INDEX

Table of contents List of Figures Abbreviations 1. Introduction 2. Energy conservation 2.1 What is it? 2.2 Why is it important? 2.3 Ways to conserve it. 2.4 5 reasons to be energy efficient 3. Power factor 3.1 What is it? 3.2 Why it should be maintained? 3.3 Importance 3.4 Ways to measure it. 4. Automatic Power Factor Control Panel 4.1 Salient features 4.2 Benefits 5. Phase Sequence 5.1 Working principle 5.2 Block diagram 6. Automatic changeover cum current limiter 6.1Salient features 6.2Block diagram Conclusion References i ii iii 1 2 2 2 2 3 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 15

LIST OF FIGURES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Automatic power factor control Phase sequence block diagram Phase sequence corrector ACCL block diagram ACCL

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ABBREVIATIONS

1. PCRA 2. BEE

3. LED 4. CFL 5. PF 6. SEB 7. ACCL 8. SMPS 9. PFMS 10.CLD 11.COS 12.DG

Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) Bureau of Energy Efficiency

light emitting diode compact fluorescent lamp Power factor State Electricity Board automatic changeover cum current limiter switched mode power supply phase failure monitoring system Current limiting device Change over system Standby power supply

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INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to survey the current scenario of wastage of electrical energy and how we can use various products to conserve the energy . By undergoing industrial training and examining the internet sites on the topic of energy conservation this report describes the ways in which a few products can be used in our daily lives to conserve the electricity. Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) is an Indian government body created in 1977 and engaged in promoting energy efficiency and conservation in every walk of life. In the recent past PCRA has done mass media campaigns in television, radio & print media. An impact assessment survey by a third party revealed that due to these mega campaigns by PCRA, overall awareness level have gone up leading to saving of fossil fuels worth crores of rupees besides reducing pollution. Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is an Indian governmental organization created in 2001 responsible for promoting energy efficiency and conservation. Electrical energy is a cornerstone of our quality of life. There will be a continuing need for products and services to harness its use. This report tells you why energy efficiency and energy conservation is important and the ways in which you can achieve the same.

ENERGY CONSERVATION

What is energy conservation? Energy conservation means making an effort to reduce the consumption of natural energy sources like electricity, water and so on. Why is it important? We depend on energy for almost everything in our lives. We wish to make our lives comfortable, productive and enjoyable. Hence even if the outside temperature rises a little, we immediately switch on the air conditioner to keep our house cool. This is again using up of energy. Unfortunately, what we do not realize is that we have starting taking things for granted and we have started wasting energy unnecessarily. Most of us forget that energy is available in abundance but it is limited and hence to maintain the quality of life, it is important that we use our energy resources wisely. If we do not conserve energy, the energy will exhaust and we will have nothing to use. Also, energy conservation is also important when it comes to climate change. Currently, erratic climates and climatic changes are the greatest threats that we are facing today. Hence it is important to conserve energy. Ways to conserve energy : There are many ways to conserve energy. It depends on the kind of choices we make to help us save our environment and also help our future generations. There are many things that will use less energy and by using such things you will conserve energy in a sensible way. Instead of normal tube lights, you can choose energy efficient bulbs. Energy efficient bulbs require less energy to perform the same function that normal tube lights do. Turning off all electronic devices when not in use is also a good way of conserving energy. Replacing or repairing leaky faucets help in saving lot of water.
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Use air conditioner only when required. Instead, you can keep the doors and vents closed to keep your room. Also, you can save lot of energy by switching off the lights and using natural lighting during day time. Embracing an energy efficient lifestyle today will help you get a better life tomorrow. So let us slow down the demand for energy and give a better future for our coming generation. 5 REASONS TO BE ENERGY EFFICIENT : 1. Energy efficiency saves you money. Buying energy-efficient appliances, making energy-efficient home improvements, and taking energy-efficient actions every day can save hundreds of rupees. Replacing incandescent light bulbs with energy-efficient halogens, CFLs or LEDs saves 30-80% on energy bills. That adds up to annual savings of 250/- Rs to more than 500/- Rs. 2. Energy efficiency improves the economy. While energy efficiency helps you save at home and at the pump, it helps businesses and city, state and governments save on a much bigger scale. Spurring innovation: Industry leaders make energy-efficient innovations, and energy-efficient policies lead to breakthroughs among manufacturers. For instance, standards that started in 2012 requiring light bulbs to be at least 25% more energy efficient than traditional incandescent bulbs spawned an array of new lighting products. From LED streetlights to flame-shaped, dimmable candelabra CFLs, energyefficient lights are just as pleasing to the eye as the old bulbs but use far less energy. Creating jobs: In addition to saving money, energy efficiency projects (like building improvements and infrastructure repairs) create jobs. Saving Billions.

3. Energy efficiency is good for the environment. Its a no-brainer: When we use less energy, we save precious natural resources and cut down on pollution. Saving energy resources Avoiding pollution

4. Energy efficiency improves national security. Energy efficiency safeguards our nation by decreasing the overall demand for energy, and therefore the need to import and transport fossil fuels. Saving money for defense: As the armed forces improve the energy efficiency of their equipment, buildings and general practices, they save money that can be invested directly in defense programs. 5. Energy efficiency enhances quality of life. You might not see it, but you can feel it: Energy efficiency improves quality of life.

More comfortable: Notice how your insulated home keeps AC inside during the summer, and heat in during the winter? Or how you rarely need to change your energy-efficient light bulbs? Thats energy efficiency making your environment more enjoyable.

More productive: Businesses can improve productivity, as well as the bottom line, by taking advantage of energy efficiency in office buildings and production processes.

More accessible: Residents of cities that employ smart growth technologies and transportation systems have an easier time of getting around and getting consistent access to electricity .
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POWER FACTOR

What is Power Factor? Power Factor (PF) is the ratio of Power Utilized (KW) and Power Drawn(KVA). Generally, when the applied to the electrical motors, the entire power is not converted as useful Work Done(KW). Depending on inductance of the motor a reactive power (KVAR) is generated which results in drawing of excess KVA. PF = KW / KVA To reduce the KVA drawn, the inductive KVAR is to be nullified by introducing an equal and opposite Capacitive KVAR according to the load pattern, thus OPTIMUM PF is maintained. Why Power Factor must be maintained? By maintaining an optimum PF the Power drawn (KVA) can be reduced, thus reducing the current passing through the electrical circuits to the maximum extent possible (event upto 50%) thereby reducing the machine down time. reduction in heat losses in turn increases the life of the electrical circuits. The State Electricity Boards (SEBs) has installed Digital Electronic Energy (Tri-Vector) Meters for consumers, which has the provision of showing the PF and insisting to maintain the average Power Factor above a Specified limit (0.85 0.90 PF) Otherwise, for every reduction of 0.01 from the specified PF, PENALTY is levied on the Energy Consumption Charges (KWh) on the Electricity Bill. SEBs are also offering PF incentives if the PF is maintained above the specified PF. In few states, where the metering unit is KVAh and if the PF is maintained at its optimum of 0.99, the electricity bill amount itself is reduced considerably.
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Importance :

Power factors below 1.0 require a utility to generate more than the minimum volt-amperes necessary to supply the real power (watts). This increases generation and transmission costs. For example, if the load power factor were as low as 0.7, the apparent power would be 1.4 times the real power used by the load. Line current in the circuit would also be 1.4 times the current required at 1.0 power factor, so the losses in the circuit would be doubled (since they are proportional to the square of the current). Alternatively all components of the system such as generators, conductors, transformers, and switchgear would be increased in size (and cost) to carry the extra current. Utilities typically charge additional costs to commercial customers who have a power factor below some limit, which is typically 0.9 to 0.95. Engineers are often interested in the power factor of a load as one of the factors that affect the efficiency of power transmission. Measuring the power factor The power factor in a single-phase circuit (or balanced three-phase circuit) can be measured with the wattmeter-ammeter-voltmeter method, where the power in watts is divided by the product of measured voltage and current. The power factor of a balanced polyphase circuit is the same as that of any phase. The power factor of an unbalanced polyphase circuit is not uniquely defined. A direct reading power factor meter can be made with a moving coil meter of the electrodynamic type, carrying two perpendicular coils on the moving part of the instrument. The field of the instrument is energized by the circuit current flow. The two moving coils, A and B, are connected in parallel with the circuit load. One coil, A, will be connected through a resistor and the second coil, B, through an inductor, so that the current in coil B is delayed with respect to current in A. At unity power factor, the current in A is in phase with the circuit current, and coil A provides maximum torque, driving the instrument pointer toward the 1.0 mark on the scale. At zero power factor, the current in coil B is in phase with circuit current, and coil B provides torque to drive the pointer towards 0. At intermediate values of power factor, the torques provided by the two coils add and the pointer takes up intermediate positions.
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AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CONTROL PANEL APFC panel has a Micro-controller based Programmable Controller, which switches the Capacitor banks of suitable capacity automatically, in multiple stages by directly reading the reactive power (RKVA) which works in the Principle of VAR Sensing, tends to maintain the PF to 0.99 Lag. The capacitor banks may be selected in number of stages as 4/5/6/7/8 according to the load pattern. Automatic Power Factor Corrector Panel for WELDING MACHINES In the case of Welding Machines, to maintain the PF, Capacitors should be introduced to the circuit instantaneously when the welding operation is done and disconnected on idle condition. If the Capacitor is permanently connected to the circuit even during idle condition the KVA drawn is more than that of the KW, result in low PF. Since the value of the Capacitance required varies with every machine. Individual PF Corrector Panel should be provided for every welding machine to maintain the optimum PF.Since APFC Panel always tends to maintain the PF upto 0.99 Lag, it not only avoids PF Penalties, but also fetches recurring incentives in every electricity bill. SINGLE PHASE CORRECTION or FINE CORRECTION Single Phase APFC has Controller with 5 Stages per phase i.e., 15 stages in total is suitable for switching ON the star connected single phase Capacitors, wherever there is a Load imbalance. The number of stages can be increased or decreased according to customers request. The Fine Correction may be as low as 0.25 KVAR at the first stage ensures optimum PF and improves the efficiency of the power systems. APFC Panel Controller also comes with a combined module of COARSE Correction (Delta Connected) and Fine Correction (Star Connected) Capacitors. The fine correction module , comes with 5 stages per phase, switches the star connected (i.e., 240 V) capacitors individually in every phase measuring the RKVA demand in an unbalanced power system. For a given power system, APFC Panel always tends to maintain the Power Factor at 0.99 Lag by measuring the exact RKVA demand and switching ON a suitable capacitor bank automatically.
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Salient Features of APFC Panel:

Adjustment to any step of capacitor value Micro controller based technology. Digital computation of various parameters Continuous monitoring of parameters like Line Voltage, Current, Active, reactive and Apparent Powers and energies Scrolling Display on a Dot Matrix LCD Protection of Capacitors against damage due to High Voltage, Low Voltage Tends to maintain 0.99 lag Plug-in terminal connection No-Volt release features to disconnect all capacitors in the event of power failure Dynamic control of Reactive Power and Power Factor RS 232 / RS 485 Standard output port (optional) Fine & Coarse correction Controller
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Benefits of APFC Panel:

Power Factor penalty is avoided Avail incentives by maintaining optimum Power Factor Optimize the capacity by reducing the maximum demand KVA Avoids excess demand charges Improvement in line voltage Reduced line current losses and cable overheat Enhanced life of electrical circuits Avail Depreciation Reduced consumption (KWH) charges Avoids overloading of Distribution Transformers Additional Service connections in existing generation of power by reducing Energy Losses Reduced line losses Benefits SEBs and Nation APFC Panels are available from 10KVAR Model onwards

PHASE SEQUENCE

Normally, for any 3 Phase Machines (or) Equipments like AC,UPS,Lifts and Motors, 3 Phase incoming supply has to be given in the right sequence, i.e (R,Y,B). The Phase angle of 120 between the phases R,Y,B is to be maintained to run 3 phase Motors. If the sequence is changed instead of R,Y,B to R,Y,B the motor tends to rotate in the reverse direction. If the sequence is changed for loads like 3 phase AC,UPS and Lifts, they will stop working due to the inbuilt sequence protection feature. Only when the input sequence is changed manually, they start functioning. In the case of 3 phase UPS, due to wrong sequence, the input supply will be cut and it starts working in the battery mode resulting in discharge of battery. ELECTRONIC AUTOMATIC PHASE SEQUENCE CORRECTOR : It always gives an output 3 phase supply in the right sequence and maintains 120 between phases, even if the input sequence is interchanged. Thus all the 3 phase equipments continues to run irrespective of the change in input phase sequence. Unlike other motor loads, a suitable capacity should be chosen for LIFTS which takes almost 5 times starting current and it will be continuous.

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Automatic phase sequence corrector is suitable for industries, manufacturing plant and commercial buildings, where three phase equipments are used. WORKING PRINCIPLE : Whenever 3 phase input supply is given at the inputs it checks whether all the three phases are alive initially. If all 3 phases are detected by single phase preventer(SPP),Then it checks and selects the right sequence to give always the desired output. In the event of phase failure, APSC disconnects the load and protects the 3 phase loads from the damages. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

input

AUTO MODE

SPP

SEQUENCE DETECTOR

o/p 1 o/p 1

LOAD

SALIENT FEATURES:

fully automatic no manual intervention single phase prevention high/low voltage protection voltage imbalance protection between phases output in the right sequence(R,Y,B)
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AUTOMATIC CHANGEOVER CUM CURRENT LIMITER(ACCL)

These days, flats and apartments are mostly equipped with back-up Generator due to frequent Power cuts. When the Main Supply is ON, ACCL allows full load connected to EB supply. In the event of Mains (EB supply) failure, the back-up Generator is Switched ON. Since the Generators are not installed to the full capacity, only essential loads are allowed while running the Generator. If Overload occurs ACCL switches OFF the Generator supply to the premises. Only when the load is reduced to a specified limit, it continues to give the Generator supply for the essential loads automatically. When the supply goes to the Generator: ACCL limits the user from drawing excess load current beyond the pre-set limit. If the current exceeds the limit, the load is disconnected for 10 seconds as a warning and then automatically disconnects. During this period, the consumer is expected to switch off the non essential loads and reduce it to within the limit In an unlikely event, if the consumer does not switch off the non essentials loads to reduce with the limit, the supply to the load from the mains is automatically disconnected after 3 cycles of interruption. SALIENT FEATURES: SMPS power supply Indications for mains ,Overload Mains 30 amps Standard din rail mounting

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

ACCL

MAIN SUPPLY

PFMS COS MAIN SUPPLY

DG SUPPLY

CLD

PFMS: phase failure monitoring system ; CLD: current limiting device COS: change over system ; DG : stand-by power supply.

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CHAPTER 4-CONCLUSION
It is clear that energy conservation is an important factor to be considered and one cannot simply turn a blind eye to it. Various reasons are given to show the importance of energy efficiency and the ways to conserve energy has also been discussed. Chapter 2 introduces to the power factor and why is must be maintained. It also talks about the importance and the ways to measure the same. Various examples are shown in the form of products which we can use in our daily life to conserve energy. Few of the products are automatic power factor control panel, phase sequence corrector and automatic changeover cum current limiter. I hope that after reading this report we will start from our own houses to conserve energy so that we can make this world a better place to live in.

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REFERENCES

1. www.wikipedia.com 2. www.google.com 3. www.ask.com

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