 1,10 1,10 1,10 2 0,94 0,94 0,94 0,94 0,94 0,94 0,93 0,93 0,93 0,93 0,93 0,92 2.5 0,89 0,89 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,87 0,87 0,87 0,86 3 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,82 0,82 0,81
Table 9 Correction factors for groups of three-core cables In horizontal formation laid direct in the ground
Number of cables in group 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Spacing between cable centres mm Touching 0,80 0,69 0,62 0,57 0,54 0,51 0,49 0,47 0,46 0,45 0,43 200 0,86 0,77 0,72 0,68 0,65 0,63 0,61 0,60 0,59 0,57 0,56 400 0,90 0,82 0,79 0,76 0,74 0,72 0,71 0,70 0,69 0,69 0,68 600 0,92 0,86 0,83 0,81 0,80 0,78 0,78 0,77 800 0,94 0,89 0,87 0,85 0,84 0,83
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Table 10 Correction factors for groups of three-phase circuits of single-core cables laid direct in the ground
Number of cables in group 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Spacing between group centres mm Touching 0,73 0,60 0,54 0,49 0,46 0,43 0,41 0,39 0,37 0,36 0,35 200 0,83 0,73 0,68 0,63 0,61 0,58 0,57 0,55 0,54 0,53 0,52 400 0,88 0,79 0,75 0,72 0,70 0,68 0,67 0,66 0,65 0,64 0,64 600 0,90 0,83 0,80 0,78 0,76 0,75 0,74 0,73 800 0.92 0,86 0,84 0,82 0,81 0,80
Table 11 Correction factors for groups of three-core cables In single way ducts in horizontal formation
Number of cables in group 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Spacing between duct centres mm Touching 0,85 0,75 0,69 0,65 0,62 0,59 0,57 0,55 0,54 0,52 0,51 200 0,88 0,80 0,75 0,72 0,69 0,67 0,65 0,64 0,63 0,62 0,61 400 0,92 0,85 0,82 0,79 0,77 0,76 0,75 0,74 0,73 0,73 0,72 600 0,94 0,88 0,86 0,84 0,83 0,82 0,81 0,80 800 0,95 0,91 0,89 0,87 0,87 0,86
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Table 12 Correction factors for groups of three-phase circuits of single-core cables in single-way ducts
Number of cables in group 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Spacing between duct group centres mm Touching 0,78 0,66 0,59 0,55 0,51 0,48 0,46 0,44 0,43 0,42 0,40 200 0,85 0,75 0,70 0,66 0,64 0,61 0,60 0,58 0,57 0,56 0,55 400 0,89 0,81 0,77 0,74 0,72 0,71 0,70 0,69 0,68 0,67 0,67 600 0,91 0,85 0,82 0,80 0,78 0,77 0,76 0,76 800 0,93 0,88 0,86 0,84 0,83 0,82
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Table 13 Reduction factors for groups of more than one multicore cable in air To be applied to the current-carrying capacity for one multi-core cable in free air
Method of Installation Touching Cables on perforated trays Spaced Number of trays 1 2 3 1 2 3 Touching 1 2 Cables on vertical perforated trays 1 2 1 2 Cables on ladder supports, cleats etc. Spaced 1 2 3 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,99 0,98 1,00 0,98 0,97 1,00 0,97 0,96 1,00 0,96 0,93 3 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,91 0,91 0,87 0,86 0,85 0,89 0,88 0,82 0,80 0,79 0,88 0,87 0,80 0,78 0,76 0,87 0,85 0,79 0,76 0,73 0,78 0,73 0,70 Number of cables 3 4 6 0,82 0,80 0,79 0,98 0,96 0,95 0,82 0,81 0,79 0,77 0,76 0,95 0,92 0,91 0,78 0,76 0,76 0,73 0,71 0,91 0,87 0,85 0,73 0,71
Spaced Touching
NOTE 1: Values given are averages for the cable types and range of conductor sizes considered. The spread of values is generally less than 5%. NOTE 2: Factors apply to single layer groups of cables as shown above and do not apply when cables are installed in more than one layer touching each other. Values for such installations may be significantly lower and must be determined by an appropriate method. NOTE 3: Values are given for vertical spacing between trays of 300 mm and at least 20 mm between trays and wall. For closer spacing, the factors should be reduced. NOTE 4: Values are given for horizontal spacing between trays of 225 mm with trays mounted back to back. For closer spacing, the factors should be reduced.
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Table 14 Reduction factors for groups of more than one circuit of single-core cables (Note 2) To be applied to the current-carrying capacity for one circuit of single-core cables in free air
Method of Installation Number of trays 1 2 3 Number of three-phase Use as a circuits (Note 5) multiplier to 1 2 3 rating for 0,98 0,91 0,87 Three cables in horizontal 0,96 0,87 0,81 formation 0,95 0,85 0,78
1 2 3
Perforated trays (Note 3) Vertical Perforated trays (Note 4) Ladder supports. cleats, etc. (Note 3)
1 2 3 1 2 Spaced 1 2 3
NOTE 1: Values given are averages for the cable types and range of conductor sizes considered. The spread of values is generally less than 5%. NOTE 2: Factors are given for single layers of cables (or trefoil groups) as shown in the table and do not apply when cables are installed in more than one layer touching each other. Values for such installations may be significantly lower and should be determined by an appropriate method. NOTE 3: Values are given for vertical spacings between trays of 300 mm. For closer spacing, the factors should be reduced. NOTE 4: Values are given for horizontal spacing between trays of 225 mm with trays mounted back to back. For closer spacing, the factors should be reduced. NOTE 5: For circuits having more than one cable in parallel per phase, each three phase set of conductors should be considered as a circuit for the purpose of this table.
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Permissible short circuit Conductor temperature at the beginning of short circuit in C temperature in C 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Rated short-time current density in A/mm2 for a rated short-circuit duration of 1 second Copper Conductors Aluminium Conductors 250 250 143 94 149 98 154 102 159 105 165 109 170 113 176 116 181 120
10
Permissible short circuit Conductor temperature at the beginning of short circuit in C temperature in C 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Rated short-time current density in A/mm2 for a rated short-circuit duration of 1 second
300 mm
300 mm2
160 140
115 103
122 111
129 118
136 126
143 133
150 140
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Permissible Short Circuit current of XLPE insulated power cables (copper conductors)
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Permissible Short Circuit current of XLPE insulated power cables (Aluminum conductors)
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2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
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Guideline for permissible pulling force for laying of low voltage and medium voltage cables:
Means of pulling With pulling head attached to conductor With pulling stocking Type of Cables All types of Cables Unarmoured cable1) All Wire armoured Cables Formula P = . A P = . A P = K.D2 Factor = 50 N/mm2 (Copper Conductor) = 30 N/mm2 (Aluminium Conductor) = 50 N/mm2 (Copper Conductor) = 30 N/mm2 (Aluminium Conductor) K = 9 N/mm2
1) when laying 3 single core cables simultaneously with a common pulling stocking, the same maximum pulling force applies, whereas the pulling force for 3 laid-up single core cables is 3 times that of a single-core and for 3 non-laid-up single core cables is 2 times that of a single core.
P = Pull in Newtons A = total cross-sectional area in mm2 of all conductors (screen/concentric conductor not to be included) D = Overall diameter of cable = permissible tensile stress of conductor in N/mm2 K = empirically derived factor in N/mm2.
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D = overall diameter a 2D for single-core cables with circular stranded conductors installed in conduits, ducting or trunking. b 3D for single-core cables with circular stranded conductors installed in conduits, ducting or trunking.
XLPE and PVC insulated cables rated 0.6/1 kV and 1.9/3.3 kV:
Conductor Circular Copper Shaped Copper Solid Alumiuium Construction Both Armoured and Unarmoured Both Armoured and Unarmoured Both Armoured and Unarmoured Minimum radius 6D 8D 8D
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2) DC Testing: As an alternative to a.c. test, a d.c. test as per IEC 60502-2 OR BS 6622 mentioned below may be applied for 15 minutes. These tests are intended for cables immediately after installation and not for cables that have been in service. The test voltage is to be applied between each conductor and the armour and/or screens after all terminating and jointing has been completed, but before connection to the system. Cable Voltage Designation D.C. Voltage as per IEC 60502 (4Uo) kV 14 24 35 48 72 D.C. Voltage as per BS 6622 kV 15 25 37 50 76
kV 3.5/6 kV (IEC), 3.8/6.6 kV (BS) 6/10 kV (IEC), 6.35/11 kV (BS) 8.7/15 kV (IEC), 8.7/15 kV (BS) 12/20 kV (IEC) 12.7/22 kV (BS) 18/30 kV (IEC), 19/33 kV (BS)
Note 1: A d.c. test may endanger the insulation system under test. Note 2: For installations which have been in use, lower voltages and/or shorter durations may be used. Values should be negotiated taking into account the age, environment, history of breakdowns and the purpose of carrying out the test.
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No.
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x Loge ( D ) d VR = Volume Resistivity of Insulation in ohm cm D = Outer dia over insulation (mm) d = Inner dia of insulation. (mm) L = Length of cable in cm. IR = Insulation Resistance in ohms.
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Calculated Minimum Insulation Resistance Values for 0.6/1 kV XLPE Insulated and PVC Insulated Cables:
Size mm2 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 PVC Insulated Cables (M.ohm-km) at 20C 10 9 8 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 XLPE Insulated Cables (M.ohm-km) at 20C 895 840 700 590 475 385 390 335 320 295 255 245 260 265 245 230 230 225 235
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Calculated Minimum Insulation Resistance Values for Medium Voltage XLPE Insulated Cables:
Minimum Insulation Resistance at 20C Size (mm2) 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 6 kV M.ohm-km 845 765 680 600 530 480 445 405 370 360 345 330 295 10 kV M.ohm-km 1060 970 870 770 685 625 580 530 470 430 385 350 310 15 kV M.ohm-km 1300 1185 1075 955 855 785 730 670 600 550 495 450 400 20 kV M.ohm-km 1365 1240 1110 995 910 855 785 705 650 590 535 480 30 kV M.ohm-km 1590 1435 1300 1205 1130 1045 945 875 795 725 655
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What is voltage drop? A voltage drop in an electrical circuit normally occurs when current is passed through the wire. The greater the resistance of the circuit, the higher the voltage drop. How much voltage drop is acceptable? The National Electrical Code states that a voltage drop of 4% at the furthest receptacle in a branch wiring circuit is acceptable for normal efficiency. In a 120 volt 15 ampere circuit, this means that there should be no more than a 4.8 volt drop (115.2 volts) What causes excess voltage drop in a branch circuit? The cause is usually: 1. High resistance connections at wiring junctions or outlet terminals, usually caused by: poor splices anywhere in the circuit loose or intermittent connections anywhere in the circuit corroded connections anywhere in the circuit Inadequate seating of wire in the slot connection on backwired pushin-type receptacles and switches. 2. The wire does not meet code standards (not heavy enough gauge for the length of the run). What are the consequences of excess voltage drop in a circuit? Excess voltage drop can cause the following conditions: 1. Low voltage to the equipment being powered, causing improper, erratic, or no operation and damage to the equipment. 2. Poor efficiency and wasted energy. 3. Heating at a high resistance connection/splice may result in a fire at high ampere loads. At what % of voltage drop, does a circuit become hazardous? That would depend on how much current is flowing through the high resistance connector; resistance of connector, and the following factors:1. Is the high resistance connection in contact with a combustible material? 2. Is there air flow to dissipate the heat? 3. Is the area around the connection insulated, so that heat cannot escape.
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Voltage Drop
The size of every bare conductor or cable conductor should be such that the drop in voltage from consumers terminals to any point in the installation does not exceed 4% of the declared or nominal voltage when the conductors are carrying full load, but disregarding the starting conditions. This requirement shall not apply to wiring fed from extra low voltage secondary of a transformer. The approximate voltage drop in average circuits such as lighting and domestic heating loads for XLPE insulated cables is:
Conductor crosssectional area mm2 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 800 1000
Permissible Voltage Drop (Vp) (Single Core Cables) mV/A/m 4.05 2.55 1.618 1.173 0.874 0.616 0.456 0.373 0.316 0.267 0.223 0.197 0.179 0.165 0.162 0.15 0.144
Permissible Voltage Drop (Vp) (Two Core Cables) mV/A/m 30.86 18.9 11.76 7.86 4.67 2.94 1.86 1.348 1.0 0.702 0.516 0.418 0.351 0.295 0.244
Permissible Voltage Drop (Vp) (3 & 4 Core Cables) mV/A/m 26.72 16.36 10.18 6.804 4.04 2.54 1.612 1.166 0.866 0.607 0.446 0.362 0.304 0.255 0.211 0.185 0.165 0.151 0.142
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Suppose a 300 meters 3 core XLPE insulated cable is to carry 100 Amps and the supply voltage is 415 V then Vcal = 4 x 1000 x 415 = 0.553 mV/A/m. Therefore a cable size whose voltage 100 x 300 x 100 drop is less than 0.553 is to be selected. Hence, for the case above , cable size 95 mm2 may be selected.
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Induced Voltage Distribution Most safe but due to circulating current ampacity reduces
Induced Voltage Distribution More ampacity. Surge arrester required at open end. Induced voltage is proportional to length of cable and so limitations on circuit length.
Cross Bonding
Induced Voltage Distribution Most popular system of earthing for long circuits. Ampacity is like single point bonded system but costly installations due to requirement of more number of Surge limiters, each at crossing.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
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Note: Any conductor cross-section smaller than those given in this table is not recommended Nominal thickness of XLPE Insulation as per IEC 60502-1 Nominal cross-sectional area of conductor mm2 1,5 4 10 25 and 2,5 and 6 and 16 and 35 50 70 and 95 120 150 185 240 300 400 500 630 800 1000 Nominal thickness of insulation at rated voltage Uo/U (Um) 0,6/1 (1,2) kV mm 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 1,8/3 (3,6) kv mm 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8
NOTE: Any conductor cross-section smaller than those given in this table is not recommended 58
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Note: Any smaller conductor cross-section than those given in this table is not recommended. However, if a smaller cross-section is needed, either the diameter of the conductor shall be increased by a conductor screen, or the insulation thickness shall be increased in order to limit, at the values calculated with the smallest conductor size given in this table, the maximum electrical stresses applied to the insulation under test voltage.
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BS 6500 Cable Type Two Core Three Core Four Core Old Core Colour Blue, Brown Green-Yellow, Blue, Brown Green-Yellow, Black, Blue, Brown New Core Colour No Change No Change Green-Yellow, Brown, Black, Grey or Green-Yellow, Blue, Brown, Black Green and Yellow, Blue, Brown, Black, Grey
Five Core
BS 6346, BS 5467, BS 6724 Cable Type Single Core Two Core Three Core Four Core Five Core Old Core Colour Red or Black Red, Black Red, Yellow, Blue Red, Yellow, Blue, Black Red, Yellow, Blue, Black, Green/Yellow New Core Colour Brown or Blue Brown, Blue Brown, Black, Grey Blue, Brown, Black, Grey Green/Yellow, Blue, Brown Black, Grey
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Overhead conductors are manufactured in a variety of sizes and strandings and several different materials. This range of choices enables selection of specific line conductors with characteristics such as conductance, diameter, strength, weight & coefficient of thermal expansion, stress strain, creep & thermal less of strength characteristics. Proper conductor selection takes into account the interaction of these characteristics with requirements of lines its voltage, capacity, load factor etc. These material are compared in the table given below: Material Conductivity Temperature co-efficient for Resistance Co-efficient of linear expansion per C Ultimate tensile strength Modulus of elasticity Typical applications %IACS OHM-MM2/KM 10-6 Mpa Gpa AAC 61 0.00403 23 160-200 70 AAAC 53 0.0036 23 295 70 ACSR 20 0.0051 12.96 1100-1344 162 Copper 97 0.00331 17 414 125
Short ACSR Low sag and Maximum Span replacement high tensile current with for strength capacity maximum corrosive Severe current atmosphere loading capacity conditions
For Current ratings, size and dimensions, please refer to our catalogue. We also provide covered conductors. Covered conductors with insulation are good for environments carrying pollution and can withstand contact with conducting materials.
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Excess operating temperatures The cables are designed for a maximum operating temperature with limited overload periods as defined in the relevant Standard. Changes in the environment, depth of cover, adjacent services and micro biological effects in the soil, can increase operating temperatures and thus reduce cable life time. The circuit protection system also needs to ensure adequate protection from excess current loading. The nature of frequency of all such occurrences should be monitored and recorded. To protect the investment and ensure the life of the cable, continuous monitoring of all key circuits is required. Adverse environmental conditions Environmental conditions can adversely affect the conditions for the cable. Microbiological effects from fungus and bacteria can induce increases in soil temperature thus affecting the temperature of the cable and causing unseen overloads. Increases in the thermal conductivity of the soil must be monitored and recorded. Poor installation practices The lifetime of cables is dependent on the cable being installed correctly. Poor supervision/management and adverse installation conditions may cause the cable to be damaged, over tensioned, twisted, bendings radii exceeded, excessive sidewall pressure induced, over compaction of backfill and other life threatening factors. Compatibility of design for cable and accessories Poor co-ordination of designs will result in incorrect/incompatible accessories, fixing methods, stresses induced by mechanical vibration, thermal movement and lack of compensation for seismic conditions. It is essential that correct methods of fixing and environmental assessment be undertaken to ensure the materials are not subjected to unforseen or unexpected stresses in service.
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Conversion Tables
To Convert: Multiply by: Mils to millimetres (1,000 mils=one inch).......................................................................................0.0254 Inches to centimetres ...............................................................................................................................2.540 Centimetres to inches ............................................................................................................................0.3937 Feet to metres ..........................................................................................................................................0.3048 Metres to feet .............................................................................................................................................3.281 Yards to metres........................................................................................................................................0.9144 Metres to yards........................................................................................................................................1.0936 Miles to kilometres..................................................................................................................................1.6093 Kilometres to miles .................................................................................................................................0.6214 Square inches to circular mils (circ. mils)..................................................................................1,273,240 Circular mils to square inches.....................................................................................................7854 x 106 Square inches to square millimetres .................................................................................................645.16 Square millimetres to square inches...............................................................................................0.00155 Circ. mils to mm2 ..........................................................................................................................0.00050671 mm2 to circ. mils...................................................................................................................................1973.52 Square yards to square metres ...........................................................................................................0.8361 Square metres to square yards..............................................................................................................1.196 Cubic inches to cubic centimetres.....................................................................................................16.387 Cubic centimetres to cubic inches.....................................................................................................0.0610 Cubic yards to cubic metres ................................................................................................................0.7645 Cubic metres to cubic yards...................................................................................................................1.308 Pounds (lbs) to kilogrammes................................................................................................................0.4536 Kilogrammes to pounds (lbs)..................................................................................................................2.205 Tons (2240 lbs) to kilogrammes......................................................................................................1016.02 Kilogrammes to tons (2240 lbs) ......................................................................................................0.00098 Ounces (avoirdupois) to grammes ........................................................................................................28.35 Grammes to ounces (avoirdupois)......................................................................................................0.0353 Gallons (imp) to litres................................................................................................................................4.546 Litres to gallons (imp)..................................................................................................................................0.22 Horse-power to foot pounds per minute .......................................................................................33000.0 Watts to foot pounds per minute .........................................................................................................44.24 Horse-power to kilowatts.........................................................................................................................0.746 Kilowatts to horse-power............................................................................................................................1.34 lb/1000 yd to lb/mile.................................................................................................................................1.76 lb/1000 yd to kg/km...................................................................................................................... 0.496053 kg/km to lb/1000 yd..........................................................................................................................2.01591 lb/inch2 to kg/mm2 .................................................................................................................. 0.00070307 kg/mm2 to lb/inch2 ............................................................................................................................ 1422.33 ohm/1000 yd to ohm/mile.......................................................................................................................1.76 ohm/1000 yd to ohm/km.................................................................................................................1.09361 ohm/km to ohm/1000 yd .................................................................................................................. 0.9144 Temperature: F to C . . . . . . . . . . . . Subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9 C to F . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiply by 9/5 and add 32 64
OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
Conversion Table
Metric 0.3048 metre 1 metre 0.836 13 sq. metre 1 sq. metre 6.45 16 sq. mm. 1 sq. mm 1 cub metre 0.0282 cub.m. 0.102 kgf. 1 kgf. 0.4536 kgf. 0.0703 kg/sq. cm 1 kg/sq cm. 1020 kg/sq cm 39.3 volt/mm 1 volt/mm 1.0936 ohm/km 1 ohm/km. 100 ohm-cm 1 ohm-cm 2.54 ohm-cm 1 cps (cycle per second) 1 cub metre 0.0282 cub.m. 1 Newton 9.80665 N 4.448 N 0.6894 N/sq. cm 9.80665 N/sq. cm. N/m2 39.3 volt/mm 1 volt/mm 1.0936 ohm/km 1 ohm/km 1 ohm-metre 1 x 102 ohm-metre 0.0254 ohm-metre 1 Hz (hertz) 0.836 13 sq. metre 1 sq. metre 6.45 16 sq. mm. 1 sq. mm. 0.3048 metre 1 metre Systeme, International d Units
Unit (S.I.)
Foot-Pounds
1. Length
2. Area
3. Volume
4. Force
5. Pressure
7. Resistance
8. Resistivity
OCI/PBTB/Rev-001/010909
9. Frequency
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