ME 2204

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FLUID MECHANICS and MACHINERY Quantity Mass Volume Area Velocity Acceleration Angular Velocity Tangential Velocity Angular Acceleration Frequency Discharge Formula M = pV V A

LIST OF FORMULAE
Expansion Units SI MKS CGS FPS

# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 1 1 1 1

Mass = Density * Volume based on the object based on the object

kg m3 m2 m/s
=

kg m3 m2 m/s m / s2

g cm3 cm2 cm / s
cm / s2

ml, cft, litres gallon square inch

Velocity =

ft / s ft / s2

a=
= =
u=

Acceleration = Angular Velocity =

m / s2 Radian / sec

in all the unit systems

For Rotational Motion; Tangential Velocity is the LINEAR velocity that may be experienced by a body if it is released from the Circumference of a Rotating body Units m / s or cm / s Angular Acceleration =

7 8 9

=
f or

Radian / sec2

in all the unit systems in all the systems

Frequency =
Discharge = = Area * Velocity

Hz HERTZ = per second m3 / s

Degree Celcius C KELVIN K

Q = AV

m3 / s

cm3 / s cft / s
Degree Fahrenheit F

10 11

Temperature Density Mass Density Specific Mass Weight Density Specific Weight Unit Weight

= ==
F = ma

Density = Specific Weight =

Force = Mass * Acceleration
Weight = Mass * Acceleration due to Gravity

kg / m3 N / m3
N = kg m / s2

kg / m3 kg(f) /m3
kg(f)

g / cc

lb / ft3

12

g(f) /m3 lb (f)/cft

g(f) lb ( f )

13 14 15

Force

Weight
Work Energy

W=mg

N or kN kg(f)
Joule J N-m

g(f)

lb ( f )

W = Fs

Work or ENERGY = Force * Displacement

kg(f)- m g(f)- m

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Quantity

Formula

Expansion

Units SI Pascal , Pa = N / m2 kPa = kN / m2 MPa = MN / m2 MPa = N / mm2 MKS kg(f) / m kg(f) / cm2
2

CGS

FPS psi = Pounds per square inch

16

Pressure
Stress

p=

Pressure =

g(f) / cm2

17 18

Same as that of Pressure Same as that of Pressure

Modulus of Elasticity

Viscosity
19

Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity

Viscosity =

kg(f) s/m2

Poise =

1 Ns/m2 = 10 Poise
20

Kinematic Viscosity

= P=Fu

Kinematic Viscosity =

m2 / s
Watt W

m2 / s

cm2 / s
( STOKE )

ft2 / s

21

Power

Power=
= Fu
Power for Rotational Motion

kW
Joules/s

kg(f) m / s g(f) m / s

Power for Linear Motion P

P=

where N speed of Rotation in rpm T - Torque = Force * Radius

and also Surface Tension

Power for Rotational Motion

P= T*

where = Angular velocity =

N/m ST for Liquid DROP

Surface Tension =

kg(f)/m

g(f)/m

22

Surface Tension for Liquid JET

23

=
Capillary rise / fall = h =

ST for BUBBLE

=
m cm

Capillarity

h=

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Quantity

Formula

Expansion

SI

Units MKS

CGS

FPS

24 25 26 27

Equation of State for gases Gas Constant Universal Gas Constant

pV = RT R = pV = nM RT

p * = RT
Gas Constant

Pressure * Specific Volume =

Gas Constant * Temperature

N Number of Moles in volume of a gas

M =

Compressibility =

K Bulk Modulus

28

Bulk Modulus

K=

29

Pressure

P = gh

Pressure and Volume are INVERSELY Proportional; that is Volume DECREASES when K Pressure INCREASES hence the -ve sign psi = Pounds Pa = Pascal per Pressure = Density * = square Acceleration due to gravity * inch Height/ Depth of Liquid MPa =

ksc =

30

Specific Gravity S or G

S= H=h=

S Pressure Head =

No unit S = m cm inches

31

Pressure HEAD Cd Coefficient of Discharge

32

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Quantity / Name

Formula Q = AV

Expansion Discharge = Area of Cross Section of Flow * Velocity of Flow

Units SI MKS

m3/s

m3/s

Continuity Equation

cm /s litre / sec

CGS 3

FPS

A V = Constant = Q A1V1 = A2V2 = .

Discharge Eulers Equation

m3/s

m3/s

cm3/s

litre / sec

2 2

+ vdv = 0 +
Pressure Head + Velocity Head +

= Constant + z2

Datum Head = Constant

Bernoullis Equation 4 For IDEAL Fluids IDEAL Flow

+ z1

Total of the 3 Energy HEADs at STARTING Point 1 TE 1 =

Total of the 3 Energy HEADs at STARTING Point 1

Total of the 3 Energy HEADs at END Point 2 TE2

IDEAL Flow / Fluid

for

2 Bernoullis Equation for REAL Fluids REAL Flow

Total of the 3 Energy HEADs at END Point 2

TE 1 TE2 TE 1 > TE2

as the flow moves forward, the TOTAL ENERGY Head decreases gradually To make the total equal on both sides, ADD the LOSSES at the END POINT as shown below

for

+ z1 =

+ z2 + HEAD LOSSES

REAL Flow / Fluid

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Quantity / Name MAJOR HEAD loss due to FRICTION

Formula DARCY WEISBACH Formula

Expansion

Units SI MKS CGS FPS

hf - HEAD loss due to FRICTION

f Coefficient of FRICTION l length of PIPE or Length of FLOW v Flow Velocity g Acceleration due to gravity d Pipe Diameter

Friction COEFFICIENT f value depends on the value of REYNOLDs Number Re

Friction Coefficient

if Re < 2,000 i.e if flow of LAMINAR ( Viscous)

- rho - Density ofthe Liquid flowing in the pipe V velocity of the flow D diameter of the pipe - dynamic viscosity of the liquid - nu kinematic viscosity of the liquid

0.079 (Re)1/4 6 MAJOR HEAD loss due to FRICTION

if Re > 4,000 and upto 106

CHEZYs Formula V = C (mi) = Hydraulic Gradient

i.e if the flow is TURBULENT

m HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH A WETTED Area of Pipe ( Area of Flow ) P WETTED Perimeter of Pipe ( Perimeter of Flow )

V velocity of flow C Chezys constant

7 7 7 7 7 7 7

MINOR Loss due to SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT MINOR Loss due to SUDDEN CONTARCTION MINOR Loss at INLET ( Entrance ) MINOR Loss at OUTLET ( EXIT ) MINOR Loss due to BEND MINOR Loss due to OBSTRUCTION MINOR Loss due to FITTINGS

he hc hi ho hb hobs hfit

2
where k = (

i)

K coefficient of bend depends on i) Angle of Bend ii) Radius of Curvature of Bend ii) Pipe Diameter
2

A Pipe Area A Obstruction area

K coefficient of Pipe Fitting

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# 8 8

Quantity / Name HGL TEL

Formula Hydraulic Gradient Line Total Energy Line

Expansion HGL = TEL =

2 2 2

+ z + z

Units SI MKS CGS FPS HGL is the line joining the VERTICAL Ordinates given by the SUM of PRESSURE Head + DATUM Head TEL is the line joining the VERTICAL Ordinates given by the SUM of PRESSURE Head + DATUM Head + KINETIC Head

Pipes in SERIES ( Compound Pipes )

Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = .
The EQUIVALENT Pipe DIAMETER for a given set of PIPES IN SERIES is This equation is also called

L Sum of the Lengths L1 L2 L3 L4 .. D Diameter of the EQUIVALENT Pipe which will have the same TOTAL head Loss as in the Pipes in SERIES d1, d2, d3, d4 diameters of the pipes in series

10

Pipes in PARALLEL

for Pipes in PARALLEL, HEAD Loss in EACH Pipe is the SAME

DUPUITs equation Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 +.
hf1 = hf2 P Power available at the OUTLET / END of the Pipe Q Discharge Condition for MAXIMUM Power Transmission

from f1 = f2

11 Power Transmission through PIPES

P=

H TOTAL HEAD available at the INLET of the Pipe hL = TOTAL HEAD LOSSES ( friction and all MINOR Losses )

Efficiency of Power Transmission

Maximum Possible Efficiency of Power Transmission through Pipes = 66.667 %

Letter Name

Sound value Ancient[4] Modern[5] [a] [a] [b] [a] [v] [] ~ [] [] [e]

Letter

Name

Sound value Ancient Modern [n] [ks] [o] [p] [r] [s] [t] [i] [f] [x] ~ [] [ps] [o]

alpha beta

gamma [] delta [d]

epsilon [e] zeta eta theta iota

[zd] (or [dz][6]) [z] [] [t] [i] [i] [i] [] [i] [k] ~ [c] [l] [m]

kappa [k] lambda [l] mu [m]

[n] nu [ks] xi omicron [o] [p] pi [r] rho [7] sigma [s] [t] tau upsilon [y] [y] phi [p] chi [k] [ps] psi omega []