A National Level Students Technical Symposium Spark 2008 31st March 2008 K.D.

K College of Engineering Paper Presentation On

FORMATION OF WASTE VEGETABLE OIL AS DIESEL REPLACEMENT FUEL

Submitted By PRAVEENKUMAR DHAKATE VIIIth SEMESTER Mechanical Engg. Engg K.D.K.C.E K.D.K.C.E K.D.K.C.E SAURABH GUNARKAR VIIIth SEMESTER Mechanical Engg. ANIL BHAGAT VIIIth SEMESTER Mechanical

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING KARMAVEER DADASAHEB KANNAMWAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING NANDANVAN, NAGPUR-09

INDEX
CHAPTER Chapter 1. Chapter 2. ABSTRACT PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 2.1 Need of Bio-diesel 2.2 Objectives Chapter 3. Chapter 4. LITERATURE REVIEW METHDOLOGY 4.1 Oil Selection 4.2 Purification Of Oil 4.3 Determination Of FFA 4.4 Esterification Process 4.5 Seperation Of Biodiesel From Glycerol 4.6 Comparision Of Properties Of BioDiesel And Diesel REFERENCES TITLE

CHAPTER 1

ABSTRACT
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made by a chemical reaction of alcohol and vegetable or animal oil, fats, or greases with the help of refinery process called esterification, the reaction produces soap by removing the glycerin by product that is not good for your engine. Biodiesel can be used in any diesel engine in pure form or blended with petroleum diesel at any level. Generally we use blend of 20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel will significantly reduce carcinogenic emission and gases that may contribute to global warming by reducing the green house effect. Biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters) is a cleaner burning diesel replacement fuel made from natural, renewable sources such as new and used vegetable oils and animal fats. Just like petroleum diesel, biodiesel operates in compressionignition engines. Blends of up to 20% biodiesel (mixed with petroleum diesel fuels) can be used in nearly all diesel equipment and are compatible with most storage and distribution equipment. These low-level blends (20% and less) generally do not require any engine modification. Biodiesel offers safety benefits over petroleum diesel because it is much less combustible, with a flash point greater than 150C, compared to 77C for petroleum diesel. It is safe to handle, store, and transport. Biodiesel is a liquid which varies in color between golden and dark brown depending on the production feedstock. It is practically immiscible with water, has a high boiling point and low vapor pressure. CHAPTER 2

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
2.1 NEED OF BIO-DIESEL:-

Since source of energy is depleting day by day and the energy need is increasing and hence there is need for alternative fuel. Since man can control the production of biodiesel and its properties are much more better as compared to diesel. Hence biodiesel can be act as future fuel. Transportation facility of our country such as rails, trucks etc. work on diesel hence large amount of foreign currency is spent on import of diesel. 2.3 OBJECTIVES Utilization of waste oil Alternative source for diesel Cheaper Fuel Reduction in Pollutant Eco Friendly Decrease in Global Warming Higher Cetane Number CHAPTER 3

LITERATURE REVIEW
S.S. Dara[1] in his text book of engineering chemistry discuss that Transesterification of vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853 by scientist E.Duffy and J. Patrick many years before the first diesel engine become functional. Knothe, G. in their paper titled historical perspectives on vegetable oilbased diesel fuels.[2]. The concept of using vegetable oil as an engine fuel dates back to 1895 when Rudolf diesel (1858-1913) developed the first engine to runs on peanut oil,as he demonstrated at the world exhibition in Paris in 1900 .

According to United nations environment programme. [3] Today diesel engines require a clean burning, stable fuel operating under a variety of condition.

From http / www.cbseenergy.com.[4] the widespread use of fossil petroleum-derived Diesel fuels. G. Chavanne in his paper titled Procedure for the transformation of vegetable oils [5] was granted a patent vegetable oils as fuels of Diesel engine using methanol and ethanol in order to separate the fatty acids from the glycerol by replacing the glycerol by short linear alcohols

According to Minnesota regulation of bio-diesel content/www. wikipedia free encychopidia [6] Research into the use of transesterified sunflower oil, and refining it to diesel fuel standards, was initiated in South Africa in 1979.

SAE technical paper series number 831356 SAE international of highway meeting milwauke wiscosin.[7] discuss that Throughout the 1990s, plants were opened in many European countries, including the Czech Republic, Germany and Sweden. CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY
The waste vegetable oil can be converted into biodiesel in five easy way. 1. Oil selection 2. Purification of oil 3. Determination of FFA 4. Esterification process 5. Separation of bio-diesel from glycerol 6. Various properties of bio-diesel fuel.

7. Comparison of properties of bio-diesel and diesel

Fig 4.1 Bio Diesel Production Process

4.1 OIL SELECTION The oil selected are as follows: 1. Soyabean oil 4.2 PURIFICATION OF OIL Since waste vegetable oil (WVO) can not directly used as a fuel because it contains large amount of impurity. Therefore we have to go through some chemical processes to purify the oil and then only we can use WVO as an engine oil. [8] 4.3 DETERMINATION OF FFA After purification of oil the next process is determination of FFA that is free fatty acid. The FFA is determined and it is neutralize because its present in the oil will cause the problem of soap formation during esterification process. 2. Groundnut oil 3. Sunflower oil

4.4 ESTERIFICATION PROCESS

R1 , R2 , R3 : Alkyl group .[11]

REASON FOR ESTERIFICATION:In esterification process the oil is converted to methyl or ethyl ester. These methyl or ethyl ester are basically bio diesel. So also the viscosity of oil get reduced during this process. 4.5 SEPERATION OF BIODIESEL FROM GLYCEROL After esterification process is complete the solution contains methyl ester of respective oil with glycerol and alcohol. [12] 4.6 COMPARISION OF PROPERTIES OF BIO-DIESEL AND DIESEL[10] PROPERTIES DIESEL BIODIESEL

DENSITY KG/LT @ 15.5 C CALORIFIC VALUE MJ/LT VISCOSITY MM2/S CETANE NUMBER FLASH POINT C

0.84 38-30 4-5 45 80

.88 33-45 4-6 45-65 105-120

REFERENCES
1. S.S. Dara A Text book of Engineering Chemistry . Ninth Edition published by S. Chand 1997. pp .72-78,113-120 .
2

Knothe G. vegetable oil-based diesel fuels. Published on 1996 vol. 12(11), pp 1103-1107.

3 J. Dell United Nations Environment Programme proceeding eighth highway programmed of biodiesel, 1978, pp 1105-1116. 4 http://www.cbseenergy.com./wikipedia free encyclopedia . date of access 15-09-2007. 5. G. Chavanne of the university of brussels (belgium). Procedure for the transformation of vegetable oils. on august. 31, 1937.
6. http://www.energy.com/wikipedia free encyclopedia, Minnesota

Regulation of bio-diesel content. 7. Milwauke Wiscosin, SAE Technical Paper Series number 831356 SAE International of highway meeting". USA 1983. 8. Parker, A.J. et al Transport fuels from biomass. research opportunities symposium proceedings, march 1980. 9. Pullan, C. et al research priorities for Transport fuels from biomass and other sources for western Australia, energy advisory council of wa, perth, 1981