Wardenclyffe Lab.

(19011917) - Tesla research

http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/wardenclyffe-lab-1901-1917/

Under construction.

The Wardenclyffe laboratory & the World Wireless System

Tesla's Wardenclyffe plant on Long Island in 1904. From this facility, Tesla hoped to demonstrate wireless transmission of electrical energy across the Atlantic.

Introduction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Tower ( -> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Tower) Wardenclyffe Tower (19011917) also known as the Tesla Tower, was an early wireless transmission tower designed by

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Nikola Tesla and intended for commercial trans-Atlantic wireless telephony, broadcasting, and proof-of-concept demonstrations of wireless power transmission. It was never fully operational, and the tower was demolished in 1917. The tower was named after James S. Warden, a western lawyer and banker who had purchased land for the endeavor in Shoreham, Long Island, about sixty miles from Manhattan. Here he built a resort community known as WardenclyffeOn-Sound. Warden believed that with the implementation of Tesla's "world system" a "Radio City" would arise in the area. He offered Tesla 200 acres (81 ha) of land close to a railway line on which to build his wireless telecommunications tower and laboratory facility.

http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_todre.html ( -> http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_todre.html) When Tesla returned from Colorado Springs to New York, he wrote a sensational article for Century Magazine ("The Problem of Increasing Human Energy ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/renewable-energy-sources/the-problem-of-increasing-humanenergy-with-special-reference-to-the-harnessing-of-the-sun-s-energy-by-nikola-tesla-century-illustrated-magazine-june-1900/) " - June 1900). In this detailed, futuristic vision he described a means of tapping the sun's energy with an antenna. He suggested that it would be possible to control the weather with electrical energy. He predicted machines that would make war an impossibility. And he proposed a global system of wireless communications. To most people the ideas were almost incomprehensible, but Tesla was a man who could not be underestimated. The article caught the attention of one of the world's most powerful men, J. P. Morgan. A frequent guest in Morgan's home, Tesla proposed a scheme that must have sounded like science fiction: a "world system" of wireless communications to relay telephone messages across the ocean; to broadcast news, music, stock market reports, private messages, secure military communications, and even pictures to any part of the world. "When wireless is fully applied the earth will be converted into a huge brain, capable of response in every one of its parts," Tesla told Morgan. Morgan offered Tesla $150,000 to build a transmission tower and power plant. A more realistic sum would have been $1,000,000, but Tesla took what was available and went to work immediately. In spite of what he told his investor, Tesla's actual plan was to make a large-scale demonstration of electrical power transmission without wires. This turned out to be a fatal mistake. For his new construction project, Tesla acquired land on the cliffs of Long Island Sound. The site was called Wardenclyffe. By 1901 the Wardenclyffe project was under construction, the most challenging task being the erection of an enormous tower, rising 187 feet in the air and supporting on its top a fifty-five-ton sphere made of steel. Beneath the tower, a well-like shaft plunged 120 feet into the ground. Sixteen iron pipes were driven three hundred feet deeper so that currents could pass through them and seize hold of the earth. "In this system that I have invented," Tesla explained, "it is necessary for the machine to get a grip of the earth, otherwise it cannot shake the earth. It has to have a grip... so that the whole of this globe can quiver."

As the tower construction slowly increased, it became evident that more funds were sorely needed. But Morgan was not quick to respond. Then on December 12, 1901, the world awoke to the news that Marconi had signaled the letter "S" across the

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Atlantic from Cornwall, England to Newfoundland. Tesla, unruffled by the accomplishment, explained that the Italian used 17 Tesla patents to accomplish the transmission. But Morgan began to doubt Tesla. Marconi's system not only worked, it was also inexpensive. Tesla pleaded with Morgan for more financial support, but the investor soundly refused. To make matters worse, the stock market crashed and prices for the tower's materials doubled. High prices combined with Tesla's inability to find enough willing investors eventually led to the demise of the project. In 1905, after some amazing electrical displays, Tesla and his team had to abandon the project forever. The newspapers called it, "Tesla's million dollar folly." Humiliated and defeated, Tesla experienced a complete nervous breakdown. "It is not a dream," he protested. "It is a simple feat of scientific electrical engineering, only expensive... blind, faint-hearted, doubting world."

Political cartoon of J.Pierpont Morgan.

http://www.marcseifer.com/otherstuff/Tesla_Electrica_Savant.pdf ( -> http://www.marcseifer.com/otherstuff /Tesla_Electrica_Savant.pdf) The article from Electrical World & Engineer in 1904 was written specifically to explain to Morgan the inventors vast plan. Note how Tesla, in a sense, foresees what became the internet: "World Telegraphy System... involve[s] the employment of a number of plants each of [which] will be preferably located near some important center of civilization, and the news it receives through any channel will be flashed to all points of the globe. A cheap and simple [pocket-sized] device may then be set up on land or sea, and it will record the worlds news or such special message as may be intended for it". "Thus the entire earth will be converted into a huge brain, as it were, capable of response in every one of its parts. Such a single plant... can operated hundreds of millions of instruments, the system will have a virtually infinite working capacity". Even today, Teslas understanding of the potential for world advancement and even world peace through mass communication

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remains profound. A stock market crash, and a series of arguments with Morgan which culminated in 1906, destroyed all chances for the tower to be completed, and it was eventually torn down in 1917, the salvage used as partial payment to the Waldorf Astoria for back rent owed.

Nikola Tesla, 1919: The tower was destroyed two years ago but my projects are being developed and another one, improved in some features, will be constructed. My project was retarded by laws of nature. The world was not prepared for it. It was too far ahead of time, but the same laws will prevail in the end and make it a triumphal success.

http://www.marcseifer.com/otherstuff/Tesla_Electrica_Savant.pdf ( -> http://www.marcseifer.com/otherstuff /Tesla_Electrica_Savant.pdf) Morgan had given the inventor $150,000 to complete the 90 - foot tower and laboratory. But just as Morgan sailed for Europe for his yearly extended stay, Tesla learned that Marconi was pirating his apparatus. Thus, unbeknownst to his benefactor, Tesla decided to double the size of the tower. His thinking was that by doubling the size, not only could he send messages to Europe, but now, he could reach the whole world as well. Thus, when completed, instead of the revenues being doubled, because the costs had doubled, they would increase in geometric proportions as everybody on the planet would be tuned into his system. Marconis success in transmitting a Morse coded signal across the Atlantic in 1901 captured the imagination of the world, and hurt Teslas credibility with Morgan. Where Tesla was envisioning the transmission of voice, pictures and power and the creation of an unlimited number of wireless channels, equivalent to todays cell phone technology he achieved this by using multiple frequencies Marconi could only send pulsed signals on only a very small number of channels and admittedly had no understanding of selective tuning. There was no comparison between the two inventions whatever from a technical point of view, but Teslas ideas were so futuristic, that Morgan simply couldnt comprehend them. Stop and think for a moment yourself how our cell phones transmit voice and pictures through the air. Unless you really study the mechanism involved, it does indeed seem like magic. In a series of articles, and in numerous letters, Tesla pleaded with Morgan to give him the funds to complete the plant.

http://www.worldwideinvention.com/articles/details/474/Nikola-Tesla-History-of-Technology-The-famous-InventorsWorldwide.html ( -> http://www.worldwideinvention.com/articles/details/474/Nikola-Tesla-History-of-TechnologyThe-famous-Inventors-Worldwide.html) Unfortunately for Tesla, he grossly overestimated his ability to build his installation on what little money he could raise. When he went back to Morgan for more, he had the bad judgment to reveal to Morgan the true purpose of his World System and added to his lack of foresight by explaining to the great financier that his system would turn the world into one gigantic brain of godlike intelligence. Needless to say, Morgan did not fork over any more gelt and in 1905 Wardenclyffe was sold off to pay Tesla's $20,000 in hotel bills at the Waldorf Astoria. Tesla never abandoned his dreams of revolutionising the world with his system, but investors were becoming much more wary of him and nothing came of it.

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http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_Tesla%27s_response_to_Marconi%27s_radio ( -> http://wiki.answers.com /Q/What_was_Tesla%27s_response_to_Marconi%27s_radio) As early as 1892, Nikola Tesla created a basic design for radio. He knew Marconi used some 17 patents to make his radio but Tesla radio was a longer range compared to Marconis. Most of us, think of Guglielmo Marconi as the father of radio, and Tesla is unknown for his work in radio. Marconi claimed all the first patents for radio, something originally developed by Tesla. Anyway the patent was turned in Tesla's favor in 1943 after authorities had proof from documents. Tesla made the radio first, the rest was patent use.

http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/incredible-inventions-of-nikola-tesla/ ( -> http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science /incredible-inventions-of-nikola-tesla/) In December of 1901, Marconi made history by transmitting the letter S across the Atlantic [67]. The equipment that he used was a crude single circuit transmitter (as opposed to Teslas primary-secondary type) contained in a small building and operated by a heavy wooden lever. Although Marconis achievement was great, Tesla was far ahead of him. Some of Teslas agents were already searching for a suitable area in Britain for a major receiver and relay station.

Marconi spark gap transmitter

http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Articles/dec_20_1907.htm ( -> http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Articles /dec_20_1907.htm) New York Times Dec. 20, 1907, p. 4, col. 4. My Apparatus, Says Tesla

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Confident, However, That Wireless Telephony is Entirely Possible. To the Editor of the New York Times: I have read with great interest the report in your issue of to-day that the Danish engineer, Waldemar Poulson, the inventor of the interesting device known as the "telegraphone", has succeeded in transmitting accurately wireless telephonic messages over a distance of 240 miles. I have looked up the description of the apparatus he has employed in the experiment and find that it comprises:

1. My grounded resonant transmitting circuit; 2. my inductive exciter; 3. the so-called "Tesla transformer"; 4. my inductive coils for raising the tension on the condenser; 5. my entire apparatus for producing undamped or continuous oscillations; 6. my concatenated tuned transforming circuits; 7. my grounded resonant receiving transformer; 8. my secondary receiving transformer.

I note other improvements of mine, but those mentioned will be sufficient to show that Denmark is a land of easy invention. The claim that transatlantic wireless telephone service will soon be established by these means is a modest one. To my system distance has absolutely no significance. My own wireless plant will transmit speech across the Pacific with the same precision and accuracy as across the table. Nikola Tesla New York, Dec. 19, 1907

One form of Nikola Tesla's Spark-gap transmitter. Source: H. S. Norrie, "Induction coils: how to make, use, and repair them". Norman H. Schneider, 1907, 4th edition, New York.

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http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_poevis.html ( -> http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_poevis.html) In 1909, Guglielmo Marconi was awarded a Nobel Prize for his development of radio. From this point on, the history books began to refer to him as "the father of radio." In fact, radio had many inventors, not the least of which was Nikola Tesla. But Marconi was now a wealthy man and Tesla was penniless. "My enemies have been so successful in portraying me as a poet and a visionary," said Tesla, "that I must put out something commercial without delay."

My Inventions ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/biography-of-nikola-tesla-1856-1943/my-inventions-by-nikola-teslahis-autobiography-electrical-experimenter-february-june-and-october-1919/) : Chapter 5 - The Influences That Shape Our Destiny "Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan did not interest himself with me in a business way, but in the same large spirit in which he has assisted many other pioneers. He carried out his generous promise to the letter and it would have been most unreasonable to expect from him anything more. He had the highest regard for my attainments and gave me every evidence of his complete faith in my ability to ultimately achieve what I had set out to do. I am unwilling to accord to some small-minded and jealous individuals the satisfaction of having thwarted my efforts. These men are to me nothing more than microbes of a nasty disease. My project was retarded by laws of nature. The world was not prepared for it. It was too far ahead of time, but the same laws will prevail in the end and make it a triumphal success". Seeking the source of the folowing quote: I don't care that they stole my idea... I care that they don't have any of their own

My Inventions ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/biography-of-nikola-tesla-1856-1943/my-inventions-by-nikola-teslahis-autobiography-electrical-experimenter-february-june-and-october-1919/) , Nikola Tesla, p. 60 "The first World System power plant can be put in operation in nine months. With this power plant it will be practicable to attain electrical activities up to 10 million horsepower (7.5 billion watts), and it is designed to serve for as many technical achievements as are possible without due expense."

http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1905-01-07.htm ( -> http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1905-01-07.htm) Nikola Tesla, January 7, 1905 - Electrical World and Engineer: "That electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, I have unmistakably established in numerous observations, experiments and measurements, qualitative and quantitative. These have demonstrated that it is practicable to distribute power from a central plant in unlimited amounts, with a loss not exceeding a small fraction of one per cent in the transmission, even to the greatest distance, twelve thousand miles - to the opposite end of the globe."

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My Inventions ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/biography-of-nikola-tesla-1856-1943/my-inventions-by-nikola-teslahis-autobiography-electrical-experimenter-february-june-and-october-1919/) , Nikola Tesla, p. 87-90 "I also proposed to make demonstrations in the wireless transmission of power. A plant was built on Long Island with a tower 187 feet high, having a spherical terminal about 68 feet in diameter. These dimensions were adequate for the transmission of virtually any amount of energy. The transmitter was to emit a wave complex of special characteristics and I had devised a unique method of telephonic control of any amount of energy."

The Transmission Of Electric Energy Without Wires ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/wireless-transmission-of-energy /old-writings-articles-on-wireless-transmission-of-energy/the-transmission-of-electrical-energy-without-wires-by-nikola-teslaelectrical-world-and-engineer-march-5-1904/) - Electrical World and Engineer, March 5, 1904: "With these stupendous possibilities in sight, and the experimental evidence before me that their realization was henceforth merely a question of expert knowledge, patience and skill, I attacked vigorously the development of my magnifying transmitter, now, however, not so much with the original intention of producing one of great power, as with the object of learning how to construct the best one. This is, essentially, a circuit of very high self-induction and small resistance which in its arrangement, mode of excitation and action, may be said to be the diametrical opposite of a transmitting circuit typical of telegraphy by Hertzian or electromagnetic radiations. It is difficult to form an adequate idea of the marvelous power of this unique appliance, by the aid of which the globe will be transformed. The electromagnetic radiations being reduced to an insignificant quantity, and proper conditions of resonance maintained, the circuit acts like an immense pendulum, storing indefinitely the energy of the primary exciting impulses and impressions upon the earth of the primary exciting impulses and impressions upon the earth and its conducting atmosphere uniform harmonic oscillations of intensities which, as actual tests have shown, may be pushed so far as to surpass those attained in the natural displays of static electricity".

http://www.teslascience.org/pages/tower.htm ( -> http://www.teslascience.org/pages/tower.htm) "As soon as [the Wardenclyffe plant is] completed, it will be possible for a business man in ew York to dictate instructions, and have them instantly appear in type at his office in London or elsewhere. He will be able to call up, from his desk, and talk to any telephone subscriber on the globe, without any change whatever in the existing equipment. An inexpensive instrument, not bigger than a watch, will enable its bearer to hear anywhere, on sea or land, music or song, the speech of a political leader, the address of all eminent man of science, or the sermon of an eloquent clergyman, delivered in some other place, however distant. In the same manner any picture, character, drawing, or print can be transferred from one to another place". During the early decades of this century, Dr. Tesla offered us a highly detailed description of the multifaceted global communications system, some of the salient features of which have been described above. And yet, only a small part of radio's full technological potential has been realized to date. The history of our present day broadcasting system indicates that the implementation of Tesla's original design concept was sidetracked by Guglielmo Marconi and his supporters. It was this famous Italian inventor who, after reading The Inventions Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, applied knowledge about Tesla's pioneering work in radio, and constructed primitive Morse code demonstration units that became the archetypal model for our present system. From the smallest hand held walkie-talkies to the most sophisticated satellite communications systems, all radios operate upon principals established by Nikola Tesla. In our present era of "high-tech" telecommunications an ironic note is that we are still living in the wireless stone age. In an effort to overcome stumbling blocks in the path to their target audiences, modern broadcasters have turned to the use of production studios linked by satellite and cable to remote repeater sites, or network feeds to other broadcasters. In reality this is a far cry from what the father of radio, Nikola Tesla, had in mind when, near the turn of the last century he set out to design what he called the World System.

Design of the Wardenclyffe facility

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http://www.teslaradio.com/pages/wardenclyffe.htm ( -> http://www.teslaradio.com/pages/wardenclyffe.htm) Upon the conclusion of his preliminary investigations Tesla wrote Westinghouse, "I have just returned from Colorado, where I have been carrying on some experiments since a few months past. The success has been even greater than I anticipated, and among other things I have absolutely demonstrated the practicability of the establishment of telegraphic communication to any point on the globe by the help of the machinery I have perfected".

Teslas short-term goal was to build a prototype world-system communications facility. This was intended as the first of many wireless plants that would be located near major population centers around the world. If the program had moved forward without interruption, the Long Island prototype would have been followed by additional stations, the first being built somewhere along the southern coast of England. [5] By the Summer of 1902 Tesla had shifted his laboratory operations from the Houston Street Laboratory ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/labs-in-ny-5th-ave-houston-st-1889-1902/) to the rural Long Island setting, and work began in earnest on development of the plant. The building was essentially completed and octagonal wooden tower had taken form. A 200 kW Westinghouse alternator was installed to power the system, with four large oil filled transformers as the high voltage supply. Four additional steel tanks contained condensers, and another a set of regulating coils. Designed by Tesla and Westinghouse engineers, two of these complex units were assembled. One was delivered to Wardenclyffe and the other was warehoused, presumably for future delivery to the second installation to be built across the Atlantic.

http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/incredible-inventions-of-nikola-tesla/ ( -> http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science /incredible-inventions-of-nikola-tesla/) By the early part of 1903, a 55 ton copper mesh dome was placed on the top of the tower. This dome was 66 feet in diameter and was to have been covered with copper sheeting to form a giant copper electrode elevated above the ground by the insulating wooden tower. With dome, the tower stood 187 feet tall. Beneath the tower a copper pipe was driven 150 feet into the ground to make a good earth connection. Local rumors told that pits and underground tunnels were being constructed, but these do not appear to be true. Years later, there was reported to be well 12 feet wide and 100 feet deep at the site of the tower.

http://www.teslascience.org/archive/descriptions/WP010.htm ( -> http://www.teslascience.org/archive/descriptions /WP010.htm) It was designed so that every spar could be taken out at any time and replaced if necessary.

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http://www.teslaradio.com/pages/wardenclyffe.htm ( -> http://www.teslaradio.com/pages/wardenclyffe.htm) Near the North Shore Long Island community of Shoreham, New York there exists a sturdy 94 by 94 foot red brick structure that is another, no less significant reminder of this great man's work. Its importance lays not so much in the technology that it represents or in the engineering clues that remain buried there. It is in the fact that the Wardenclyffe Power Plant / Office Building, designed by the well renowned architect Stanford White, is the last of Dr. Tesla's own work places to remain standing anywhere in the world. The saga of the building's history, from its construction in 1902 alongside a 187-foot companion tower to house the various components of a prototype world broadcasting and telecommunications facility to later less glamorous uses, is a story yet to be fully told. And, there is history in the making as well. For a movement is underway which, if successful, will result in the establishment of the Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffea permanent monument to this great creative genius and his work.

http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-article-a-history-of-teslas-laboratory?start=10 ( -> http://www.teslauniverse.com /nikola-tesla-article-a-history-of-teslas-laboratory?start=10)

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Stanford White is well known on Long Island for having designed many homes of distinction. He became the architect for the building. Teslas facility had a tower 187 feet high above ground and a well beneath the tower below ground level 120 feet deep. The red brick laboratory building can be seen on the north side of Route 25A between the intersection of Randall Road and the Shoreham Fire Department.

3D modeling by Vladimir Jaksic, Marko Novakovic, Milos Novakovic

http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/incredible-inventions-of-nikola-tesla/ ( -> http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science /incredible-inventions-of-nikola-tesla/) In June of 1902, Tesla moved out of his laboratory on Houston Street ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/labs-in-ny-5th-avehouston-st-1889-1902/) and into the Wardenclyffe building. The laboratory section was soon filled with lecture equipment, coils, X-ray machinery and other devices. In the workshop, glass blowers were busy making the electron bulbs that Tesla hoped to use in his receivers.

Exposition room

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http://www.frankgermano.net/teslas_magnifying_transmitter.htm ( -> http://www.frankgermano.net /teslas_magnifying_transmitter.htm) My Inventions ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/biography-of-nikola-tesla-1856-1943/my-inventions-by-nikola-teslahis-autobiography-electrical-experimenter-february-june-and-october-1919/) : Chapter 5 - The Influences That Shape Our Destiny The World System is based on the application of the following import and inventions and discoveries:

1. The Tesla Transformer (US593,138 - Electrical Transformer ( -> http://www.nuenergy.org/uploads/tesla /US593138.pdf) - November 2, 1897): This apparatus is in the production of electrical vibrations as revolutionary as gunpowder was in warfare. Currents many times stronger than any ever generated in the usual ways and sparks over one hundred feet long, have been produced by the inventor with an instrument of this kind. 2. The Magnifying Transmitter (US1,119,732 - Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy ( -> http://www.nuenergy.org/uploads/tesla/US1119732.pdf) - December 1, 1914): This is Tesla's best invention, a peculiar transformer specially adapted to excite the earth, which is in the transmission of electrical energy when the telescope is in astronomical observation. By the use of this marvelous device, he has already set up electrical movements of greater intensity than those of lightening and passed a current, sufficient to light more than two hundred incandescent lamps, around the Earth. 3. The Tesla Wireless System: This system comprises a number of improvements and is the only means known for transmitting economically electrical energy to a distance without wires. Careful tests and measurements in connection with an experimental station of great activity, erected by the inventor in Colorado, have demonstrated that power in any desired amount can be conveyed, clear across the Globe if necessary, with a loss not exceeding a few per cent. 4. The Art of Individualization: This invention of Tesla is to primitive Tuning, what refined language is to unarticulated expression. It makes possible the transmission of signals or messages absolutely secret and exclusive both in the active and passive aspect, that is, non-interfering as well as non-interferable. Each signal is like an individual of unmistakable identity and there is virtually no limit to the number of stations or instruments which can be simultaneously operated without the slightest mutual disturbance. 5. The Terrestrial Stationary Waves: This wonderful discovery, popularly explained, means that the Earth is responsive to electrical vibrations of definite pitch, just as a tuning fork to certain waves of sound. These particular electrical vibrations, capable of powerfully exciting the Globe, lend themselves to innumerable uses of great importance commercially and in many other respects. The "first World System" power plant can be put in operation in nine months. With this power plant, it will be practicable to attain electrical activities up to ten million horsepower and it is designed to serve for as many technical achievements as are possible without due expense.

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Rare notes by Leland I. Anderson

http://www.teslaradio.com/pages/wardenclyffe.htm ( -> http://www.teslaradio.com/pages/wardenclyffe.htm) The Wardenclyffe World Wireless facility as envisioned by Tesla was to have been quite different from radio broadcasting stations, as they presently exist. While there was to be a great similarity in the apparatus employed, the method in which it was to be utilized would have been radically different. Conventional transmitters are designed so as to maximize the amount of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the antenna structure. For long-range communications such equipment must process tremendous amounts of power in order to counteract the loss in field strength (P = 1/R2) encountered as the signal radiates outward from its point of origin. The transmitter at Wardenclyffe was configured so as to minimize the radiated power. The energy of Tesla's steam driven Westinghouse 200 kW alternator was to be channeled instead into an underground structure consisting of iron pipes drivenm from a point 120 feet beneath the tower's base. This was to be accomplished by combining an extremely low frequency signal (ELF) along with the higher frequency current coursing between the earth and the transmitter's elevated terminal [through the master oscillator and helical resonator]. The low frequency current in the presence of an enveloping corona-induced plasma of free charge carriers would have "pumped" the earth's charge. It is believed the resulting ground current and its associated wave complex would have allowed the propagation of wireless transmissions to any distance on the earth's surface with as little as 5% loss due to electromagnetic radiation.

http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1902-02-08.htm ( -> http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1902-02-08.htm) Brooklyn Eagle, February 8, 1902 Buildings at Wardencliff to be Used in Developing His Electrical Discoveries SI KI G A VERY DEEP WELL A Big Tower 100 Feet in Diameter and Over 200 Feet High--Power House and Dynamos (Special to the Eagle) Wardenclyffe, L. I., February 8--Work on the buildings at Wardenclyffe, L. I. to be used by Electrician Tesla in the development of his electrical discoveries, is progressing rapidly. The power house is completed and the foundations of the big tower have been laid. The working room, or tower, which will be the foundation for Mr. Tesla's across-the-world flashes, will be octagonal in shape

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and will be 210 feet high, 100 feet In diameter at tbe base, narrowing down to 80 feet in diameter at the top. It will be constructed chiefly of wood, though the builders say that fifty tons of iron and steel and 50,000 bolts of various sizes are used in Its construction. Inside the big tower a well 120 feet deep has been sunk, the well being 12 feet square, cased Its entire depth with 8 inch timbers, which will be finished off with brick and cement. A staircase, which will lead down into the well, is nearly completed. Transversely across the bottom of the well will be a series of four tunnels, each to be 100 feet long, and a force of workmen has begun work on these subterranean passages. The power house Is constructed of pressed brick, and is 100 feet square. In it are a boiler room, engine and dynamo room, machine shop and laboratory. The Westinghouse Company furnished the electrical equipment, boilers, engines and dynamos. Only the finishing touches are needed on the electrical equipment to make it available and Mr. Tesla promises to begin active operations very soon.

Modifyed scheme by Leland I.Anderson

http://www.teslaradio.com/pages/wardenclyffe.htm ( -> http://www.teslaradio.com/pages/wardenclyffe.htm) In 1916 Tesla described the underground portion of the tower this way (History of Shoreham, Mary Lou Abata, 1979) (from Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony and Transmission of Power, ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/invention-of-radio/old-writings-articles-on-the-invention-of-radio /nikola-tesla-on-his-work-with-alternating-currents-and-their-application-to-wireless-telegraphy-telephony-and-transmissionof-power/) L.I. Anderson - Sun Publishing, Denver - 1992 - pg. 203): "In this system that I have invented it is necessary for the machine to get a grip of the earth, otherwise it cannot shake

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the earth. It has to have a grip on the earth so that the whole of this globe can quiver, and to do that it is necessary to carry out a very expensive construction. I had in fact invented special machines". "There was a big shaft about ten by twelve feet goes down about one hundred and twenty feet and this was first covered with timber and the inside with steel and in the center of this there was a winding stairs going down and in the center of the stairs there was a big shaft again through which the current was to pass." "And then the real expensive work was to connect that central part with the earth, and there I had special machines rigged up which would push the iron pipe, one length after another, and I pushed these iron pipes, I think sixteen of them, three hundred feet, and then the current through these pipes takes hold of the earth. ow that was a very expensive part of the work, but it does not show on the tower, but it belongs to the tower". Two other seemingly applicable patents filed for within the specified time period and patented in 1900 are US787,412, Means for Increasing the Intensity of Electrical Oscillations, (wrong reference and date according to the patent name, which corresponds to US685,012 - Means for Increasing the Intensity of Electrical Oscillations ( -> http://www.nuenergy.org /uploads/tesla/US685012.pdf) - October 22, 1901 by other hand, US787,412 - Art of Transmitting Electrical Energy Through the Natural Mediums ( -> http://www.nuenergy.org/uploads/tesla/US787412.pdf) - April 18, 1905 ) and US655,838 - Method of Insulating Electric Conductors ( -> http://www.nuenergy.org/uploads/tesla/USRE11865.pdf) reissued as US11,865. Both of these inventions might have been useful for improving the Wardenclyffe plant's performance; the first for the magnifying transmitter itself, the second for improving high-voltage power transmission between the lab building and the tower structure.

http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/incredible-inventions-of-nikola-tesla/ ( -> http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science /incredible-inventions-of-nikola-tesla/) When Teslas work in Colorado was completed, he returned to New York in mid January of 1900. He immediately applied for a patent on the wireless telegraphy system that he had been perfecting in Colorado; however, the patent was not granted until 1905 (US787,412- Art of Transmitting Electrical Energy Through the Natural Mediums ( -> http://www.nuenergy.org/uploads /tesla/US787412.pdf) - April 18, 1905). This patent described the stationary wave theory and stated that three conditions had to be met before the system would work. First, the frequency had to be such that the diameter of the earth would be an odd multiple of the quarter wavelength of that frequency. Tesla believed that the current for the transmitter traveled directly through the center of the earth, but more likely, it travels around the circumference. If this were so, then the distance from pole to pole along the surface of the earth would have to be used instead of the diameter, for calculating the frequency. The second condition was that the frequency should, for ideal results, not exceed 20 KHz, or radiation loss would impair the action of the transmitter. The third condition was that the wave train of the oscillator must last at least 1/12 of a second. That is the time that it took for the signal to go to the other side of the earth and return. Along with this, the patent also contains a receiving circuit that uses a synchronous rotary rectifier to detect signals. This circuit bears close resemblance to the tickers or tone wheels used a few years later with the Poulson Arc transmitters. In the tone wheel, a rapidly spinning wheel interrupts the radio signal from the antenna and heterodynes with it to produce a shrill

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whistle that could be heard easily with headphones. Teslas device would be for lower frequencies so he planned to have it more carefully synchronized to produce almost pure direct current. For the detection of signals that were too faint for headphones, Tesla proposed using a device he had invented in 1891 to respond to the direct current from the rectifier. This device consisted of an evacuated glass bulb with an electrode in the center. When this was connected to a high voltage transformer powered by an alternator (of high frequency), an electron brush was formed. This brush was so sensitive to electric and magnetic fields that a one-inch horseshoe magnet at six feet would cause it to be deflected. After succeeding in sending signals 600 miles in Colorado, Tesla felt that his long wave system was ready for full scale use. He set out immediately to design and build a giant Magnifying Transmitter on Long Island that would be able to send signals across the Atlantic to England. Beyond just replacing the underwater telegraph cables, Tesla conceived of a much more ambitious plan. Up to that time, most scientists were only interested in using radio for point-to-point transmission. Tesla, however, saw that wide range broadcasting was possible. Tesla was not sure if a single transmitter could be picked up all over the world (he had not tested his vacuum bulbs yet), so he suggested that a global network of relay stations might be required. He called this idea the World System and in 1902, he published an article explaining some of the points of the plan. Tesla was involved in the development of a number of new inventions. He was doing experiments with Selenium to see if pictures could be transmitted [61]. This was the same approach that John Logie Baird used twenty years later when he invented television. Another invention was a technique to allow more careful individualization of signals. Tesla could already tune his transmitters, but with very sensitive receivers at great distances, he had difficulty with static. In this new system, two transmitters of different frequencies were used. They were arranged to emit their impulses simultaneously and would both send the same telegraph message. The receiver was also made up of two circuits, each tuned to one of the broadcast frequencies. The signal coming into each of the circuits would operate a relay, and the two relays would be connected in a logic and circuit, which would reject any impulse that did not come from both receivers at the same time. This ingenious system would have solved the difficulty of signal interference that was a problem to all experimenters of that time. Although Tesla could tune his equipment with much greater success than other more primitive systems, he was looking to the time when many stations would be operating within close limits of each other. Tesla did not want to build a separate Magnifying Transmitter for each frequency (at least not for telegraphy transmission), so he developed a way for one transmitter to send signals on many frequencies at the same time, thus creating a wave complex. Naturally it is not easy to make a circuit oscillate at different frequencies, but Tesla invented a means of allowing the transmitter to send impulses in a rapid succession of changing frequencies. This would have been done with a complex system of rotary breaks and tuning coils. This could still be used in the double circuit system just described because the impulses would be separated by an insignificant amount of time (thousand of pulses per second would probably have been used). It would be logical to assume that at least three or four frequencies could be sent in this manner by one station, and as many as ten might have been possible. As far as the secret transmissions that Tesla spoke of, we can only speculate. It would not have been difficult to send two meaningless sounding signals in which those impulses common to both signals contain the message. It is indeed unfortunate that more is not known about Teslas plans. He was a very great thinker, and he was hard at work to develop wireless to its highest potential.

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http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/incredible-inventions-of-nikola-tesla/ ( -> http://blog.world-mysteries.com/science /incredible-inventions-of-nikola-tesla/) Tesla had ordered a couple of 100 horsepower steam engines and they were installed in the power plant in November of 1901. A 300 (or 200) -kilowatt Westinghouse Alternator (above) was installed later. The laboratory building was divided into four parts: the boiler room, the engine and dynamo room, a workshop containing eight metal lathes, and a laboratory. The building also houses offices and a small library. The oscillator, for what would have been the largest Tesla Coil ever built, was contained in the building and would be connected to the primary of the Magnifying Transmitter by underground cable [66]. Four seven-foot high steel tanks filled with oil were to contain the high voltage transformer. Seven more tanks would house the condenser bank, and one special tank was to be filled with a system of coils and regulating apparatus for controlling the frequency and power of the oscillations. Not all of this equipment was installed, but even when not finished, the inside of the lab was an impressive sight. Its huge tanks and giant pieces of machinery made contemporary efforts at wireless transmission seem very pitiful.

100 horsepower steam engine

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http://www.teslascience.org/archive/descriptions/WP015.htm ( -> http://www.teslascience.org/archive/descriptions /WP015.htm) A photograph taken in the Wardenclyffe plant generator room showing a 200 kilowatt, 3-phase direct-connecting Westinghouse alternating current generator. It was driven by a Westinghouse auto compound engine No.1497, 16 x 27 x 16 feet.

My Inventions ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/biography-of-nikola-tesla-1856-1943/my-inventions-by-nikola-teslahis-autobiography-electrical-experimenter-february-june-and-october-1919/) : Chapter 5 - The Influences That Shape Our Destiny The terrestrial transmission line modes so excited would have supported a system with the following technical capabilities:

1. Establishment of a multi-channel global broadcasting system with programming including news, music, et cetera; 2. Interconnection of the world's telephone and telegraph exchanges, and stock tickers; 3. Transmission of written and printed matter, and data; 4. World wide reproduction of photographic images; 5. Establishment of a universal marine navigation and location system, including a means for the synchronization of precision timepieces; 6. Establishment of secure wireless communications services (non-interferable government telegraph service). Additional World System capabilities and related technologies include,... 7. Remote control and propulsion of UAV "atmospheric satellites" in long duration flight (World System of intelligence transmission for exclusive private use). 8. Wireless transmission of electrical energy for propulsion of aerial and other vehicles, and industrial purposes. 9. Geophysical exploration [Waite]. 10. Weather control, artificial rain; climate control. 11. Macroscopic charged particle beam projection. 12. Electrical projection of explosive energy. 13. Electrotherapeutics. 14. Interplanetary Communications providing a stable, high-capacity interplanetary network backbone supporting high-speed Internet protocols. 15. Electronic logic gate and digital computing allow, Software defined radio. Digital world-system broadcasting and terrestrial network backbone. Artificial intelligence.

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Fig. 1 Graphic rendering by artist Frank Paul (Click on to enlarge)

http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1904-03-05.htm ( -> http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1904-03-05.htm) Excerpt from "The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/wireless-transmissionof-energy/old-writings-articles-on-wireless-transmission-of-energy/the-transmission-of-electrical-energy-without-wiresby-nikola-tesla-electrical-world-and-engineer-march-5-1904/) " - Electrical World and Engineer, March 5, 1904: "Much has already been done towards making my system commercially available, in the transmission of energy in small amounts for specific purposes, as well as on an industrial scale. The results attained by me have made my scheme of intelligence transmission, for which the name of "World Telegraphy" has been suggested, easily realizable. It constitutes, I believe, in its principle of operation, means employed and capacities of application, a radical and fruitful departure from what has been done heretofore. I have no doubt that it will prove very efficient in enlightening the masses, particularly in still uncivilized countries and less accessible regions, and that it will add materially to general safety, comfort and convenience, and maintenance of peaceful relations." "It involves the employment of a number of plants, all of which are capable of transmitting individualized signals to the uttermost confines of the earth. Each of them will be preferably located near some important center of civilization and the news it receives through any channel will be flashed to all points of the globe. A cheap and simple device, which might be carried in one's pocket, may then be set up somewhere on sea or land, and it will record the world's news or such special messages as may be intended for it. Thus the entire earth will be converted into a huge brain, as it were, capable of response in every one of its parts. Since a single plant of but one hundred horsepower can operate hundreds of millions of instruments, the system will have a virtually infinite working capacity, and it must needs immensely facilitate and cheapen the transmission of intelligence."

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"The first of these central plants would have been already completed had it not been for unforeseen delays which, fortunately, have nothing to do with its purely technical features. But this loss of time, while vexatious, may, after all, prove to be a blessing in disguise. The best design of which I know has been adopted, and the transmitter will emit a wave complex of a total maximum activity of 10,000,000 horsepower, one percent of which is amply sufficient to "girdle the globe." This enormous rate of energy delivery, approximately twice that of the combined falls of iagara, is obtainable only by the use of certain artifices, which I shall make known in due course." "For a large part of the work which I have done so far I am indebted to the noble generosity of Mr.J. Pierpont Morgan, which was all the more welcome and stimulating, as it was extended at a time when those, who have since promised most, were the greatest of doubters. I have also to thank my friend Stanford White, for much unselfish and valuable assistance. This work is now far advanced, and though the results may be tardy, they are sure to come. Meanwhile, the transmission of energy on an industrial scale is not being neglected. The Canadian iagara Power Company have offered me a splendid inducement, and next to achieving success for the sake of the art, it will give me the greatest satisfaction to make their concession financially profitable to them. In this first power plant, which I have been designing for a long time, I propose to distribute 10,000 horsepower under a tension of 10,000,000 volts, which I am now able to produce and handle with safety." "This energy will be collected all over the globe preferably in small amounts, ranging from a fraction of one to a few horsepower. One of the chief uses will be the illumination of isolated homes. It takes very little power to light a dwelling with vacuum tubes operated by high frequency currents and in each instance a terminal a little above the roof will be sufficient. Another valuable application will be the driving of clocks and other such apparatus. These clocks will be exceedingly simple, will require absolutely no attention and will indicate rigorously correct time. The idea of impressing upon the earth American time is fascinating and very likely to become popular." "There are innumerable devices of all kinds which are either now employed or can be supplied and by operating them in this manner I may be able to offer a great convenience to the whole world with a plant of no more than 10,000 horsepower. The introduction of this system will give opportunities for invention and manufacture such as have never presented themselves before. Knowing the far reaching importance of this first attempt and its effect upon future development, I shall proceed slowly and carefully. Experience has taught me not to assign a term to enterprises the consummation of which is not wholly dependent on my own abilities and exertions. But I am hopeful that these great realizations are not far off and I know that when this first work is completed they will follow with mathematical certitude." "When the great truth, accidentally revealed and experimentally confirmed, is fully recognized, that this planet, with all its appalling immensity, is to electric currents virtually no more than a small metal ball and that by virtue of this fact many possibilities, each baffling imagination and of incalculable consequence, are rendered absolutely sure of accomplishment; when the first plant is inaugurated and it is shown that a telegraphic message, almost as secret and non-interferable as a thought, can be transmitted to any terrestrial distance, the sound of the human voice, with all its intonations and inflections faithfully and instantly reproduced at any other point of the globe, the energy of a waterfall made available for supplying light, heat or motive power, anywhere...on sea, or land, or high in the air...humanity will be like an ant heap stirred up with a stick. See the excitement coming!"

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Fig. 3 Tesla's system of transmission of power to aircraft by radio. Illustrated by Frank Paul for Radio News, December 1925. (Click on to enlarge)

Tesla Tower in Long Island, New York, transmitting electrical power to aircraft in flight. Tesla's inventions in electrical generation and power transmission resulted in the development of alternating current, the form of electricity used today to provide power to homes and businesses. In honor of the Croatian-born inventor, this issue of The Trumpeter is dedicated in honor of the genius who ushered in the power age.

Figure 35 New-York tribune August 07, 1901, Page 4.(Click on to enlarge)

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Tesla Manifesto, January 1st 1904

Tesla Manifesto, January 1st 1904

Tesla Manifesto, January 1st 1904 ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/wardenclyffe-lab-1901-1917/tesla-manifesto-january1st-1904/) Scanned document "Tesla's January 1st 1904 Manifesto" under the files section, where Tesla states the most relevant of his "commercial" inventions:

At the top row from left to right: Rotating field motor; Electrical oscillator; activiy ten million Horsepower; Oscillatory high frequency Coil

Top Mid section: Magnifying high potential transmitter; Power transmission without wires (below Wardenclyffe); Tuned receiving transformer

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Bottom Mid section: Artificial insulation of mains by refrigeratum; Control of individualised automats at a distance

Bottom center: Burning atmospheric Nitrogen by high frequency discharge 12 million volts; Secrecy non interference and multiplicity of messages

It is not clearly visible in the scan, but under the Wardenclyffe, behind the main paragraph text, there appears his large Colorado Springs Coil in white, clear graphics while it is discharging. Latin quote is found on top: " ihil in sacculo quod non fuerit in capite" which means literally you can't have anything in your pocket that you first don't have in your head, in other words, you cannot be sure of obtaining anything if you first haven't thought about it carefully.

Principles & concepts for Wireless transmision

Nikola Tesla, 1893: "If ever we can ascertain at what period the earth's charge, when disturbed, oscillates with respect to an oppositely electrified system or known circuit, we shall know a fact possibly of the greatest importance to the welfare of the human race."

The Transmission Of Electric Energy Without Wires ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/wireless-transmission-of-energy /old-writings-articles-on-wireless-transmission-of-energy/the-transmission-of-electrical-energy-without-wires-by-nikola-teslaelectrical-world-and-engineer-march-5-1904/) - Electrical World and Engineer, March 5, 1904: "With these stupendous possibilities in sight, and the experimental evidence before me that their realization was henceforth merely a question of expert knowledge, patience and skill, I attacked vigorously the development of my magnifying transmitter, now, however, not so much with the original intention of producing one of great power, as with the object of learning how to construct the best one. This is, essentially, a circuit of very high self-induction and small resistance which in its arrangement, mode of excitation and action, may be said to be the diametrical opposite of a transmitting circuit typical of telegraphy by Hertzian or electromagnetic radiations. It is difficult to form an adequate idea of the marvelous power of this unique appliance, by the aid of which the globe will be transformed. The electromagnetic radiations being reduced to an insignificant quantity, and proper conditions of resonance maintained, the circuit acts like an immense pendulum, storing indefinitely the energy of the primary exciting impulses and impressions upon the earth of the primary exciting impulses and impressions upon the earth and its conducting atmosphere uniform harmonic oscillations of intensities which, as actual tests have shown, may be pushed so far as to surpass those attained in the natural displays of static electricity".

Tuned Lightning ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/wireless-transmission-of-energy/old-writings-articles-on-wirelesstransmission-of-energy/tuned-lightning-by-nikola-tesla-english-mechanic-and-world-of-science-march-8-1907/) - English Mechanic and World of Science, March 8, 1907: "The discovery of the stationary terrestrial waves indicates that, despite its vast extent, the entire planet can be thrown into resonant vibration like a little tuning fork; that electrical oscillations suited to its physical properties and dimensions pass through it unimpeded, in strict obedience to a simple mathematical law, has proved beyond the shadow of a doubt that the Earth, considered as a channel for conveying electrical energy is infinitely superior to a wire or cable".

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Pioneer Radio Engineer Gives Views On Power ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/articles-interviews/tesla-writings-articlesinterviews/pioneer-radio-engineer-gives-views-on-power-new-york-herald-tribune-september-11-1932/) - New York Herald Tribune - September 11, 1932: "Since waves of this kind (Short Waves) are all the more penetrating, the shorter they are, I have urged the experts engaged in the commercial application of the wireless art to employ very short waves, but for a long time my suggestions were not heeded. Eventually, though, this was done, and gradually the wavelengths were reduced to but a few meters. Invariably it was found that these waves, just as those in the air, follow the curvature of the earth and bend around obstacles, a peculiarity exhibited to a much lesser degree by transverse vibrations in a solid. Recently, however, ultrashort waves have been experimented with and the fact that they also have the same property was hailed as a great discovery, offering the stupendous promise to make wireless transmission infinitely simpler and cheaper". "As the general knowledge of this subject seems very limited, I may state, that even waves only one or two millimeters long, which I produced thirty-three years ago, provided that they carry sufficient energy, can be transmitted around the globe. This is not so much due to refraction and reflection as to the properties of a gaseous medium and certain peculiar action, which I shall explain some time in the future. At present it may be sufficient to call attention to an important fact in this connection, namely, that this bending of the beam projected from reflector does not affect in the least its behavior in other respects. As regards deflection in a horizontal plane, it acts just as though it were straight. To be explicit the horizontal deviations are comparatively slight. In a proposed ultrashort wave transmission, the vertical bending, far from being an advantage, is a serious drawback, as it increased greatly the liability of disturbances by obstacles at the earth's surface. The downward deflection always occurs, irrespective of wavelength, and also if the beam is thrown upward at an angle to the horizontal, and this tendency is, according to my finding, all the more pronounced the bigger the planet. On a body as large as the sun, it would be impossible to project a disturbance of this kind to any considerable distance except along the surface".

Figure 31

http://www.frankgermano.net/nikolatesla2.htm ( -> http://www.frankgermano.net/nikolatesla2.htm) Tesla made the following statement regarding his theory and technique of energy transmission (excerpt from Nikola Tesla on his work with alternating currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony and Transmission of Power ( -> http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/invention-of-radio/old-writings-articles-on-the-invention-of-radio/nikola-tesla-on-his-

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work-with-alternating-currents-and-their-application-to-wireless-telegraphy-telephony-and-transmission-of-power/) ): "The earth is 4,000 miles radius. Around this conducting earth is an atmosphere. The earth is a conductor; the atmosphere above is a conductor, only there is a little stratum between the conducting atmosphere and the conducting earth which is insulating. ow, you realize right away that if you set up differences of potential at one point, say, you will create in the media corresponding fluctuations of potential. But, since the distance from the earth's surface to the conducting atmosphere is minute, as compared with the distance of the receiver at 4,000 miles, say, you can readily see that the energy cannot travel along this curve and get there, but will be immediately transformed into conduction currents, and these currents will travel like currents over a wire with a return. The energy will be recovered in the circuit, not by a beam that passes along this curve and is reflected and absorbed, but it will travel by conduction and will be recovered in this way."

The exact law will be readily understood by reference to Fig. ?, in which a transmitting circuit is shown connected to earth and to an antenna. The transmitter being in action, two effects are produced: Hertz waves pass thru the air, and a current traverses the earth. The former propagate with the speed of light and their energy is unrecoverable in the circuit. The latter proceeds with the speed varying as the cosecant of the angle which a radius drawn from any point under consideration forms with the axis of symmetry of the waves. At the origin the speed is infinite but gradually diminishes until a quadrant is traversed, when the velocity is that of light. From there on it again increases, becoming infinite at the antipole. Theoretically the energy of this current is recoverable in its entirety, in properly attuned receivers.

Figure 32

Teslas diagram explanatory of the transmission of electrical energy by the ground air method. This was first put before Lord Kelvin in the Houston Street laboratory in September 1897. It should be noted that in describing the atmosphere above as being conducting he roughly predicted the existence of the ionosphere and the earth-ionosphere cavity.

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Figure 33

Tesla's World-Wide Wireless Transmission of Electrical Signals, As Well As Light and Power, Is Here Illustrated in Theory, Analogy and Realization. Tesla's Experiments With 100 Foot Discharges At Potentials of Millions of Volts Have Demonstrated That the Hertz Waves Are Infinitesimal In Effect and Unrecoverable: the Recoverable Ground Waves of Tesla Fly "Thru the Earth". Radio Engineers Are Gradually Beginning to See the Light and That the Laws of Propagation Laid Down by Tesla Over a Quarter of a Century Ago Form the Real and True Basis of All Wireless Transmission To-Day.

"Some experts, whom I have credited with better knowledge, have for years contended that my proposals to transmit power without wires are sheer nonsense but I note that they are growing more cautious every day. The latest objection to my system is found in the cheapness of gasoline. These men labor under the impression that the energy flows in all directions and that, therefore, only a minute amount can be recovered in any individual receiver. But this is far from being so. The power is conveyed in only one direction, from the transmitter to the receiver, and none of it is lost elsewhere. It is perfectly practicable to recover at any point of the globe energy enough for driving an airplane, or a pleasure boat or for lighting a dwelling. I am especially sanguine in regard to the lighting of isolated places and believe that a more economical and convenient method can hardly be devised. The future will show whether my foresight is as accurate now as it has proved heretofore".

The magnifying transmitter

http://teslasinventions.com/magnifying-transmitter/#Energy_transmission ( -> http://teslasinventions.com/magnifyingtransmitter/#Energy_transmission) In a classic Tesla coil the primary drives the ground end of the secondary coil to form the driver transformer, which resonates the entire secondary coil. In the magnifying transmitter the driving and resonating parts of the secondary are separate coils. From a circuit analysis standpoint, there is little difference between the classic coil and the magnifier. The magnifying transmitter is an advanced version of Tesla coil transmitter. It is a high power harmonic oscillator that Nikola Tesla intended for the wireless transmission of electrical energy. In his autobiography, Tesla stated: I feel certain that of all my inventions, the Magnifying Transmitter will prove most important and valuable to future generations. The magnifying transmitter is an air-core, multiple-resonant transformer that can generate very high voltages. At Colorado Springs, Tesla used his magnifying transmitter in an attempt to artificially stimulate Schumann resonance found to exist by researchers in the 1950s in the general vicinity of 7.3 Hz. In normal operation the magnifying transmitter is relatively silent, generating a high power electric field, but if the output voltage exceeds the design voltage of the elevated terminal, high-voltage sparks will strike out from the electrode into the air. The layout of the Wardenclyffe magnifying transmitter is well known, based upon inductor characteristic of the Tesla coil, although magnetic coupling between the two is tighter. Because of this, more aggressive measures have to be taken in terms of primary spark quenching and providing additional insulation between the primary and secondary. In addition to these two large-diameter coils that comprise the master oscillator, Tesla added a third inductor called the extra coil.

http://www.teslascience.org/pages/questions.htm ( -> http://www.teslascience.org/pages/questions.htm)

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The vacuum-tube Tesla coil and the solid-state Tesla coil can be viewed as an improvement over the disruptive-discharge Tesla coil. Tesla himself improved upon the classic Tesla coil by replacing the spark gap and capacitor with a speciallydesigned electrical alternator. He also tightened the coupling of the primary and secondary windings, and then added a third coil called the "extra coil." This resulted in a Tesla-coil design that is known as the "magnifying transmitter."

An approximate drawing of the magnifying transmitter that Tesla almost finished building at Wardenclyffe.

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Wardenclyffe Lab. (19011917) - Tesla research

http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/wardenclyffe-lab-1901-1917/

There are two types of wireless transmitter that can be built using an improved Tesla coil. The first is quite similar to the classic Tesla coil that you saw in Boston, the main difference being the placement of the upper terminal or topload. Instead of mounting it close-in just above the helical resonator's top turn, the topload is elevated somewhat above the top turn. This type of transmitter requires that a precisely tuned helical resonator type receiver be set in place in order for it to function. That's why in the related wireless patents Tesla almost always shows both the transmitter and the receiver as shown below.

In the case of this type transmitter, the transfer of electrical energy is between the two ground terminals in the form of true conduction currents, and also between the elevated terminals. In a low power system, the transfer of energy between the elevated terminals is, in effect, the result of displacement currents, much like the transfer of electrical energy which takes place between the plates of a capacitor in an AC circuit. This might be called the type-one transmitter. The second of the Tesla-type transmitters consists of a type-one transmitter plus an unloaded helical resonator receiver, both placed in close proximity to each other, each with an independent ground connection. Tesla first illustrates this improved type-two transmitter in his Colorado Springs laboratory notes.

The following illustration shows a type-two transmitter in operation. A receiver is standing off to the right.

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17/10/2013 02:05

Wardenclyffe Lab. (19011917) - Tesla research

http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/wardenclyffe-lab-1901-1917/

In operation, a powerful current flows through the earth between the two ground terminals. The coupling between the transmitter's two elevated terminals is by electrostatic induction or, in the case of a high-power transmitter, by true electrical conduction through plasma. There is also some degree of inductive magnetic coupling between the two resonators. The type-two transmitter is particularly well suited for the excitation of earth resonance modes. It's interesting to see that in the related patent, ART OF TRANSMITTING ELECTRICAL ENERGY THROUGH THE NATURAL MEDIUMS, Tesla shows a form of receiver that does not involve a resonator coil.

Electrostatically charged coil

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17/10/2013 02:05

Wardenclyffe Lab. (19011917) - Tesla research

http://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/wardenclyffe-lab-1901-1917/

The vertical axis numbers are volts. The bottom axis numbers are microseconds.

Other links to check:

http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-article-a-history-of-teslas-laboratory?start=10 ( -> http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-article-a-history-of-teslas-laboratory?start=10) http://www.teslaradio.com/pages/wardenclyffe.htm ( -> http://www.teslaradio.com/pages/wardenclyffe.htm) http://www.frankgermano.net/teslas_magnifying_transmitter.htm ( -> http://www.frankgermano.net /teslas_magnifying_transmitter.htm) http://www.frankgermano.net/nikolatesla2.htm ( -> http://www.frankgermano.net/nikolatesla2.htm) http://www.frankgermano.net/nikolatesla4.htm ( -> http://www.frankgermano.net/nikolatesla4.htm) http://www.frankgermano.net/nikolatesla5.htm ( -> http://www.frankgermano.net/nikolatesla5.htm) http://www.frankgermano.net/nikolatesla6.htm ( -> http://www.frankgermano.net/nikolatesla6.htm) http://33470740.nhd.weebly.com/wardenclyffe-tower.html ( -> http://33470740.nhd.weebly.com/wardenclyffetower.html) http://www.tfcbooks.com/images/books/ntac/ ( -> http://www.tfcbooks.com/images/books/ntac/) http://www.tfcbooks.com/articles/tws8b.htm ( -> http://www.tfcbooks.com/articles/tws8b.htm) http://www.declarepeace.org.uk/captain/murder_inc/site/wt.html ( -> http://www.declarepeace.org.uk/captain/murder_inc/site/wt.html)

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