Interpol As I

10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 1
Numerical Method-Sudarmaji Interpolation
INTERPOLATION
1. Direct Method
2. Newton's Divided Difference Method
3. Lagrange Method
4. Spline Method
Numerical Method-Sudarmaji Interpolation 3
Given (x
0
,y
0
), (x
1
,y
1
), (x
n
,y
n
), find the value of y at a
value of x that is not given.

Figure 1 Interpolation of discrete.

Polynomials are the most common
choice of interpolants because they
are easy to:
Evaluate
Differentiate, and
Integrate
Given n+1 data points (x
0
,y
0
), (x
1
,y
1
),.. (x
n
,y
n
),
pass a polynomial of order n through the data as given
below:

where a
0
, a
1
,. a
n
are real constants.
Set up n+1 equations to find n+1 constants.
To find the value y at a given value of x, simply
substitute the value of x in the above polynomial.

. .......... ..........
1 0
n
n
x a x a a y + + + =
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a
function of time in Table 1.
Find the velocity at t=16 seconds using the
direct method for linear interpolation.

0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
Table 1 Velocity as a function
of time.
Figure 2 Velocity vs. time data for the
rocket example
( ) s , t ( ) ( ) m/s , t v
10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 2
( ) t a a t v
1 0
+ =
( ) ( ) 78 . 362 15 15
1 0
= + = a a v
( ) ( ) 35 . 517 20 20
1 0
= + = a a v
Solving the above two equations gives,

93 . 100
0
= a

914 . 30
1
= a
Hence
( ) . 20 15 , 914 . 30 93 . 100 s s + = t t t v

( ) ( ) m/s 7 . 393 16 914 . 30 93 . 100 16 = + = v

( )
0 0
, y x
( ) x f
1
( )
1 1
, y x
x
y
Figure 3 Linear interpolation.

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 8
direct method for quadratic interpolation.

0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
of time.
rocket example
( ) s , t ( ) ( ) m/s , t v
Quadratic Interpolation

( )
2
2 1 0
t a t a a t v + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) 04 . 227 10 10 10
2
2 1 0
= + + = a a a v
( ) ( ) ( ) 78 . 362 15 15 15
2
2 1 0
= + + = a a a v
( ) ( ) ( ) 35 . 517 20 20 20
2
2 1 0
= + + = a a a v
Solving the above three equations gives
05 . 12
0
= a 733 . 17
1
= a 3766 . 0
2
= a

( ) 0 0 , y x
( )
1 1
, y x
( )
2 2
, y x
( ) x f
2
y
x
Figure 6 Quadratic interpolation.
10 12 14 16 18 20
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
517.35
227.04
y s
f range ( )
f x de sire d ( )
20 10 x s range , x de sire d ,
( ) 20 10 , 3766 . 0 733 . 17 05 . 12
2
s s + + = t t t t v
( ) ( ) ( )
2
16 3766 . 0 16 733 . 17 05 . 12 16 + + = v
m/s 19 . 392 =
The absolute relative approximate error obtained between
the results from the first and second order polynomial is
% 38410 . 0
100
19 . 392
70 . 393 19 . 392
=
= e
a
a
e
direct method for cubic interpolation.

0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
of time.
rocket example
( ) s , t ( ) ( ) m/s , t v

( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
t a t a t a a t v + + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
10 10 10 04 . 227 10 a a a a v + + + = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
15 15 15 78 . 362 15 a a a a v + + + = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
20 20 20 35 . 517 20 a a a a v + + + = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
5 . 22 5 . 22 5 . 22 97 . 602 5 . 22 a a a a v + + + = =
2540 . 4
0
= a 266 . 21
1
= a 13204 . 0
2
= a
0054347 . 0
3
= a
y
x
( ) x f3
( )
3 3, y x
( )
2 2, y x
( )
1 1, y x
( )
0 0, y x
Figure 7 Cubic interpolation.
10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 3
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
200
300
400
500
600
700
602.97
227.04
y s
f range ( )
f x de sire d ( )
22.5 10 x s range , x de sire d ,
( ) 5 . 22 10 , 0054347 . 0 13204 . 0 266 . 21 2540 . 4
3 2
s s + + + = t t t t t v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
m/s 06 . 392
16 0054347 . 0 16 13204 . 0 16 266 . 21 2540 . 4 16
3 2
=
+ + + = v
The absolute percentage relative
approximate error between
second and third order polynomial is
a
e
% 033269 . 0
100
06 . 392
19 . 392 06 . 392
=
= e
a
Order of
Polynomial
1 2 3
( ) m/s 16 = t v 393.7 392.19 392.06
Absolute Relative
Approximate Error
---------- 0.38410 % 0.033269 %

Table 4 Comparison of different orders of the polynomial.
Find the distance covered by the rocket from t=11s to t=16s ?
( ) 5 . 22 10 , 0054606 . 0 13064 . 0 289 . 21 3810 . 4
3 2
s s + + + = t t t t t v
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
m 1605
4
0054347 . 0
3
13204 . 0
2
266 . 21 2540 . 4
0054347 . 0 13204 . 0 266 . 21 2540 . 4
11 16
16
11
4 3 2
16
11
3 2
16
11
=
(
+ + + =
+ + + =
=
}
}
t t t
t
dt t t t
dt t v s s
( ) 5 . 22 10 , 0054347 . 0 13204 . 0 266 . 21 2540 . 4
3 2
s s + + + = t t t t v
Find the acceleration of the rocket at t=16s given that
( ) ( )
( )
5 . 22 10 , 016382 . 0 26130 . 0 289 . 21
0054347 . 0 13204 . 0 266 . 21 2540 . 4
2
3 2
s s + + =
+ + + =
=
t t t
t t t
dt
d
t v
dt
d
t a

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
m/s 665 . 29
16 016304 . 0 16 26408 . 0 266 . 21 16
=
+ + = a
are easy to:

Evaluate
Differentiate, and
Integrate.

2.Lagrangian Interpolation
10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 4

Given (x
0
,y
0
), (x
1
,y
1
), (x
n
,y
n
), find the
value of y at a value of x that is not given.


Lagrangian interpolating polynomial is given by

=
=
n
i
i i n
x f x L x f
0
) ( ) ( ) (
where n in ) (x f
n
stands for the
th
n order polynomial that approximates the function ) (x f y =
given at ) 1 ( + n data points as ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n n
y x y x y x y x , , , ,......, , , ,
1 1 1 1 0 0
, and

[
=
=

=
n
i j
j j i
j
i
x x
x x
x L
0
) (
) (x L
i
is a weighting function that includes a product of ) 1 ( n terms with terms of i j =
omitted.
21
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function of
time in Table 1. Find the velocity at t=16 seconds using
the Lagrangian method for linear interpolation.

Table Velocity as a
function of time
Figure. Velocity vs. time data
for the rocket example
(s) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
t ) (t v
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
350
400
450
500
550
517.35
362.78
y s
f range ( )
f x de sire d ( )
x s
1
10 + x s
0
10 x s range , x de sire d ,
) ( ) ( ) (
1
0
i i
i
t v t L t v
=
=
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 0 0
t v t L t v t L + =

( ) 78 . 362 , 15
0 0
= = t t v
( ) 35 . 517 , 20
1 1
= = t t v
[
=
=

=
1
0
0 0
0
) (
j
j j
j
t t
t t
t L
1 0
1
t t
t t
=
[
=
=

=
1
1
0 1
1
) (
j
j j
j
t t
t t
t L
0 1
0
t t
t t
=
) ( ) ( ) (
1
0 1
0
0
1 0
1
t v
t t
t t
t v
t t
t t
t v
= ) 35 . 517 (
15 20
15
) 78 . 362 (
20 15
20
=
t t

) 35 . 517 (
15 20
15 16
) 78 . 362 (
20 15
20 16
) 16 (
= v
) 35 . 517 ( 2 . 0 ) 78 . 362 ( 8 . 0 + =
7 . 393 = m/s.
For the second order polynomial interpolation (also called quadratic interpolation), we
choose the velocity given by

=
=
2
0
) ( ) ( ) (
i
i i
t v t L t v
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 0 0
t v t L t v t L t v t L + + =
10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 5
25
the Lagrangian method for quadratic interpolation.

Table Velocity as a
function of time
(s) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
t ) (t v
Quadratic Interpolation (contd)

10 12 14 16 18 20
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
517.35
227.04
y s
f range ( )
f x de sire d ( )
, 10
0
= t 04 . 227 ) (
0
= t v
, 15
1
= t 78 . 362 ) (
1
= t v
, 20
2
= t 35 . 517 ) (
2
= t v
[
=
=
=
2
0
0 0
0
) (
j
j j
j
t t
t t
t L
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 0
2
1 0
1
t t
t t
t t
t t

[
=
=
=
2
1
0 1
1
) (
j
j j
j
t t
t t
t L
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 1
2
0 1
0
t t
t t
t t
t t

[
=
=
=
2
2
0 2
2
) (
j
j j
j
t t
t t
t L
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 2
1
0 2
0
t t
t t
t t
t t

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
m/s 19 . 392
35 . 527 12 . 0 78 . 362 96 . 0 04 . 227 08 . 0
35 . 517
15 20
15 16
10 20
10 16
78 . 362
20 15
20 16
10 15
10 16
04 . 227
20 10
20 16
15 10
15 16
16
2
1 2
1
0 2
0
1
2 1
2
0 1
0
0
2 0
2
1 0
1
=
+ + =
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=
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+
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+
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\
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\
|
=
v
t v
t t
t t
t t
t t
t v
t t
t t
t t
t t
t v
t t
t t
t t
t t
t v
The absolute relative approximate error obtained between the
results from the first and second order polynomial is
a
e
% 38410 . 0
100
19 . 392
70 . 393 19 . 392
=
= e
a
28

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
200
300
400
500
600
700
602.97
227.04
y s
f range ( )
f x de sire d ( )
For the third order polynomial (also called cubic interpolation), we choose the velocity given by
=
=
3
0
) ( ) ( ) (
i
i i
t v t L t v
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0
t v t L t v t L t v t L t v t L + + + =
29
the Lagrangian method for cubic interpolation.

Table Velocity as a
function of time
(s) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
t ) (t v
( ) 04 . 227 , 10 = =
o o
t v t ( ) 78 . 362 , 15
1 1
= = t v t
( ) 35 . 517 , 20
2 2
= = t v t ( ) 97 . 602 , 5 . 22
3 3
= = t v t

[
=
=
=
3
0
0 0
0
) (
j
j j
j
t t
t t
t L
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3 0
3
2 0
2
1 0
1
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
;
[
=
=
=
3
1
0 1
1
) (
j
j j
j
t t
t t
t L
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3 1
3
2 1
2
0 1
0
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t

[
=
=
=
3
2
0 2
2
) (
j
j j
j
t t
t t
t L
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3 2
3
1 2
1
0 2
0
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
;
[
=
=
=
3
3
0 3
3
) (
j
j j
j
t t
t t
t L
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 3
2
1 3
1
0 3
0
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
200
300
400
500
600
700
602.97
227.04
y s
f range ( )
f x de sire d ( )
10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 6
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
m/s 06 . 392
97 . 602 1024 . 0 35 . 517 312 . 0 78 . 362 832 . 0 04 . 227 0416 . 0
97 . 602
20 5 . 22
20 16
15 5 . 22
15 16
10 5 . 22
10 16
35 . 517
5 . 22 20
5 . 22 16
15 20
15 16
10 20
10 16
78 . 362
5 . 22 15
5 . 22 16
20 15
20 16
10 15
10 16
04 . 227
5 . 22 10
5 . 22 16
20 10
20 16
15 10
15 16
16
3
2 3
2
1 3
1
1 3
1
2
3 2
3
1 2
1
0 2
0
2
3 1
3
2 1
2
0 1
0
1
3 0
3
2 0
2
1 0
1
=
+ + + =
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=
v
t v
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t v
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t v
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t v
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t v
The absolute relative approximate error obtained between the
results from the first and second order polynomial is
a
e
% 033269 . 0
100
06 . 392
19 . 392 06 . 392
=
= e
a
Order of
Polynomial
1 2 3
v(t=16) m/s 393.69 392.19 392.06
Absolute Relative
Approximate Error
-------- 0.38410% 0.033269%
Find the distance covered by the rocket from t=11s to
t=16s ?

, 00544 . 0 13195 . 0 265 . 21 245 . 4 ) (
3 2
t t t t v + + + = 5 . 22 10 s s t

}
=
16
11
) ( ) 11 ( ) 16 ( dt t v s s

}
+ + + ~
16
11
3 2
) 00544 . 0 13195 . 0 265 . 21 245 . 4 ( dt t t t

16
11
4 3 2
]
4
00544 . 0
3
13195 . 0
2
265 . 21 245 . 4 [
t t t
t + + + =
1605 = m
) 5727 . 2 )( 3000 650 45 ( ) 1388 . 4 )( 3375 5 . 712 5 . 47 (
) 9348 . 1 )( 4500 875 5 . 52 ( ) 36326 . 0 )( 6750 5 . 1087 5 . 57 ( ) (
2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
+ + + +
+ + + =
t t t t t t
t t t t t t t v
,

( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
00544 . 0 13195 . 0 265 . 21 245 . 4 t t t
dt
d
t v
dt
d
t a + + + = =

2
01632 . 0 26390 . 0 265 . 21 t t + + =

2
) 16 ( 01632 . 0 ) 16 ( 26390 . 0 265 . 21 ) 16 ( + + = a
665 . 29 =
2
/ s m
, 00544 . 0 13195 . 0 265 . 21 245 . 4 ) (
3 2
t t t t v + + + = 5 . 22 10 s s t

Given (x
0
,y
0
), (x
1
,y
1
), (x
n
,y
n
), find the

10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 7
are easy to:

Evaluate
Differentiate, and
Integrate.

Linear interpolation: Given pass a linear
interpolant through the data

where
), , (
0 0
y x ), , (
1 1
y x
) ( ) (
0 1 0 1
x x b b x f + =

) (
0 0
x f b =
0 1
0 1
1
) ( ) (
x x
x f x f
b
=

the Newton Divided Difference method for linear
interpolation.

t v(t)
s m/s
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
Table 1: Velocity as a
function of time
Figure 2: Velocity vs. time data
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
350
400
450
500
550
517.35
362.78
y s
f range ( )
f x de sire d ( )
x s
1
10 + x s
0
, 15
0
= t 78 . 362 ) (
0
= t v
, 20
1
= t 35 . 517 ) (
1
= t v
) (
0 0
t v b = 78 . 362 =
0 1
0 1
1
) ( ) (
t t
t v t v
b
= 914 . 30 =
) ( ) (
0 1 0
t t b b t v + =
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
350
400
450
500
550
517.35
362.78
y s
f range ( )
f x de sire d ( )
x s
1
10 + x s
0
) ( ) (
0 1 0
t t b b t v + =
), 15 ( 914 . 30 78 . 362 + = t 20 15 s s t
At 16 = t
) 15 16 ( 914 . 30 78 . 362 ) 16 ( + = v
69 . 393 = m/s
Given ), , (
0 0
y x ), , (
1 1
y x and ), , (
2 2
y x fit a quadratic interpolant through the data.
) )( ( ) ( ) (
1 0 2 0 1 0 2
x x x x b x x b b x f + + =
) (
0 0
x f b =
0 1
0 1
1
) ( ) (
x x
x f x f
b
=
0 2
0 1
0 1
1 2
1 2
2
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
x x
x x
x f x f
x x
x f x f
b
=
10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 8
the Newton Divided Difference method for quadratic
interpolation.

t v(t)
s m/s
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
function of time
Quadratic Interpolation (contd)

10 12 14 16 18 20
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
517.35
227.04
y s
f range ( )
f x de sire d ( )
, 10
0
= t 04 . 227 ) (
0
= t v
, 15
1
= t 78 . 362 ) (
1
= t v
, 20
2
= t 35 . 517 ) (
2
= t v
) (
0 0
t v b =
04 . 227 =

0 1
0 1
1
) ( ) (
t t
t v t v
b
=
10 15
04 . 227 78 . 362
=
148 . 27 =

0 2
0 1
0 1
1 2
1 2
2
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
t t
t t
t v t v
t t
t v t v
b
=
10 20
10 15
04 . 227 78 . 362
15 20
78 . 362 35 . 517
=

10
148 . 27 914 . 30
=
37660 . 0 =
) )( ( ) ( ) (
1 0 2 0 1 0
t t t t b t t b b t v + + =
), 15 )( 10 ( 37660 . 0 ) 10 ( 148 . 27 04 . 227 + + = t t t 20 10 s s t
At , 16 = t
) 15 16 )( 10 16 ( 37660 . 0 ) 10 16 ( 148 . 27 04 . 227 ) 16 ( + + = v 19 . 392 = m/s
The absolute relative approximate error
a
e obtained between the results from the first
order and second order polynomial is

a
e 100 x
19 . 392
69 . 393 19 . 392
=

= 0.38502 %
) )( ( ) ( ) (
1 0 2 0 1 0 2
x x x x b x x b b x f + + =
where

Rewriting

) )( ]( , , [ ) ]( , [ ] [ ) (
1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 2
x x x x x x x f x x x x f x f x f + + =
) ( ] [
0 0 0
x f x f b = =

0 1
0 1
0 1 1
) ( ) (
] , [
x x
x f x f
x x f b
= =

0 2
0 1
0 1
1 2
1 2
0 2
0 1 1 2
0 1 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
] , [ ] , [
] , , [
x x
x x
x f x f
x x
x f x f
x x
x x f x x f
x x x f b
= =
Given ) 1 ( + n data points, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n n
y x y x y x y x , , , ,......, , , ,
1 1 1 1 0 0
as
) )...( )( ( .... ) ( ) (
1 1 0 0 1 0
+ + + =
n n n
x x x x x x b x x b b x f
where
] [
0 0
x f b =
] , [
0 1 1
x x f b =
] , , [
0 1 2 2
x x x f b =

] ,...., , [
0 2 1 1
x x x f b
n n n
=
] ,...., , [
0 1
x x x f b
n n n
=
10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 9
The third order polynomial, given ), , (
0 0
y x ), , (
1 1
y x ), , (
2 2
y x and ), , (
3 3
y x is

) )( )( ]( , , , [
) )( ]( , , [ ) ]( , [ ] [ ) (
2 1 0 0 1 2 3
1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 3
x x x x x x x x x x f
x x x x x x x f x x x x f x f x f
+
+ + =

0
b
0
x ) (
0
x f
1
b
] , [
0 1
x x f
2
b
1
x ) (
1
x f ] , , [
0 1 2
x x x f
3
b
] , [
1 2
x x f ] , , , [
0 1 2 3
x x x x f
2
x ) (
2
x f ] , , [
1 2 3
x x x f
] , [
2 3
x x f
3
x ) (
3
x f

the Newton Divided Difference method for cubic
interpolation.

t v(t)
s m/s
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
function of time

The velocity profile is chosen as

) )( )( ( ) )( ( ) ( ) (
2 1 0 3 1 0 2 0 1 0
t t t t t t b t t t t b t t b b t v + + + =
we need to choose four data points that are closest to 16 = t
, 10
0
= t 04 . 227 ) (
0
= t v
, 15
1
= t 78 . 362 ) (
1
= t v
, 20
2
= t 35 . 517 ) (
2
= t v
, 5 . 22
3
= t 97 . 602 ) (
3
= t v

The values of the constants are found as:
b
0
= 227.04; b
1
= 27.148; b
2
= 0.37660; b
3
= 5.4347*10
-3


b
0
= 227.04; b
1
= 27.148; b
2
= 0.37660; b
3
= 5.4347*10
-3

0
b
10
0
= t
04 . 227

1
b

148 . 27

2
b
, 15
1
= t
78 . 362

37660 . 0

3
b

914 . 30

3
10 4347 . 5

x

, 20
2
= t
35 . 517

44453 . 0

248 . 34

, 5 . 22
3
= t
97 . 602

Hence
) )( )( ( ) )( ( ) ( ) (
2 1 0 3 1 0 2 0 1 0
t t t t t t b t t t t b t t b b t v + + + =

) 20 )( 15 )( 10 ( 10 * 4347 . 5
) 15 )( 10 ( 37660 . 0 ) 10 ( 148 . 27 04 . 227
3
+
+ + =
t t t
t t t

At , 16 = t

) 20 16 )( 15 16 )( 10 16 ( 10 * 4347 . 5
) 15 16 )( 10 16 ( 37660 . 0 ) 10 16 ( 148 . 27 04 . 227 ) 16 (
3
+
+ + =
v

06 . 392 = m/s
The absolute relative approximate error
a
e obtained is
a
e 100 x
06 . 392
19 . 392 06 . 392
=

= 0.033427 %
Order of
Polynomial
1 2 3
v(t=16)
m/s
393.69 392.19 392.06
Absolute Relative
Approximate Error
---------- 0.38502 %

0.033427 %

10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 10
Find the distance covered by the rocket from t=11s to
t=16s ?

) 20 )( 15 )( 10 ( 10 * 4347 . 5
) 15 )( 10 ( 37660 . 0 ) 10 ( 148 . 27 04 . 227 ) (
3
+
+ + =
t t t
t t t t v
5 . 22 10 s s t

3 2
0054347 . 0 13204 . 0 265 . 21 2541 . 4 t t t + + + = 5 . 22 10 s s t
So
( ) ( ) ( )
}
=
16
11
11 16 dt t v s s
dt t t t ) 0054347 . 0 13204 . 0 265 . 21 2541 . 4 (
3 2
16
11
+ + + =
}

16
11
4 3 2
4
0054347 . 0
3
13204 . 0
2
265 . 21 2541 . 4
(
+ + + =
t t t
t
m 1605 =
3 2
0054347 . 0 13204 . 0 265 . 21 2541 . 4 ) ( t t t t v + + + =
( )
3 2
0054347 . 0 13204 . 0 265 . 21 2541 . 4 ) ( ) ( t t t
dt
d
t v
dt
d
t a + + + = =

2
016304 . 0 26408 . 0 265 . 21 t t + + =

2
) 16 ( 016304 . 0 ) 16 ( 26408 . 0 265 . 21 ) 16 ( + + = a

2
/ 664 . 29 s m =

Given (x
0
,y
0
), (x
1
,y
1
), (x
n
,y
n
), find the

are easy to:

Evaluate
Differentiate, and
Integrate.

2
25 1
1
) (
x
x f
+
=
Table : Six equidistantly spaced points in [-1, 1]

Figure : 5
th
order polynomial vs. exact function
x 2
25 1
1
x
y
+
=
-1.0 0.038461
-0.6 0.1
-0.2 0.5
0.2 0.5
0.6 0.1
1.0 0.038461
10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 11
Figure : Higher order polynomial interpolation is a bad idea
-0.8
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
x
y
19th Order Polynomial f (x) 5th Order Polynomial
Given ( ) ( ) ( )( )
n n n n
y x y x y x y x , , ,......, , , ,
1 1 1 1 0 0
, fit linear splines to the data. This simply involves
forming the consecutive data through straight lines. So if the above data is given in an ascending
order, the linear splines are given by ( ) ) (
i i
x f y =
Figure : Linear splines
), (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
0
0 1
0 1
0
x x
x x
x f x f
x f x f
+ =
1 0
x x x s s
), (
) ( ) (
) (
1
1 2
1 2
1
x x
x x
x f x f
x f
+ =
2 1
x x x s s
.
.
.
), (
) ( ) (
) (
1
1
1
1
+ =
n
n n
n n
n
x x
x x
x f x f
x f
n n
x x x s s
1

Note the terms of

1
1
) ( ) (
i i
i i
x x
x f x f

in the above function are simply slopes between
1 i
x and
i
x .
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function
of time in Table 1. Find the velocity at t=16 seconds
using linear splines.

Table Velocity as a
function of time
(s) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
t ) (t v
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
350
400
450
500
550
517.35
362.78
y s
f range ( )
f x de sire d ( )
x s
1
10 + x s
0

, 15
0
= t 78 . 362 ) (
0
= t v
, 20
1
= t 35 . 517 ) (
1
= t v
) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
0
0 1
0 1
0
t t
t t
t v t v
t v t v
+ =
) 15 (
15 20
78 . 362 35 . 517
78 . 362
+ = t
) 15 ( 913 . 30 78 . 362 ) ( + = t t v
At , 16 = t
) 15 16 ( 913 . 30 78 . 362 ) 16 ( + = v
7 . 393 = m/s
Given ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n n
y x y x y x y x , , , ,......, , , ,
1 1 1 1 0 0
, fit quadratic splines through the data. The splines
are given by
, ) (
1 1
2
1
c x b x a x f + + =
1 0
x x x s s
,
2 2
2
2
c x b x a + + =
2 1
x x x s s
.
.
.
,
2
n n n
c x b x a + + =
n n
x x x s s
1

Find ,
i
a ,
i
b ,
i
c = i 1, 2, , n

10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 12
Each quadratic spline goes through two consecutive data points
) (
0 1 0 1
2
0 1
x f c x b x a = + +
) (
1 1 1 1
2
1 1
x f c x b x a = + + .
.
.
) (
1 1
2
1
= + +
i i i i i i
x f c x b x a
) (
2
i i i i i i
x f c x b x a = + + .
.
.
) (
1 1
2
1
= + +
n n n n n n
x f c x b x a
) (
2
n n n n n n
x f c x b x a = + +
This condition gives 2n equations
The first derivatives of two quadratic splines are continuous at the interior points.
For example, the derivative of the first spline
1 1
2
1
c x b x a + + is
1 1
2 b x a +
The derivative of the second spline
2 2
2
2
c x b x a + + is
2 2
2 b x a +
and the two are equal at
1
x x = giving

2 1 2 1 1 1
2 2 b x a b x a + = +
0 2 2
2 1 2 1 1 1
= + b x a b x a
Similarly at the other interior points,
0 2 2
3 2 3 2 2 2
= + b x a b x a
.
.
.
0 2 2
1 1
= +
+ + i i i i i i
b x a b x a
.
.
.
0 2 2
1 1 1 1
= +
n n n n n n
b x a b x a
We have (n-1) such equations. The total number of equations is ) 1 3 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( = + n n n .
We can assume that the first spline is linear, that is 0
1
= a
This gives us 3n equations and 3n unknowns. Once we find the 3n constants,
we can find the function at any value of x using the splines,
, ) (
1 1
2
1
c x b x a x f + + =
1 0
x x x s s
,
2 2
2
2
c x b x a + + =
2 1
x x x s s
.
.
.
,
2
n n n
c x b x a + + =
n n
x x x s s
1

The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function of time.
Using quadratic splines
a) Find the velocity at t=16 seconds
b) Find the acceleration at t=16 seconds
c) Find the distance covered between t=11 and t=16 seconds
Table Velocity as a
function of time
(s) (m/s)
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
t ) (t v

, ) (
1 1
2
1
c t b t a t v + + =
10 0 s s t
,
2 2
2
2
c t b t a + + = 15 10 s s t
,
3 3
2
3
c t b t a + + =
20 15 s st
,
4 4
2
4
c t b t a + + = 5 . 22 20 s s t
,
5 5
2
5
c t b t a + + = 30 5 . 22 s s t

Let us set up the equations
10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 13
, ) (
1 1
2
1
c t b t a t v + + =
10 0 s s t
0 ) 0 ( ) 0 (
1 1
2
1
= + + c b a
04 . 227 ) 10 ( ) 10 (
1 1
2
1
= + + c b a
t v(t)
s m/s
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
Each Spline Goes Through
Two Consecutive Data Points
04 . 227 ) 10 ( ) 10 (
2 2
2
2
= + + c b a
78 . 362 ) 15 ( ) 15 (
2 2
2
2
= + + c b a
78 . 362 ) 15 ( ) 15 (
3 3
2
3
= + + c b a
35 . 517 ) 20 ( ) 20 (
3 3
2
3
= + + c b a
67 . 901 ) 30 ( ) 30 (
5 5
2
5
= + + c b a
35 . 517 ) 20 ( ) 20 (
4 4
2
4
= + + c b a
97 . 602 ) 5 . 22 ( ) 5 . 22 (
4 4
2
4
= + + c b a
97 . 602 ) 5 . 22 ( ) 5 . 22 (
5 5
2
5
= + + c b a
, ) (
1 1
2
1
c t b t a t v + + = 10 0 s s t
,
2 2
2
2
c t b t a + + =
15 10 s s t
( ) ( )
10
2 2
2
2
10
1 1
2
1
= =
+ + = + +
t t
c t b t a
dt
d
c t b t a
dt
d
( ) ( )
10
2 2
10
1 1
2 2
= =
+ = +
t t
b t a b t a
( ) ( )
2 2 1 1
10 2 10 2 b a b a + = +
0 20 20
2 2 1 1
= + b a b a
Derivatives are continuous at
Interior Data Points
0 ) 10 ( 2 ) 10 ( 2
2 2 1 1
= + b a b a
0 ) 15 ( 2 ) 15 ( 2
3 3 2 2
= + b a b a
0 ) 20 ( 2 ) 20 ( 2
4 4 3 3
= + b a b a
0 ) 5 . 22 ( 2 ) 5 . 22 ( 2
5 5 4 4
= + b a b a
At t=10
At t=15
At t=20
At t=22.5
0
1
= a
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=

0
0
0
0
0
67 . 901
97 . 602
97 . 602
35 . 517
35 . 517
78 . 362
78 . 362
04 . 227
04 . 227
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 45 0 1 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 40 0 1 40 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 30 0 1 30 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 20 0 1 20
1 30 900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 5 . 22 25 . 506 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 5 . 22 25 . 506 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 20 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 20 400 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 225 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 225 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 100 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
c
b
a
c
b
a
c
b
a
c
b
a
c
b
a
10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 14
i a
i
b
i
c
i

1 0 22.704 0
2 0.8888 4.928 88.88
3 0.1356 35.66 141.61
4 1.6048 33.956 554.55
5 0.20889 28.86 152.13
, 704 . 22 ) ( t t v = 10 0 s s t
, 88 . 88 928 . 4 8888 . 0
2
+ + = t t 15 10 s s t
, 61 . 141 66 . 35 1356 . 0
2
+ = t t 20 15 s s t
, 55 . 554 956 . 33 6048 . 1
2
+ = t t 5 . 22 20 s s t
, 13 . 152 86 . 28 20889 . 0
2
+ = t t 30 5 . 22 s s t
a) Velocity at t=16
, 704 . 22 ) ( t t v = 10 0 s s t
, 88 . 88 928 . 4 8888 . 0
2
+ + = t t 15 10 s s t
, 61 . 141 66 . 35 1356 . 0
2
+ = t t 20 15 s s t
, 55 . 554 956 . 33 6048 . 1
2
+ = t t 5 . 22 20 s s t
, 13 . 152 86 . 28 20889 . 0
2
+ = t t 30 5 . 22 s s t
( ) ( ) ( )
m/s 24 . 394
61 . 141 16 66 . 35 16 1356 . 0 16
2
=
+ = v
Acceleration from Velocity Profile
16
) ( ) 16 (
=
=
t
t v
dt
d
a
b) The quadratic spline valid at t=16 is
given by

) 61 . 141 66 . 35 1356 . 0 ( ) (
2
+ = t t
dt
d
t a
, 66 . 35 2712 . 0 + = t 20 15 s s t
66 . 35 ) 16 ( 2712 . 0 ) 16 ( + = a
2
m/s 321 . 31 =
( ) , 61 . 141 66 . 35 1356 . 0
2
+ = t t t v
20 15 s s t
c) Find the distance covered by the rocket from t=11s to
t=16s.
( ) ( )
}
=
16
11
) ( 11 16 dt t v S S
( )
20 15 , 61 . 141 66 . 35 1356 . 0
15 10 , 88 . 88 928 . 4 8888 . 0
2
2
s s + =
s s + + =
t t t
t t t t v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
m 9 . 1595
61 . 141 66 . 35 1356 . 0 88 . 88 928 . 4 8888 . 0
11 16
16
15
2
15
11
2
16
11
15
11
16
15
=
+ + + + =
+ = =
} }
} } }
dt t t dt t t
dt t v dt t v dt t v S S
10/1/2012
Liu,Jie 15
THE END

Interpol As I

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